Published online before print July 14, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000082924.75945.48
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2003;108:457.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Aging, Progenitor Cell Exhaustion, and Atherosclerosis
From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
Correspondence to Pascal J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, MD, and Doris A. Taylor, PhD, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3845, Durham, NC 27710. E-mail pascal.goldschmidt{at}duke.edu or dataylor@duke.edu
Received April 22, 2003; de novo received May 30, 2003; accepted June 11, 2003.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— Atherosclerosis is largely attributed to chronic vascular injury, as occurs with excess cholesterol; however, the effect of concomitant vascular aging remains unexplained. We hypothesize that the effect of time in atherosclerosis progression is related to obsolescence of endogenous progenitor cells that normally repair and rejuvenate the arteries.
Methods and Results— Here we show that chronic treatment with bone marrow–derived progenitor cells from young nonatherosclerotic ApoE-/- mice prevents atherosclerosis progression in ApoE-/- recipients despite persistent hypercholesterolemia. In contrast, treatment with bone marrow cells from older ApoE-/- mice with atherosclerosis is much less effective. Cells with vascular progenitor potential are decreased in the bone marrow of aging ApoE-/- mice, but cells injected from donor mice engraft on recipient arteries in areas at risk for atherosclerotic injury.
Conclusions— Our data indicate that progressive progenitor cell deficits may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis.
Key Words: aging • atherosclerosis • stem cells
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Recent studies have revealed an association between risk factors for atherosclerosis and low circulating levels of bone marrow (BM)–derived endothelial progenitor cells involved in vascular repair.1 We hypothesized that in aging, the most powerful risk factor for atherosclerosis, an organism’s supply of BM cells capable of vascular repair is exhausted. Exhaustion of this component of BM in number, function, or both could produce a disequilibrium between vascular injury and vascular repair that leads to atherosclerosis.2–7 Furthermore, exhaustion may represent a cellular basis for how chronic but not acute exposure to risk factors contributes to atherosclerosis. In this report, we provide the first direct evidence that chronic injury and age-related exhaustion of BM-derived vascular repair cells likely constitutes a novel and pivotal step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
See p 378
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Animals
All mice were purchased from Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Maine) and handled according to Duke University animal care and use regulations. Animals fed a high-fat diet were given diet #88137 (Harlan-Teklad; 42% fat, 1.25% cholesterol) beginning at 3 weeks of age. BM injections were via the internal jugular vein under ketamine anesthesia or via intraperitoneal cavity (controls).
Cells
BM isolated from tibiae and femora was cultured in minimum essential medium alpha (Invitrogen) with 12.5% fetal calf and 12.5% equine serum and 2 µmol/L hydrocortisone. After 2 days, hematopoietic-enriched (nonadherent) cells were suspended in 0.9% NaCl and immediately used for injection. Stromal-enriched (adherent) cells were expanded for 2 weeks before injection.
Pathology
Aortic arches were photographed through a Leica M-650 microscope. Whole aortas, opened lengthwise, and microscopic frozen sections of aortic root were stained with oil red O and quantified. Means and SEMs for atherosclerosis data were compared by ANOVA and Tukey tests with significance set at P<0.05.
Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting
Hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched BM cells were stained for 20 minutes with FITC-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD45 (leukocyte common antigen, Ly5, clone 30-F11) and phycoerythrin-conjugated rat anti-mouse CD31 (Clone MEC 13.3) antibodies (Pharmingen). Labeled cells were sorted with a dual-laser fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS; Becton-Dickinson), and analysis was performed with FlowJo software (version 4.2, Tree Star). Mean results were compared by Student’s t test, with significance assumed at P<0.05.
Telomere Length Assay
We isolated DNA (4 to 6 µg) from cells bluntly scraped from whole aortic intima using DNAzol (Invitrogen). Terminal restriction fragments were prepared and probed as described previously,8 followed by electrophoretic separation on a 0.3% agarose gel, transfer to filter paper, and phosphorimagery.
ELISA for IL-6
Six-month-old ApoE-/- mice were injected intravenously with 2x106 hematopoietic-enriched BM cells or combined hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched cells from 6-month-old wild-type (WT), 6-month-old ApoE-/-, or 4-week-old ApoE-/- donors. Donors were maintained on either regular or high-fat diets. For each donor type, 7 to 8 recipients were treated. At 0, 15, or 30 days after cell injection, plasma interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels were measured by ELISA (R&D Systems). (See the Data Supplement for more details about the methods used in this study.)
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Age-Dependent Antiatherosclerotic Effect of BM Cells
To test our hypothesis, we first sought to compare the efficacy of old versus young donor BM treatment in atherosclerosis prevention in aging ApoE-/- mice. BM cells from severely atherosclerotic, 6-month-old ApoE-/- mice and from recently weaned 4-week-old ApoE-/- mice that had not yet developed detectable atherosclerosis were isolated and cultured. To encompass a host of diverse cell types likely involved in vascular repair,9,10 we enriched the isolated BM for both hematopoietic and stromal BM fractions. Hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched cells from either young or old ApoE-/- donors were then injected intravenously into unirradiated ApoE-/- recipients maintained on a high-fat diet (1x106 cells/injection) every 2 weeks beginning at 3 weeks of age.
Recipient ApoE-/- mice were killed at 14 weeks of age, after they had received a total of 6 injections. The atherosclerotic burden was determined by 3 complementary techniques: (1) histological analysis of aortic root cross sections, (2) morphometric analysis of transilluminated aortic arches, and (3) en face staining of the aortas with oil red O. Each analysis revealed significantly less atherosclerotic burden in mice that had received combined hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched cells from young ApoE-/- donors (n=6) than in those that had received the same cells from old ApoE-/- donors (n=6; Figure 1, A through F, and Figure 1G, groups a and b). These findings indicated that (1) aged cells had atherogenic properties, (2) BM-derived cells had atheroprotective properties that were lost with aging and exposure to atherosclerosis, or (3) there was a combination of both processes.
|
To help address this question, we used 2 negative controls: (1) ApoE-/- mice that received no cells (n=6) and (2) ApoE-/- mice that received 6 injections of young WT BM cells (1x106 cells every 2 weeks, combined hematopoietic enriched and stromal enriched), but this time intraperitoneally (n=6; Figure 1G, groups c and d). We also used 2 positive controls, WT hematopoietic-enriched cells alone and WT stromal-enriched cells alone, each delivered intravenously (Figure 1G, groups e and f). Whenever male donor BM cells were injected into female recipients, we consistently detected Y-chromosome–positive DNA in the peripheral blood and BM of recipients if the cells were given intravascularly but not if the cells were given intraperitoneally (polymerase chain reaction findings up to 14 days after injection; data not shown). Levels of atherosclerosis in the negative control groups (Figure 1G, groups c and d) were similar to the atherosclerotic burden in mice that received old ApoE-/- cells (Figure 1G, group a). In contrast, mice that received young ApoE-/- or WT cells (Figure 1G, groups b, e, and f) had less atherosclerotic burden at each anatomic location analyzed. These data indicate that BM cells derived from young, prediseased, animals have an atheroprotective effect, which requires vascular distribution.
Age-Related Loss of Progenitor Cells
The reduced atheroprotective effect of old BM cells suggested that loss of cells with repair capacity might occur with aging. To test this possibility, we studied the effect of chronic hypercholesterolemia on BM-cell content. Using FACS, we compared the percentage of BM cells that expressed established vascular progenitor markers (CD31+/CD45-) in healthy 1-month-old WT mice, young ApoE-/- mice, and 6-month-old ApoE-/- mice with advanced atherosclerosis. FACS revealed that CD31+/CD45- cells (Figure 2) were significantly diminished in BM from 6-month-old ApoE-/- mice (3.79±2.02% gated cells, n=5) compared with 1-month-old ApoE-/- mice (7.03±2.81% gated cells, n=5) and WT mice (6.36±1.02% gated cells, n=5). This loss of vascular progenitor cells in BM obtained from older ApoE-/- mice may explain, at least in part, the loss of antiatherosclerotic effect of the older ApoE-/- BM cells.
|
In contrast, FACS analysis of BM from these same groups for the hematopoietic stem cell marker c-kit and the generalized murine stem cell markers sca-1 and CD34 did not reveal any significant deficiencies in old ApoE-/- mice (see Data Supplement). Furthermore, to discern whether differences in vascular progenitor content might reflect a difference in the vascularity of the BM, we performed FACS analysis for VEGFR-2 (Flk-1), a marker of mature endothelial cells. This analysis revealed an 8.8% (nonsignificant) increase in old ApoE-/- mice relative to young ApoE-/- mice and a slight nonsignificant decrease relative to WT (supplemental data). These data confirm that a specific depletion of intermediate vascular progenitor cells (CD31+/CD45-), without parallel changes in more primitive stem cells (sca-1+, c-kit+, or CD34+) or mature vascular cells (VEGFR-2+), most likely accounted for the age-related loss of BM-derived vascular repair capacity.
To determine whether repeated BM cell injections could replenish the decreased number of CD31+/CD45- cells in aging ApoE-/- mice, we performed FACS for CD31 and CD45 on the recipients’ bone marrow. We found that chronic injection (2 million cells every 1 week for 14 weeks) of combined hematopoietic- and stomal-enriched cells did not significantly restore the deficiency of CD31+/CD45- cells in the BM of aging ApoE-/- mice (data not shown). The presence of donor cells was, however, detected in the recipient BM by polymerase chain reaction for Y chromosome. These data suggest that rather than reconstituting stem cells in the BM, CD31+/CD45- cells may be actively involved in a vascular repair process with ongoing consumption.
Localization of Donor Cells
To enable identification of donor-derived cells in recipient mice, we intravenously injected combined hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched BM cells (1x106 cells/injection every 2 weeks for 3 injections) from donor mice that expressed ß-galactosidase (ß-gal) into ApoE-/- recipients on high-fat diets (n=4) or WT recipients on normal chow diets (n=4). En face aortic ß-gal staining in ApoE-/- recipients revealed donor cell localization to the most atherosclerosis-prone regions of the aorta, including the arch, branching points, and distal abdominal region (Figure 3A). These data, in conjunction with the oil red O staining of paired aortas shown in Figure 1, revealed significantly less lipid deposition in BM-treated animals (versus untreated), particularly in those regions with the most donor cell engraftment (Figure 3, A through E). Consistent with previous work,10 histological sections of aortic segments with positive ß-gal localization revealed vascular differentiation of donor BM cells (Figure 3F). ß-Gal–positive cells were found to overlie the intima. The predominant phenotype of engrafted cells was endothelial, as demonstrated by colocalization of staining for ß-gal and CD31, an endothelium-specific cell marker (Figure 3, F and G). Administration of ß-gal–positive BM cells to WT recipients resulted in much fainter en face aortic ß-gal staining, with slightly enhanced localization to the arch (Figure 3C). Untreated ApoE-/- and WT mice had no aortic ß-gal staining (Figure 3B).
|
Although engrafted cells predominantly expressed CD31, nonendothelial ß-gal–positive cells were also observed. A quantitative phenotyping of 220 ß-gal–positive cells on aortic histological sections revealed the following: 138 cells (62%) were CD31+/CD45-; 49 (22%) were CD31-/CD45+; 5 (2%) were CD31+/CD45+; and 28 (13%) were CD31-/CD45-. This mixed population of engrafted BM-derived cells might indicate that a variety of cells, including leukocytes, could be involved in vascular repair. As observed previously,10 the present data also highlight the possibility that BM-derived cells, when depleted of endothelial progenitors, could instead participate in inflammation and neointima formation. This possibility could theoretically become a more important concern with aging, as the BM becomes exhausted of presumably more salutary CD31+ progenitor cells.
Potential Mechanisms of BM-Derived Atheroprotection
We considered the potential mechanisms by which injection of young BM-derived cells could delay the progression of atherosclerosis. We first turned to cholesterol, the presumed source of atherogenic injury in ApoE-/- mice. We found that although plasma cholesterol levels varied strikingly with diet and genotype (Figure 4A), elevated plasma cholesterol levels in ApoE-/- mice (1420±170 mg/dL, n=6, for untreated mice) were not significantly suppressed after injection of any type of BM cells used (eg, 1300±130 mg/dL after 6 injections of WT BM, n=12; additional data for injection of other diet/cell combinations shown in Figure 4B). These data indicated that the atheroprotective outcome after cell injection was not due to elimination of the hypercholesterolemic source of vascular injury in these mice. The protective mechanism must therefore differ fundamentally from that previously observed in ApoE-/- mice after complete BM ablation and WT reconstitution,11,12 in which correction of hypercholesterolemia explained, at least in part, the suppression of atherosclerosis.
|
P<0.05 compared with WT donors on regular or fat-rich diet.Having observed that BM-derived cells engraft on and "endothelialize" recipient arteries in vivo, we turned our attention to the possibility that the cells could locally mediate antiatherosclerotic effects at the level of the arterial wall. One possible mechanism of the antiatherosclerotic impact of engrafted BM cells might be the replacement of senescent endothelial cells by younger cells. Endothelial senescence refers to the acquisition of proinflammatory and proatherosclerotic properties among endothelial cells that have undergone significant telomeric shortening.4–7 Such shortening is a well-documented and expected consequence of aging.5,7 Therefore, we hypothesized that the BM might contain endothelial progenitors that help repair areas of vascular senescence, a function which, if lost with aging and risk factors, would lead to accelerated atherosclerosis. We measured the average telomere lengths on DNA from cells scraped from the whole aortic intima, comprising not only endothelial but potentially also inflammatory cell DNA. This assessment revealed that ApoE-/- mice had shorter telomeres than healthy age-matched mice (Figure 5, lanes 1 to 4 versus lanes 11 to 12), whereas the telomeres of intimal cells in ApoE-/- mice that received combined hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched BM cells (1x106 WT cells/injection, every 2 weeks for 6 injections) were significantly longer than those of untreated ApoE-/- mice (Figure 5, lanes 5 to 10 versus lanes 1 to 4). These data indicate that one potential mechanism of BM-derived vascular repair could be a local effect on reducing endothelial senescence.
|
Finally, we considered potential humoral effects that could additionally account for the observed amelioration of atherosclerosis. Recent studies indicate that acute phase proteins, produced in response to proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, are among the best predictors for severe atherosclerosis and its complications.13–15 Plasma IL-6 levels have been shown to increase with aging and to predict death, fraility, and disability in the elderly.16 Because the atherosclerotic arterial wall itself produces IL-6, we hypothesized that BM cell injection could reduce IL-6 production. We found that plasma IL-6 levels paralleled plasma cholesterol levels in WT and ApoE-/- mice on regular and fat-rich diets (Figure 4, A and C). However, although injection of BM cells from young ApoE-/- mice (2x106 cells/injection, mixed hematopoietic- and stromal-enriched cells) to ApoE-/- mice on a high-fat diet had no effect on plasma cholesterol levels, it powerfully suppressed the plasma level of IL-6 (Figure 4D). Instructively, the suppressive effect of BM cells on IL-6 level was significantly weaker when the donor cells originated from 6-month-old ApoE-/- mice, and still weaker if such donors were maintained on a fat-rich diet (Figure 4D).
Although a precise determination of the molecular mechanism for IL-6 suppression in this model will require substantial additional work, it is likely that the injected cells either suppressed the production of IL-6 by diminishing local and/or systemic vascular inflammation or that a humoral feedback loop was interrupted by cell injection. IL-6 levels fell by a factor of 10 within 15 days after a single cell injection (Figure 4D). Presumably, this time course is too rapid to have reduced the atherosclerotic burden by such a factor. One tempting explanation is that the persistent elevation of IL-6 and other inflammatory proteins in aging and atherosclerotic disorders could be linked to a lack of BM cells capable of arterial repair. "Injured" blood vessels may trigger the secretion of cytokines, such as IL-6, and growth factors that might help mobilize or "recruit" BM-derived cells for vascular repair. Consistent with this hypothesis are recent findings that circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells dramatically increase during episodes of active vasculitis,17 potentially to aid in repair of ongoing vascular damage. The present data indicate that atherosclerosis, and perhaps other chronic inflammatory processes, may, with aging, eventually deplete the BM of progenitor cells. This might then lead to an exhaustion of the vascular repair process, loss of the "negative feedback loop" on IL-6 production, and a consequent heightened cytokine release. This increase in inflammatory cytokines, a signature of advanced atherosclerosis, could then itself participate in further vascular injury and atherosclerosis progression.13,15
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In this mouse model of atherosclerosis, we have established that there is an atheroprotective property of the BM that is "exhausted" with aging and prolonged exposure to risk factors. Several findings indicate that this exhaustion likely involves progenitor cell–mediated vascular repair. FACS analysis of BM indicated an age-related decline in cells simultaneously expressing endothelial progenitor and lacking leukocyte markers. Moreover, after treatment, more than half of the donor-derived BM cells that engrafted in recipients’ arterial vessels exhibited endothelial progenitor characteristics. Although FACS analysis did not reveal quantitative deficiencies of any leukocyte lineages (data not shown), age-related qualitative or functional differences in leukocytes and other BM-derived cell types may contribute as well. These qualitative traits could include alterations in cholesterol metabolism that do not change the plasma cholesterol, other local biochemical effects on the blood vessel wall, cytokine expression by immune-competent cells, or the acquisition of primed immune cells that exacerbate atherosclerosis. Reduced vascular progenitor content in aging BM could additionally result in a disequilibrium between reparative endothelial cells and inflammatory leukocytes, tipping the balance of injury and repair.
Although it is possible that a single "therapeutic" cell type is exhausted with aging, it appears more plausible that multiple types are affected, each one a component of the vascular repair process. Consistent with previous work,1,10,18–21 the present study has identified the apparent importance of CD31+/CD45- cells in vascular repair. However, because of the mixture of cells injected, we cannot rule out the role of other cell types. Potential confounders could include the effects of self-renewing "true stem cells" or side lineages, such as leukocytes. Much remains to be learned about the repair process and the various cells involved. By optimizing dose and timing of delivery, identifying the cell lineages with the greatest capacity for vascular repair, and eliminating possible proatherosclerotic "contaminant" cells, it is possible that the atheroprotective effects of BM cell injection could be even greater. Identification and restoration of potential age-related qualitative deficiencies in BM cell function could, in the future, facilitate atheroprotection without the need for actual cell transfer.22
Taken together, these results support a novel model of atherosclerosis in which deficient vascular repair, secondary to obsolescence of BM cells, is a critical determinant of disease initiation and progression. Whereas previous treatments for atherosclerosis have focused on eliminating multiple sources of vascular injury,2,3,11,12 we now provide evidence in support of an alternative approach, vascular repair, that can attenuate atherosclerosis progression even in the continued presence of vascular injury. Once optimized, BM-derived progenitor cell restoration could have important antiatherosclerosis applications in humans.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This work was supported in part by NHLBI grant HL71536 to Dr Goldschmidt-Clermont, HL63703 to Dr Taylor, the Sarnoff Endowment for Cardiovascular Science to Dr Rauscher, and a gift from Tobee and Leonard Kaplan to the Duke Heart Center. Special thanks to W. Carl Stone for his assistance.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
*These authors contributed equally to this work.
This article originally appeared Online on July 14, 2003 (Circulation. 2003;108:r9-r15).
The online-only Data Supplement is available at http//www.circulationaha.org.
An earlier version of the data was presented at the finalist competition for the Louis N. and Arnold M. Katz Basic Science Research Prize for Young Investigators at the 75th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, Chicago, Ill, November 17–20, 2002, and published in abstract form (Circulation. 2002;106[suppl II]:II-229).
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JPJ, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells as novel biological determinants of vascular function and risk. N Engl J Med. 2003; 348: 593–600.
2. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature. 2000; 407: 233–241.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 1993; 362: 801–809.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Minamino T, Miyauchi H, Yoshida T, et al. Endothelial cell senescence in human atherosclerosis: role of telomere in endothelial dysfunction. Circulation. 2002; 105: 1541–1544.
5. Chang E, Harley CB. Telomere length and replicative aging in human vascular tissues. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995; 92: 11190–11194.
6. Xu D, Neville R, Finkel T. Homocysteine accelerates endothelial cell senescence. FEBS Lett. 2000; 470: 20–24.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Okuda K, Khan MY, Skurnick J, et al. Telomere attrition of the human abdominal aorta: relationships with age and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2000; 152: 391–398.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Gan Y, Engelke KJ, Brown CA, et al. Telomere amount and length assay. Pharm Res. 2001; 18: 1655–1659.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Reyes M, Lund T, Lenvik T, et al. Purification and ex vivo expansion of postnatal human marrow mesodermal progenitor cells. Blood. 2001; 98: 2615–2625.
10. Sata M, Saiura A, Kunisato A, et al. Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into vascular cells that participate in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nat Med. 2002; 8: 403–409.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11. Boisvert WA, Spangenberg J, Curtiss LK. Treatment of severe hypercholesterolemia in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 1118–1124.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Linton MF, Atkinson JB, Fazio S. Prevention of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation. Science. 1995; 267: 1034–1037.
13. Taubes G. Cardiovascular disease: does inflammation cut to the heart of the matter? Science. 2002; 296: 242–245.
14. Huber SA, Sakkinen P, Conze D, et al. Interleukin-6 exacerbates early atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 2364–2367.
15. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, et al. Plasma concentration of interleukin-6 and the risk of future myocardial infarction among apparently healthy men. Circulation. 2000; 101: 1767–1772.
16. Ferrucci L, Harris TB, Guralnik JM, et al. Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999; 47: 639–646.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Woywodt A, Streiber F, de Groot K, et al. Circulating endothelial cells as markers for ANCA-associated small-vessel vasculitis. Lancet. 2003; 361: 206–210.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Takahashi T, Kalka C, Masuda H, et al. Ischemia- and cytokine-induced mobilization of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells for neovascularization. Nat Med. 1999; 5: 434–438.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
19. Lin Y, Weisdorf DJ, Solovey A, et al. Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood. J Clin Invest. 2000; 105: 71–77.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
20. Reyes M, Dudek A, Jahagirdar B, et al. Origin of endothelial progenitor cells in human postnatal bone marrow. J Clin Invest. 2002; 109: 337–346.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
21. Edelberg JM, Tang L, Hattori K, et al. Young adult bone marrow-derived endothelial precursor cells restore aging-impaired cardiac angiogenic function. Circ Res. 2002; 90: e89–e93.
22. Goldschmidt-Clermont PJ, Kandzari DE, Sketch MH Jr, et al. Inflammation, platelets, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. J Invasive Cardiol. 2002; (suppl E): 18E–26E.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. Zavada, L. Kideryova, R. Pytlik, Z. Hruskova, and V. Tesar Reduced number of endothelial progenitor cells is predictive of early relapse in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis Rheumatology, October 1, 2009; 48(10): 1197 - 1201. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Y. Foo, E. R. Heller, J. Wykrzykowska, C. J. Sullivan, J. J. Manning-Tobin, K. J. Moore, R. E. Gerszten, and A. Rosenzweig Vascular effects of a low-carbohydrate high-protein diet PNAS, September 8, 2009; 106(36): 15418 - 15423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ueno, H. Koyama, S. Fukumoto, S. Tanaka, T. Shoji, T. Shoji, M. Emoto, H. Tahara, Y. Tsujimoto, T. Tabata, et al. Dialysis modality is independently associated with circulating endothelial progenitor cells in end-stage renal diseases patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., July 23, 2009; (2009) gfp358v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Xu, E. T. Gonzalez, S. S. Iyer, V. Mac, A. L. Mora, R. L. Sutliff, A. Reed, K. L. Brigham, P. Kelly, and M. Rojas Use of Senescence-Accelerated Mouse Model in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury Suggests That Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Can Alter the Outcome of Lung Injury in Aged Mice J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, July 1, 2009; 64A(7): 731 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. D. Lopes, K. P. Alexander, S. V. Manoukian, M. E. Bertrand, F. Feit, H. D. White, C. V. Pollack Jr, J. Hoekstra, B. J. Gersh, G. W. Stone, et al. Advanced Age, Antithrombotic Strategy, and Bleeding in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes: Results From the ACUITY (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy) Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 24, 2009; 53(12): 1021 - 1030. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Rafat, G. Ch. Beck, P. G. Pena-Tapia, P. Schmiedek, and P. Vajkoczy Increased Levels of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Moyamoya Disease Stroke, February 1, 2009; 40(2): 432 - 438. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Chen, H. Li, F. Addabbo, F. Zhang, E. Pelger, D. Patschan, H.-C. Park, M.-C. Kuo, J. Ni, G. Gobe, et al. Adoptive Transfer of Syngeneic Bone Marrow-Derived Cells in Mice with Obesity-Induced Diabetes: Selenoorganic Antioxidant Ebselen Restores Stem Cell Competence Am. J. Pathol., February 1, 2009; 174(2): 701 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Zhu, S. Evans, B. Yan, T. J. Povsic, V. Tapson, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, and C. Dong Transcriptional Regulation of Bim by FOXO3a and Akt Mediates Scleroderma Serum-Induced Apoptosis in Endothelial Progenitor Cells Circulation, November 18, 2008; 118(21): 2156 - 2165. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. R. Crisostomo, A. M. Abarbanell, M. Wang, T. Lahm, Y. Wang, and D. R. Meldrum Embryonic stem cells attenuate myocardial dysfunction and inflammation after surgical global ischemia via paracrine actions Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2008; 295(4): H1726 - H1735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Schlieper, M. Hristov, V. Brandenburg, T. Kruger, R. Westenfeld, A. H. Mahnken, E. Yagmur, G. Boecker, N. Heussen, U. Gladziwa, et al. Predictors of low circulating endothelial progenitor cell numbers in haemodialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., August 1, 2008; 23(8): 2611 - 2618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J. Povsic and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont Review: Endothelial progenitor cells: markers of vascular reparative capacity Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 199 - 213. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Zampetaki, J. P. Kirton, and Q. Xu Vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2008; 78(3): 413 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H-J Kang, Y-S Kim, B-K Koo, K W Park, H-Y Lee, D-W Sohn, B-H Oh, Y-B Park, and H-S Kim Effects of stem cell therapy with G-CSF on coronary artery after drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with acute myocardial infarction Heart, May 1, 2008; 94(5): 604 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Foteinos, Y. Hu, Q. Xiao, B. Metzler, and Q. Xu Rapid Endothelial Turnover in Atherosclerosis-Prone Areas Coincides With Stem Cell Repair in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, April 8, 2008; 117(14): 1856 - 1863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. E. May, P. Seizer, and M. Gawaz Platelets: Inflammatory Firebugs of Vascular Walls Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2008; 28(3): s5 - s10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Zoll, V. Fontaine, P. Gourdy, V. Barateau, J. Vilar, A. Leroyer, I. Lopes-Kam, Z. Mallat, J.-F. Arnal, P. Henry, et al. Role of human smooth muscle cell progenitors in atherosclerotic plaque development and composition Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2008; 77(3): 471 - 480. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. I. Chang, S. A. Loh, D. J. Ceradini, E. I. Chang, S.-e Lin, N. Bastidas, S. Aarabi, D. A. Chan, M. L. Freedman, A. J. Giaccia, et al. Age Decreases Endothelial Progenitor Cell Recruitment Through Decreases in Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1{alpha} Stabilization During Ischemia Circulation, December 11, 2007; 116(24): 2818 - 2829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. D. Nelson, A. G. Zenovich, H. C. Ott, C. Stolen, G. J. Caron, A. Panoskaltsis-Mortari, S. A. Barnes III, X. Xin, and D. A. Taylor Sex-Dependent Attenuation of Plaque Growth After Treatment With Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Circ. Res., December 7, 2007; 101(12): 1319 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. J. Povsic, K. L. Zavodni, F. L. Kelly, S. Zhu, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, C. Dong, and E. D. Peterson Circulating Progenitor Cells Can Be Reliably Identified on the Basis of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 4, 2007; 50(23): 2243 - 2248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Sukhanov, Y. Higashi, S.-Y. Shai, C. Vaughn, J. Mohler, Y. Li, Y.-H. Song, J. Titterington, and P. Delafontaine IGF-1 Reduces Inflammatory Responses, Suppresses Oxidative Stress, and Decreases Atherosclerosis Progression in ApoE-Deficient Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2007; 27(12): 2684 - 2690. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S M Liao, P J Goldschmidt, and J Sugarman Ethical and policy issues relating to progenitor-cell-based strategies for prevention of atherosclerosis J. Med. Ethics, November 1, 2007; 33(11): 643 - 646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Klement, B. St. Croix, C. Milsom, L. May, Q. Guo, J. L. Yu, P. Klement, and J. Rak Atherosclerosis and Vascular Aging as Modifiers of Tumor Progression, Angiogenesis, and Responsiveness to Therapy Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2007; 171(4): 1342 - 1351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Shmilovich, V. Deutsch, A. Roth, H. Miller, G. Keren, and J. George Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiac syndrome X Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1071 - 1076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Michowitz, E. Goldstein, D. Wexler, D. Sheps, G. Keren, and J. George Circulating endothelial progenitor cells and clinical outcome in patients with congestive heart failure Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1046 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M Cubbon, A. Rajwani, and S. B Wheatcroft The impact of insulin resistance on endothelial function, progenitor cells and repair Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2007; 4(2): 103 - 111. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. G. Zenovich and D. A. Taylor CELL THERAPY IN KIDNEY DISEASE: CAUTIOUS OPTIMISM... BUT OPTIMISM NONETHELESS Perit. Dial. Int., June 1, 2007; 27(Supplement_2): S94 - S103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Asosingh, S. Swaidani, M. Aronica, and S. C. Erzurum Th1- and Th2-Dependent Endothelial Progenitor Cell Recruitment and Angiogenic Switch in Asthma J. Immunol., May 15, 2007; 178(10): 6482 - 6494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Lamping Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Sowing the Seeds for Vascular Repair Circ. Res., May 11, 2007; 100(9): 1243 - 1245. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. L.T. Ballard and J. M. Edelberg Stem Cells and the Regeneration of the Aging Cardiovascular System Circ. Res., April 27, 2007; 100(8): 1116 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Haghighat, D. Weiss, M. K. Whalin, D. P. Cowan, and W. R. Taylor Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Exacerbate Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, April 17, 2007; 115(15): 2049 - 2054. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. D. Anderson and C. J. Pepine Gender Differences in the Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Bias or Biology? Circulation, February 20, 2007; 115(7): 823 - 826. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Thum, S. Hoeber, S. Froese, I. Klink, D. O. Stichtenoth, P. Galuppo, M. Jakob, D. Tsikas, S. D. Anker, P. A. Poole-Wilson, et al. Age-Dependent Impairment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Is Corrected by Growth Hormone Mediated Increase of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Circ. Res., February 16, 2007; 100(3): 434 - 443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sahara, M. Sata, T. Morita, K. Nakamura, Y. Hirata, and R. Nagai Diverse Contribution of Bone Marrow Derived Cells to Vascular Remodeling Associated With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Arterial Neointimal Formation Circulation, January 30, 2007; 115(4): 509 - 517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Zhu, X. Liu, Y. Li, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, and C. Dong Aging in the Atherosclerosis Milieu May Accelerate the Consumption of Bone Marrow Endothelial Progenitor Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2007; 27(1): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Wassmann, N. Werner, T. Czech, and G. Nickenig Improvement of Endothelial Function by Systemic Transfusion of Vascular Progenitor Cells Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): E74 - E83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Gorenne, M. Kavurma, S. Scott, and M. Bennett Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence in atherosclerosis Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2006; 72(1): 9 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Moldovan, K. Mythreye, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, and L. L. Satterwhite Reactive oxygen species in vascular endothelial cell motility. Roles of NAD(P)H oxidase and Rac1 Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2006; 71(2): 236 - 246. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. X. Ma, B. Zhou, Z. Chen, Q. Ren, S. H. Lu, T. Sawamura, and Z. C. Han Oxidized low density lipoprotein impairs endothelial progenitor cells by regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase J. Lipid Res., June 1, 2006; 47(6): 1227 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, G. K.W. Lam, V. J. Dzau, C. Dong, J. Kurtzberg, M. A. Creager, D. W. Losordo, and M. Wassef Response to Letter Regarding Article "Atherosclerosis 2005: Recent Discoveries and Novel Hypotheses" Circulation, May 30, 2006; 113(21): e783 - e783. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Chen and M. S. Goligorsky Premature senescence of endothelial cells: Methusaleh's dilemma Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2006; 290(5): H1729 - H1739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Sata Role of Circulating Vascular Progenitors in Angiogenesis, Vascular Healing, and Pulmonary Hypertension: Lessons From Animal Models Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 1008 - 1014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Pepine, R. A. Kerensky, C. R. Lambert, K. M. Smith, G. O. von Mering, G. Sopko, and C. N. Bairey Merz Some Thoughts on the Vasculopathy of Women With Ischemic Heart Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S30 - S35. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. A. Quyyumi Women and Ischemic Heart Disease: Pathophysiologic Implications From the Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study and Future Research Steps J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S66 - S71. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Langer, A. E. May, K. Daub, U. Heinzmann, P. Lang, M. Schumm, D. Vestweber, S. Massberg, T. Schonberger, I. Pfisterer, et al. Adherent Platelets Recruit and Induce Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Endothelial Progenitor Cells to Mature Endothelial Cells In Vitro Circ. Res., February 3, 2006; 98(2): e2 - e10. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Karra, S. Vemullapalli, C. Dong, E.E. Herderick, X. Song, K. Slosek, J.R. Nevins, M. West, P.J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, D. Seo, et al. Stem Cells of Aging Donors--Insufficient Capacity to Repair Causes Progression of Atherosclerosis in the Recipient: Molecular Evidence for Arterial Repair in Atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102: 16789-16794, 2005 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2006; 17(2): 317 - 322. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Werner and G. Nickenig Influence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Limitations for Therapy? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 257 - 266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Gerstenblith Cardiovascular Aging: What We Can Learn From Caloric Restriction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 17, 2006; 47(2): 403 - 404. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. George, A. Afek, A. Abashidze, H. Shmilovich, V. Deutsch, J. Kopolovich, H. Miller, and G. Keren Transfer of Endothelial Progenitor and Bone Marrow Cells Influences Atherosclerotic Plaque Size and Composition in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2005; 25(12): 2636 - 2641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, M. A. Creager, D. W. Lorsordo, G. K.W. Lam, M. Wassef, and V. J. Dzau Atherosclerosis 2005: Recent Discoveries and Novel Hypotheses Circulation, November 22, 2005; 112(21): 3348 - 3353. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Karra, S. Vemullapalli, C. Dong, E. E. Herderick, X. Song, K. Slosek, J. R. Nevins, M. West, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, and D. Seo Molecular evidence for arterial repair in atherosclerosis PNAS, November 15, 2005; 102(46): 16789 - 16794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Zhang, A. Zhang, D.E. Kohan, R.D. Nelson, F.J. Gonzales, T. Yang, C. Schmidt-Lucke, L. Rossig, S. Fichtlscherer, M. Vasa, et al. Edema and Congestive Heart Failure from Thiazolidone Insulin Sensitizers--Excess Sodium Reabsoption in the Collecting Duct: Collecting Duct-Specific Deletion of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {gamma} Blocks Thiazolidinedione-Induced Fluid Retention. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 102: 9406-9411, 2005 J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., November 1, 2005; 16(11): 3139 - 3142. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J P J Halcox and J E Deanfield Childhood origins of endothelial dysfunction Heart, October 1, 2005; 91(10): 1272 - 1274. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. T. Chan, S. H. Li, and S. Verma Nocturnal hemodialysis is associated with restoration of impaired endothelial progenitor cell biology in end-stage renal disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): F679 - F684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Werner, S. Kosiol, T. Schiegl, P. Ahlers, K. Walenta, A. Link, M. Bohm, and G. Nickenig Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and Cardiovascular Outcomes N. Engl. J. Med., September 8, 2005; 353(10): 999 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Rosenzweig Circulating Endothelial Progenitors -- Cells as Biomarkers N. Engl. J. Med., September 8, 2005; 353(10): 1055 - 1057. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Daugherty, N. R. Webb, D. L. Rateri, and V. L. King Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Cytokine regulation of macrophage functions in atherogenesis J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2005; 46(9): 1812 - 1822. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Najjar, A. Scuteri, and E. G. Lakatta Arterial Aging: Is It an Immutable Cardiovascular Risk Factor? Hypertension, September 1, 2005; 46(3): 454 - 462. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. Quehenberger Thematic Review Series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Molecular mechanisms regulating monocyte recruitment in atherosclerosis J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2005; 46(8): 1582 - 1590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Tabibiazar, R. A. Wagner, E. A. Ashley, J. Y. King, R. Ferrara, J. M. Spin, D. A. Sanan, B. Narasimhan, R. Tibshirani, P. S. Tsao, et al. Signature patterns of gene expression in mouse atherosclerosis and their correlation to human coronary disease Physiol Genomics, July 14, 2005; 22(2): 213 - 226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. J. Dzau, M. Gnecchi, A. S. Pachori, F. Morello, and L. G. Melo Therapeutic Potential of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Cardiovascular Diseases Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 7 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Schmidt-Lucke, L. Rossig, S. Fichtlscherer, M. Vasa, M. Britten, U. Kamper, S. Dimmeler, and A. M. Zeiher Reduced Number of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Predicts Future Cardiovascular Events: Proof of Concept for the Clinical Importance of Endogenous Vascular Repair Circulation, June 7, 2005; 111(22): 2981 - 2987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
O. A. Ajijola, P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, and L. L. Satterwhite CD40 Ligand: Not Bad to the Bone (Marrow), After All Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1088 - 1090. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Heiss, S. Keymel, U. Niesler, J. Ziemann, M. Kelm, and C. Kalka Impaired Progenitor Cell Activity in Age-Related Endothelial Dysfunction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 3, 2005; 45(9): 1441 - 1448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Dong, L. E. Crawford, and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont Endothelial Progenitor Obsolescence and Atherosclerotic Inflammation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 3, 2005; 45(9): 1458 - 1460. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. O. d. Buijs, M. Musters, T. Verrips, J. A. Post, B. Braam, and N. van Riel Mathematical modeling of vascular endothelial layer maintenance: the role of endothelial cell division, progenitor cell homing, and telomere shortening Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2651 - H2658. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Califf, T. Ryan, P. Douglas, and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont A time of accelerated change in academic cardiovascular medicine: Implications for academic divisions of cardiology and their training programs J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 16, 2004; 44(10): 1957 - 1965. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. G. Futterman and L. Lemberg Cardiac Repair With Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cells Am. J. Crit. Care., November 1, 2004; 13(6): 512 - 518. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Rossig, C. Urbich, and S. Dimmeler Endothelial Progenitor Cells at Work: Not Mature Yet, but Already Stress-Resistant Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2004; 24(11): 1977 - 1979. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Weber, A. Schober, and A. Zernecke Chemokines: Key Regulators of Mononuclear Cell Recruitment in Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2004; 24(11): 1997 - 2008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Abedin, Y. Tintut, and L. L. Demer Mesenchymal Stem Cells and the Artery Wall Circ. Res., October 1, 2004; 95(7): 671 - 676. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Urbich and S. Dimmeler Endothelial Progenitor Cells: Characterization and Role in Vascular Biology Circ. Res., August 20, 2004; 95(4): 343 - 353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kinnaird, E. Stabile, M. S. Burnett, and S. E. Epstein Bone Marrow-Derived Cells for Enhancing Collateral Development: Mechanisms, Animal Data, and Initial Clinical Experiences Circ. Res., August 20, 2004; 95(4): 354 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Hibbert, Y.-X. Chen, and E. R. O'Brien c-kit-Immunopositive vascular progenitor cells populate human coronary in-stent restenosis but not primary atherosclerotic lesions Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H518 - H524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. G. Lakatta and S. Schulman Age-associated cardiovascular changes are the substrate for poor prognosis with myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 7, 2004; 44(1): 35 - 37. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-H. Choi, K. L. Kim, W. Huh, B. Kim, J. Byun, W. Suh, J. Sung, E.-S. Jeon, H.-Y. Oh, and D.-K. Kim Decreased Number and Impaired Angiogenic Function of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Chronic Renal Failure Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2004; 24(7): 1246 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Rehman, J. Li, L. Parvathaneni, G. Karlsson, V. R. Panchal, C. J. Temm, J. Mahenthiran, and K. L. March Exercise acutely increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and monocyte-/macrophage-derived angiogenic cells J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12): 2314 - 2318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. E. Epstein, E. Stabile, T. Kinnaird, C. W. Lee, L. Clavijo, and M. S. Burnett Janus Phenomenon: The Interrelated Tradeoffs Inherent in Therapies Designed to Enhance Collateral Formation and Those Designed to Inhibit Atherogenesis Circulation, June 15, 2004; 109(23): 2826 - 2831. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. George, E. Goldstein, S. Abashidze, V. Deutsch, H. Shmilovich, A. Finkelstein, I. Herz, H. Miller, and G. Keren Circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with unstable angina: association with systemic inflammation Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2004; 25(12): 1003 - 1008. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Heeschen, R. Lehmann, J. Honold, B. Assmus, A. Aicher, D. H. Walter, H. Martin, A. M. Zeiher, and S. Dimmeler Profoundly Reduced Neovascularization Capacity of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells Derived From Patients With Chronic Ischemic Heart Disease Circulation, April 6, 2004; 109(13): 1615 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Heil, T. Ziegelhoeffer, B. Mees, and W. Schaper A Different Outlook on the Role of Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Vascular Growth: Bone Marrow Delivers Software not Hardware Circ. Res., March 19, 2004; 94(5): 573 - 574. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. C. Capogrossi Cardiac Stem Cells Fail With Aging: A New Mechanism for the Age-Dependent Decline in Cardiac Function Circ. Res., March 5, 2004; 94(4): 411 - 413. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. George, I. Herz, E. Goldstein, S. Abashidze, V. Deutch, A. Finkelstein, Y. Michowitz, H. Miller, and G. Keren Number and Adhesive Properties of Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With In-Stent Restenosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2003; 23(12): e57 - e60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont and E. D. Peterson On the Memory of a Chronic Illness Sci. Aging Knowl. Environ., November 12, 2003; 2003(45): re8 - 8. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Xu, Z. Zhang, F. Davison, and Y. Hu Circulating Progenitor Cells Regenerate Endothelium of Vein Graft Atherosclerosis, Which Is Diminished in ApoE-Deficient Mice Circ. Res., October 17, 2003; 93 (8): e76 - e86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Libby Bone Marrow: A Fountain of Vascular Youth? Circulation, July 29, 2003; 108(4): 378 - 379. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||