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(Circulation. 2003;108:2751.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Inflammatory/Antiinflammatory Properties of High-Density Lipoprotein Distinguish Patients From Control Subjects Better Than High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Are Favorably Affected by Simvastatin Treatment

Benjamin J. Ansell, MD^*; Mohamad Navab, PhD^*; Susan Hama, BSc; Naeimeh Kamranpour, MSc; Gregg Fonarow, MD; Greg Hough, MSc; Shirin Rahmani, MD; Rachel Mottahedeh, BSc; Ravi Dave, MD; Srinivasa T. Reddy, PhD; Alan M. Fogelman, MD

From the Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif.

Correspondence to Mohamad Navab, PhD, Room 47-123 CHS, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679. E-mail mnavab{at}mednet.ucla.edu

Received July 1, 2003; revision received September 11, 2003; accepted September 12, 2003.

	Abstract

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Background— The inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL were compared with HDL cholesterol in 2 groups of patients and in age- and sex-matched control subjects.

Methods and Results— Group 1 consisted of 26 patients not yet taking a statin who presented with coronary heart disease (CHD) or CHD equivalents by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria studied before and 6 weeks after 40 mg/d of simvastatin. Group 2 consisted of 20 patients with documented CHD and HDL cholesterol 84 mg/dL. The inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL were determined by the ability of the subject’s HDL to alter LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity (MCA) in a human artery wall coculture. Induction of MCA by a control LDL was determined in the absence or presence of the subject’s HDL. Values in the absence of HDL were normalized to 1.0. Values >1.0 after the addition of HDL indicated proinflammatory HDL; values <1.0 indicated antiinflammatory HDL. Group 1 values before simvastatin were LDL cholesterol, 118±24 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol, 57±13 mg/dL; triglycerides, 125±64 mg/dL; and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 1.7±1.9 mg/L; and MCA values were 1.38±0.91, compared with 0.38±0.14 for control subjects (P=1.5x10^-5). After simvastatin, values were LDL cholesterol, 73±24 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol, 61±14 mg/dL; triglycerides, 99±52 mg/dL; and hs-CRP, 1.3±1.3 mg/L; and MCA values were 1.08±0.71. In group 2, values were LDL cholesterol, 108±34 mg/dL; HDL cholesterol, 95±14 mg/dL; triglycerides, 89±44 mg/dL; and hs-CRP, 0.8±0.7 mg/L; and MCA values were 1.28±0.29, compared with 0.35±0.11 for control subjects (P=1.7x10^-14). Similar results were obtained with the cell-free assay.

Conclusions— The inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL distinguished patients from control subjects better than HDL cholesterol and were improved with simvastatin.

Key Words: PLEASE • SUPPLY • KEY • WORDS

	Introduction

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High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is a powerful epidemiological predictor of risk for clinical events caused by coronary artery disease.¹ In the Air Force/Texas Coronary Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS), subjects with "average" total cholesterol levels were followed up for an average of 5.2 years. Of those given placebo, the event rate during the study was 2.1%, 2.9%, and 3.4% for those with HDL cholesterol levels of 40 mg/dL, 35 to 39 mg/dL, and 34 mg/dL, respectively. Although the differences were highly significant, knowledge of the HDL cholesterol level in predicting whether a specific individual would or would not have an event was clearly of limited use.²

Similarly, in the original Framingham study, the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) was compared with HDL cholesterol levels.³ With minimal assumptions, one can calculate from the published data that 44% of the events occurred in men with HDL cholesterol levels of 40 mg/dL and 43% of the events occurred in women with HDL cholesterol levels 50 mg/dL.

Because a significant number of CHD events occur in patients with normal LDL cholesterol levels and normal HDL cholesterol levels,^3,4 there has been a continuing search for markers with better predictive value in an individual patient.⁵

We previously reported that the acute-phase response in humans converted HDL from antiinflammatory to proinflammatory.⁶ These studies⁶ compared HDL taken from humans before and after elective surgery. Before surgery, HDL was antiinflammatory in our coculture model, ie, it inhibited LDL oxidation and inhibited LDL-induced monocyte chemotactic activity (MCA). However, at the peak of the acute-phase response, 3 days after surgery, HDL from the same patient was proinflammatory (promoted LDL oxidation and MCA in the human artery wall coculture). One week after surgery, the HDL returned to an antiinflammatory state. Thus, these changes in HDL are consistent with a classic acute-phase response. Gabay and Kushner⁷ emphasized that the acute-phase response can become chronic. Apolipoprotein E–null mice on a chow diet and LDL receptor–null mice on a high-fat diet maintained elevated levels of the positive acute-phase reactant apolipoprotein J and showed persistent decreases in the negative acute-phase reactant paraoxonase.⁸ In humans, the persistent elevation (highest tertile) of the positive acute-phase reactant C-reactive protein (CRP) in the absence of a detectable infection or other acute stress is also evidence of a "chronic" acute-phase response.⁵

In preliminary studies, we reported that the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL from 27 normolipidemic patients clearly separated the patients from 31 age- and sex-matched control subjects (controls).⁹ Each of the patients had a 50% narrowing of a coronary artery, none smoked, none were diabetic, none were taking hypolipidemic medications, and all had normal blood lipids. The patient HDL, in contrast to control HDL, was proinflammatory both in our coculture model and in a cell-free assay (CFA).⁹ These patients had no evidence of an acute illness that could explain an acute-phase response. Thus, we postulated that the inflammatory properties of HDL in these patients represented a chronic acute-phase response similar to that described by CRP levels in the top tertile of "normal."⁵

To test this hypothesis further, we have studied 2 additional patient groups. Group 1 included patients who presented with stable CHD or CHD equivalents by National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP-III) criteria¹⁰ who were not yet on a statin or on other hypolipidemic agents and whose physicians recommended treatment with a statin. The inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL from these patients was compared before and 6 weeks after starting statin therapy. A second group of patients with high HDL cholesterol levels and documented CHD were studied. The inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of the HDL from both groups of patients were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls.

	Methods

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Materials
1-Palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (PAPC) (catalogue No. 850459) was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, and 1-palmitoyl-2-(5,6-epoxyisoprostane E(2))-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (PEIPC) was prepared from PAPC as described previously.^11,12 Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) was from Molecular Probes. Simvastatin was a kind gift from Merck. All other materials were from previously cited sources.^9,13

Human Subjects
Human subjects were studied after written consent approved by the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Institutional Review Board. Fasting blood was collected in heparinized tubes (Becton Dickinson). Sucrose solution was added at a ratio of 1 volume sucrose to 4 volumes of plasma,⁹ thoroughly mixed, divided into aliquots, and kept frozen at -80°C until use. Two groups of patients were studied.

Group 1 consisted of 32 patients recruited from medical offices at UCLA who were not yet on a statin or other hypolipidemic agents and who had CHD or CHD risk equivalents by NCEP ATP-III criteria¹⁰ and whose physicians recommended statin therapy. After the first blood sample was collected, these patients were started on simvastatin 40 mg/d. After 6 weeks, a repeat blood sample was obtained. Exclusion criteria included previous use of any lipid-lowering medication in the 6 months before enrollment, hepatic transaminase levels above normal range within 2 months before dosing, known hepatic disease, evidence of drug abuse within the previous 6 months, history of acute coronary syndrome within 90 days before study enrollment, known hypersensitivity to any statin, and high-sensitivity (hs) CRP of >10 mg/L on repeat determination. Six of these 32 patients were subsequently found to have an hs-CRP value >10 mg/L after repeat determination on the same sample. Because the protocol for group 1 permitted only one blood sample before and one after statin therapy, patients with confirmed hs-CRP values >10 mg/L were excluded, as recommended by Ridker.¹⁴ These 6 did not otherwise differ from the remaining 26 patients. The remaining 26 patients (19 men and 7 women) constituted the first patient group. Ten of these patients had angiographic evidence of coronary atherosclerosis. Five had noninvasive evidence for significant atherosclerosis, 9 had established type II diabetes as their major criteria, 1 had type II diabetes and angiographic criteria, 1 had symptomatic peripheral vascular disease only, 3 others had symptomatic peripheral vascular disease in addition to another reason for statin therapy, and 1 was included because of a Framingham 10-year risk score of >20% (28%). Group 2 comprised 20 subjects (11 men and 9 women) referred by UCLA cardiologists because of documented CHD and high HDL cholesterol levels. Nineteen of the group 2 patients had CHD by coronary angiogram, and 1 had a myocardial infarction, which was not recent. None of the patients in group 2 were diabetic, and none were on a statin or other hypolipidemic medication. Age- and sex-matched healthy controls were recruited from the UCLA community for each of the 2 groups.

Determination of HDL Inflammatory/Antiinflammatory Properties
MCA Assay
Lipoproteins (isolated by fast performance liquid chromatography), human artery wall cocultures, and monocytes were prepared, and MCA was determined as previously described.¹⁵ Induction of MCA by a standard control LDL was determined in the absence or presence of the subject’s HDL. Values in the absence of HDL were normalized to 1.0. Values >1.0 after the addition of HDL indicated proinflammatory HDL; values <1.0 indicated antiinflammatory HDL.

Cell-Free Assay
The CFA was a modification of a previously published method⁹ using PEIPC as the fluorescence-inducing agent. Briefly, HDL was isolated by the dextran sulfate method. Sigma HDL cholesterol reagent (catalog No. 352-3) containing dextran sulfate and magnesium ions was dissolved in distilled water (10.0 mg/mL). Dextran sulfate solution (50 µL) was mixed with 500 µL of the test plasma, incubated at room temperature for 5 minutes, and subsequently centrifuged at 8000g for 10 minutes. The supernatant containing HDL was used in the experiments after cholesterol determination by use of a cholesterol assay kit (catalog No. 2340-200, Thermo DMA Co). HDL isolated by this method inactivates bioactive phospholipids to a similar extent compared with HDL that has been isolated by gel electrophoresis or ultracentrifuge methods.⁹ To determine the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL, the change in fluorescence intensity as a result of the oxidation of DCFH by PEIPC in the absence or presence of the test HDL was used. DCFH-DA was dissolved in fresh methanol at 2.0 mg/mL and was incubated at room temperature and protected from light for 30 minutes, resulting in the release of DCFH. PEIPC solution (10 µL) (final concentration of 50 µg/mL) and 90 µL of HDL-containing dextran sulfate supernatant (final concentration of 10 µg/mL cholesterol) were divided into aliquots into flat-bottom, black polystyrene microtiter plates (Microfluor2, catalog No. 14-245-176, Fisher) and mixed. The plates were then incubated at 37°C on a rotator for 1.0 hour. Ten microliters of DCFH solution (0.2 mg/mL) was then added to each well, mixed, and incubated for an additional 2 hours at 37°C with rotation. Fluorescence was determined with a plate reader (Spectra Max, Gemini XS; Molecular Devices) at an excitation wavelength of 485 nm, emission wavelength of 530 nm, and cutoff of 515 nm with the photomultiplier sensitivity set at medium. Values for intra-assay and interassay variability were 5.3±1.7% and 7.1±3.2%, respectively. Values in the absence of HDL were normalized to 1.0. Values >1.0 after the addition of the test HDL indicated proinflammatory HDL; values <1.0 indicated antiinflammatory HDL.

Other Procedures
Plasma levels of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor- were determined as previously described.^16,17 Plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and glucose were determined as described previously⁸ using kits (Sigma). A sandwich enzyme immunoassay from Immunodiagnostik (ALPCO Diagnostics) was used to measure hs-CRP levels.¹⁸ HDL lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and paraoxonase activity were measured as previously described.¹⁹ Statistical significance was determined with model I ANOVA, and significance was defined as a value of P<0.05.

	Results

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The clinical characteristics of group 1 patients before simvastatin and the data for 26 age- and sex-matched healthy controls are shown in Table 1. Before simvastatin, the patients and controls did not differ significantly except for higher triglyceride levels in the patients (P=0.0002) and higher HDL cholesterol levels in the controls (P=0.008). Only 3 of the 26 patients had abnormally low HDL cholesterol levels (<50 mg/dL women; <40 mg/dL men). None of the controls had low HDL cholesterol levels. Fourteen of the 26 patients had elevated total cholesterol levels (>200 mg/dL). All controls had levels <200 mg/dL (Table 1). Nine of the 26 patients had triglyceride levels >150 mg/dL, whereas all controls had levels <150 mg/dL. Two patients had LDL cholesterol levels >160 mg/dL before treatment, whereas all controls had levels <160 mg/dL. Before simvastatin, 4 of the 26 patients had hs-CRP levels >3 mg/L; 3 of the controls had levels >3 mg/L. After simvastatin, there was a highly significant decrease in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (Table 2). After simvastatin, there was a reduction in hs-CRP levels (Table 2) (only 1 patient had an hs-CRP >3.0 mg/L after simvastatin), but this decrease did not reach statistical significance.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 1. Plasma Lipid and hs-CRP Levels for Group 1 Patients Before Simvastatin Therapy and Their Age- and Sex-Matched Healthy Controls

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 2. Plasma Lipid Levels and hs-CRP for Group 1 Patients Before and After Simvastatin Therapy

Table 3 shows the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL from these 26 patients before and after simvastatin therapy compared with the controls. Before simvastatin, the values for patient HDL in the MCA assay were 1.38±0.91 (mean±SD) compared with the controls, whose values were 0.38±0.14 (P=1.5x10^-5). Before simvastatin, only 6 of the 26 patients had MCA values <1.0, and only 1 patient had an MCA value <0.6, compared with all 26 of the controls, whose MCA values were <1.0. Twenty-four of the 26 controls had MCA values <0.6. The 6 patients excluded because of an hs-CRP value of >10 mg/L on repeat examination had MCA values before simvastatin similar to those of the other 26 patients (1.3±0.59). After simvastatin therapy, the patient MCA values for the 26 patients decreased to 1.08±0.71 (P=0.002). Twelve of the 26 patients had MCA values <1.0 and 4 had MCA values <0.6 after treatment. The 6 patients in group 1 who were excluded because of an hs-CRP value of >10 mg/L had MCA values after simvastatin of 0.83±0.29. As also shown in Table 3, the CFA yielded values of 1.19±0.19 for the patients before simvastatin, compared with values of 0.53±0.15 for the controls (P=7.4x10^-14). Before simvastatin, only 1 of 26 patients had a CFA value <1.0, whereas all the normal controls had values <1.0. After simvastatin therapy, the patients had CFA values of 0.91±0.28 (P=2.3x10^-6), and 15 of the 26 patients had values <1.0.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 3. Inflammatory/Antiinflammatory Properties of HDL From Group 1 Patients Before and After Simvastatin Therapy and From Their Age- and Sex-Matched Healthy Controls

A comparison of the 3 subgroups of group 1 with sufficient numbers to permit statistical analysis (angiographic evidence of CHD [n=10], established type 2 diabetes [n=9], and noninvasive evidence for significant atherosclerosis [n=5]), accounting for 24 of the 26 patients, revealed no statistically significant differences except for lower MCA values after simvastatin for the diabetics compared with MCA values for the angiographic CHD group after simvastatin (P=0.021).

The Figure, A shows the correlation between MCA and CFA values for the 26 patients before and after simvastatin and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The correlation coefficient was 0.760 (P=0.00008). There was no significant difference in plasma interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor- levels before or after simvastatin, and the differences in these cytokine levels between patients and controls were not significantly different (data not shown).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Correlation between values for inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL as determined by MCA assay vs those obtained using CFA. A, Group 1 patients before and after simvastatin therapy and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls. B, Group 2 patients with documented CHD and high HDL cholesterol levels and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls. C, All patients and controls, ie, combination of data from A and B.

HDL LOOH levels were correlated with both MCA and CFA values in the group 1 patients. The correlation of MCA and HDL-LOOH was significant before (r=0.214; P=0.039) and after (r=0.454; P=0.031) simvastatin. Similarly, the correlation of CFA and HDL-LOOH was significant before (r=0.589; P=0.024) and after (r=0.725; P=0.021) simvastatin. There was also a significant correlation between HDL-LOOH and MCA (r=0.734; P=0.018) and CFA (r=0.593; P=0.022) in the controls. HDL-LOOH levels in the patients before simvastatin were 20.6±5.7 ng LOOH/µg cholesterol, and after simvastatin, the values decreased to 17.1±7.7 ng. This difference did not quite reach statistical significance (P=0.062). However, there was a highly significant difference between the patients and their healthy controls, whose HDL-LOOH levels were 10.8±4.7 ng LOOH/µg cholesterol (P=1x10^-8 for patients before simvastatin versus controls; P=9x10^-4 for patients after simvastatin versus controls).

Paraoxonase activity was not significantly different before or after simvastatin and was not significantly different between patients and controls (data not shown).

Table 4 shows the clinical characteristics of the 20 patients with CHD and high HDL cholesterol levels and their controls. The patient values were significantly different only for total cholesterol (P=0.0008) and HDL cholesterol (P=1.2x10^-10).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 4. Plasma Lipid and hs-CRP Levels for Group 2 Patients With CAD and High HDL Cholesterol Levels and Their Age- and Sex-Matched Healthy Controls

As shown in Table 5, the patient MCA values were 1.28±0.29, compared with 0.35±0.11 in the controls (P=1.7x10^-14). Only 2 of the 20 patients had an MCA value <1.0, whereas all of the controls had an MCA value <1.0. None of the patients had MCA values <0.6, whereas all of the controls had MCA values <0.6. CFA values for the patients were 1.37±0.19, compared with values of 0.66±0.21 for the controls (P=4.4x10^-12). Only 1 of the 20 patients had a CFA value <1.0, whereas 18 of the 20 controls had CFA values <1.0. As shown in the Figure, B, the correlation for MCA and CFA values for the patients with CHD and high HDL cholesterol levels and their controls gave a correlation coefficient of 0.930 (P=0.00006).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   TABLE 5. Inflammatory/Antiinflammatory Properties of HDL From Group 2 Patients and Their Age- and Sex-Matched Healthy Controls

TheFigure, C, shows the correlation for MCA and CFA for the combination of all subjects, patient groups 1 and 2 and their controls (Tables 3 and 5). The correlation coefficient was 0.751 (P=0.00009).

	Discussion

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Sampietro et al²⁰ reported that CRP was elevated in familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia and was most elevated in patients with documented coronary artery disease, suggesting that normal HDL was antiinflammatory. We previously hypothesized that HDL may have evolved as part of the innate immune system being antiinflammatory under basal conditions in normal subjects, becoming proinflammatory during an acute-phase reaction,^6,21 and returning to an antiinflammatory state after the acute-phase reaction. Our preliminary data in humans with atherosclerosis⁹ suggested that persistent inflammatory HDL represented a chronic acute-phase response similar to that described by CRP levels in the top tertile of normal.⁵ The data from patient group 1 extend our previous study and show that the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL were better correlated with the presence of CHD or CHD equivalency by NCEP ATP-III criteria than were HDL cholesterol levels. In group 1, only 3 of 26 patients had abnormally low HDL cholesterol levels before simvastatin therapy, whereas 20 of 26 patients had MCA values 1.0 and all 26 patients had MCA values >0.6, compared with all 26 of the controls, whose values were <1.0. Indeed, 24 of the 26 controls had MCA values <0.6. After 6 weeks of simvastatin therapy, there was a highly significant reduction in the inflammatory properties of the HDL in group 1 patients, but their HDL remained significantly more inflammatory than HDL from controls.

In patient group 2, which was composed of patients referred for study because of CHD and high HDL cholesterol levels (95±14 mg/dL), only 1 patient had an elevated LDL cholesterol level (>160 mg/dL), only 2 patients had elevated triglycerides (>150 mg/dL), and none were diabetic (data not shown). None of these 20 patients were on a statin or other hypolipidemic agent. Eighteen of these 20 patients had MCA values 1.0, and only 1 had an MCA value <0.6, whereas all 20 of the controls had MCA values <0.6. Nineteen of the 20 group 2 patients had CFA values 1.0. Only 1 control for group 2 had a CFA value of 1.0, and another had a CFA value of 1.2. The other 18 controls had CFA values <1.0.

Bowry et al²² reported that HDL is a major carrier of LOOH in humans. Because there were significant correlations between HDL-LOOH, MCA, and CFA, one might ask whether MCA and CFA simply measure HDL-LOOH. If this were the case, adding normal HDL would always give a CFA value >1.0, because all of the controls had some LOOH in their HDL. However, of the 46 control subjects studied here (26 for group 1 and 20 for group 2), only 1 had a CFA value >1.0. We previously reported that MCA and CFA measure the net action of a large number of factors in HDL.²¹ These factors include oxidized phospholipids, LOOH, paraoxonase activity, platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase activity, lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase activity, possibly GSH peroxidase activity, apolipoprotein A-I, apolipoprotein J, serum amyloid A, ceruloplasmin, antioxidant vitamins, and probably products such nitrotyrosine, which can be generated by myeloperoxidase. Thus, the tests used here to determine the inflammatory/antiinflammatory status of HDL most likely represent the net effect of all of these factors, and the LOOH content and the other factors in HDL are likely interdependent.

Together with our previously studied patient group⁹ and the 2 patient groups reported here, there are now 3 patient groups with differing characteristics in which the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL seem to better differentiate the patients from controls compared with HDL cholesterol levels. The size of each of these 3 patient groups was small, 20 to 27 patients in each group (and their age- and sex-matched healthy controls). Thus, the true predictive value of the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL must await large-scale testing. The use of hs-CRP has been found to be highly predictive in large epidemiological studies.¹⁴ However, in smaller studies, hs-CRP has been less predictive than some other markers, eg, nitrotyrosine levels.²³ Similarly, in the studies reported here, hs-CRP was less discriminatory than the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL. However, the number of subjects reported here is far too few to reach any conclusions regarding the relative usefulness of hs-CRP and the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL. The data regarding HDL cholesterol concentrations versus the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL seem much more compelling. However, even the conclusions drawn from this seemingly clear-cut comparison must await testing in large populations. The correlation between MCA and CFA reported here was highly significant (Figure), suggesting that this CFA may allow for large-scale testing of the inflammatory/antiinflammatory properties of HDL compared with HDL cholesterol levels in predicting risk for CHD.

	Acknowledgments

 
This work was supported in part by US Public Health Service grant HL-30568, General Clinical Research Centers grant RR-00865, Donald Kahn, The Joseph F. Troy Research Foundation, Laubisch, Castera, and M.K. Gray Funds at UCLA.

	Footnotes

 
Dr Navab, S. Hama, Dr Reddy, and Dr Fogelman are principals in BruinPharma, a start-up biotech company.

*These authors contributed equally to this work.

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				B. J. Van Lenten, A. C. Wagner, M. Navab, G. M. Anantharamaiah, S. Hama, S. T. Reddy, and A. M. Fogelman Lipoprotein inflammatory properties and serum amyloid A levels but not cholesterol levels predict lesion area in cholesterol-fed rabbits J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2007; 48(11): 2344 - 2353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. M. Anantharamaiah, V. K. Mishra, D. W. Garber, G. Datta, S. P. Handattu, M. N. Palgunachari, M. Chaddha, M. Navab, S. T. Reddy, J. P. Segrest, et al. Structural requirements for antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptides J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2007; 48(9): 1915 - 1923. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. M. Singh, M. H. Shishehbor, and B. J. Ansell High-Density Lipoprotein as a Therapeutic Target: A Systematic Review JAMA, August 15, 2007; 298(7): 786 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Watanabe, K. J. Chou, J. C. Liao, Y. Miao, H.-H. Meng, H. Ge, V. Grijalva, S. Hama, K. Kozak, G. Buga, et al. Differential Association of Hemoglobin with Proinflammatory High Density Lipoproteins in Atherogenic/Hyperlipidemic Mice: A NOVEL BIOMARKER OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS J. Biol. Chem., August 10, 2007; 282(32): 23698 - 23707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Lim, T. Gayles, H. A. Katki, R. Stolzenberg-Solomon, S. J. Weinstein, P. Pietinen, P. R. Taylor, J. Virtamo, and D. Albanes Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Risk of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Cancer Res., June 1, 2007; 67(11): 5569 - 5574. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Sanossian, J. L. Saver, M. Navab, and B. Ovbiagele High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: An Emerging Target for Stroke Treatment Stroke, March 1, 2007; 38(3): 1104 - 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. K. Roberts, C. Ng, S. Hama, A. J. Eliseo, and R. J. Barnard Effect of a short-term diet and exercise intervention on inflammatory/anti-inflammatory properties of HDL in overweight/obese men with cardiovascular risk factors J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2006; 101(6): 1727 - 1732. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. J. Ng, N. Bourquard, V. Grijalva, S. Hama, D. M. Shih, M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, A. J. Lusis, S. Young, and S. T. Reddy Paraoxonase-2 Deficiency Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Mice Despite Lower Apolipoprotein-B-containing Lipoproteins: ANTI-ATHEROGENIC ROLE FOR PARAOXONASE-2 J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 29491 - 29500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Venteclef, J. C. Smith, B. Goodwin, and P. Delerive Liver receptor homolog 1 is a negative regulator of the hepatic acute-phase response. Mol. Cell. Biol., September 1, 2006; 26(18): 6799 - 6807. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kontush and M. J. Chapman Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein: A New Therapeutic Target at the Crossroads of Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2006; 58(3): 342 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. O. Ottestad, B. Halvorsen, T. R. Balstad, K. Otterdal, G. I. Borge, F. Brosstad, A. M. Myhre, L. Ose, M. S. Nenseter, and K. B. Holven Triglyceride-Rich HDL3 from Patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia Are Less Able to Inhibit Cytokine Release or to Promote Cholesterol Efflux J. Nutr., April 1, 2006; 136(4): 877 - 881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Duffy and D. J. Rader Emerging Therapies Targeting High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolism and Reverse Cholesterol Transport Circulation, February 28, 2006; 113(8): 1140 - 1150. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Ou, J. Wang, H. Xu, Z. Ou, M. G. Sorci-Thomas, D. W. Jones, P. Signorino, J. C. Densmore, S. Kaul, K. T. Oldham, et al. Effects of D-4F on Vasodilation and Vessel Wall Thickness in Hypercholesterolemic LDL Receptor-Null and LDL Receptor/Apolipoprotein A-I Double-Knockout Mice on Western Diet Circ. Res., November 25, 2005; 97(11): 1190 - 1197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Ansell, K. E. Watson, A. M. Fogelman, M. Navab, and G. C. Fonarow High-Density Lipoprotein Function: Recent Advances J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 15, 2005; 46(10): 1792 - 1798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D.-Q. Peng, Z. Wu, G. Brubaker, L. Zheng, M. Settle, E. Gross, M. Kinter, S. L. Hazen, and J. D. Smith Tyrosine Modification Is Not Required for Myeloperoxidase-induced Loss of Apolipoprotein A-I Functional Activities J. Biol. Chem., October 7, 2005; 280(40): 33775 - 33784. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Navab, G.M. Anantharamaiah, S. T. Reddy, S. Hama, G. Hough, V. R. Grijalva, N. Yu, B. J. Ansell, G. Datta, D. W. Garber, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I Mimetic Peptides Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2005; 25(7): 1325 - 1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Navab, G.M. Anantharamaiah, S. Hama, G. Hough, S. T. Reddy, J. S. Frank, D. W. Garber, S. Handattu, and A. M. Fogelman D-4F and Statins Synergize to Render HDL Antiinflammatory in Mice and Monkeys and Cause Lesion Regression in Old Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., July 1, 2005; 25(7): 1426 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. O. Kwiterovich Jr, S. L. Cockrill, D. G. Virgil, E. S. Garrett, J. Otvos, C. Knight-Gibson, P. Alaupovic, T. Forte, L. Zhang, Z. N. Farwig, et al. A Large High-Density Lipoprotein Enriched in Apolipoprotein C-I: A Novel Biochemical Marker in Infants of Lower Birth Weight and Younger Gestational Age JAMA, April 20, 2005; 293(15): 1891 - 1899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. S. Forrester, R. Makkar, and P.K. Shah Increasing High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Dyslipidemia by Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition: An Update for Clinicians Circulation, April 12, 2005; 111(14): 1847 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Zheng, M. Settle, G. Brubaker, D. Schmitt, S. L. Hazen, J. D. Smith, and M. Kinter Localization of Nitration and Chlorination Sites on Apolipoprotein A-I Catalyzed by Myeloperoxidase in Human Atheroma and Associated Oxidative Impairment in ABCA1-dependent Cholesterol Efflux from Macrophages J. Biol. Chem., January 7, 2005; 280(1): 38 - 47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. K. Roberts and R. J. Barnard Effects of exercise and diet on chronic disease J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2005; 98(1): 3 - 30. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. J. Barter, S. Nicholls, K.-A. Rye, G.M. Anantharamaiah, M. Navab, and A. M. Fogelman Antiinflammatory Properties of HDL Circ. Res., October 15, 2004; 95(8): 764 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Yan, M. Navab, C. Bruce, A. M. Fogelman, and X.-C. Jiang PLTP deficiency improves the anti-inflammatory properties of HDL and reduces the ability of LDL to induce monocyte chemotactic activity J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2004; 45(10): 1852 - 1858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Navab, G. M. Ananthramaiah, S. T. Reddy, B. J. Van Lenten, B. J. Ansell, G. C. Fonarow, K. Vahabzadeh, S. Hama, G. Hough, N. Kamranpour, et al. Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL J. Lipid Res., June 1, 2004; 45(6): 993 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

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