Published online before print October 6, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000091088.63921.8C
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2003;108:1809.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Transfer for Primary Angioplasty Versus Immediate Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction
A Meta-Analysis
From Institut de Cardiologie (M.D., G.M.) and Departement de Pharmacologie (A.B., P.L.) at Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, Paris, France.
Correspondence to Dr G. Montalescot, Institut de Cardiologie, Bureau 2-236, Pitie-Salpetriere University Hospital, 47 Boulevard de l’Hopital, 75013 Paris, France. E-mail gilles.montalescot{at}psl.ap-hop-paris.fr
Received February 12, 2003; de novo received May 9, 2003; revision received July 16, 2003; accepted July 17, 2003.
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
Background— The benefit of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over thrombolysis has been clearly demonstrated in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the best therapeutic strategy for a patient with AMI presenting to acute care services without catheterization facilities remains under debate. Our objective was to gather all available information from clinical trials comparing transfer of patients experiencing AMI for angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis.
Methods and Results— We performed a meta-analysis of all data available from published randomized trials and from presentations in scientific sessions of major cardiology congresses comparing the 2 strategies. The primary end point was the combined criteria (CC) of death/reinfarction/stroke as defined in each trial. Relative risk (RR) evaluated the treatment effect. We identified 6 clinical trials including 3750 patients. Transfer time was always <3 hours. The CC was significantly reduced by 42% (95% confidence interval [CI] 29% to 53%, P<0.001) in the group transferred for primary PCI compared with the group receiving on-site thrombolysis. When CC parameters were considered separately, reinfarction was significantly reduced by 68% (95% CI, 34% to 84%; P<0.001) and stroke by 56% (95% CI, -15% to 77%; P=0.015). There was a trend toward reduction in all-cause mortality of 19% (95% CI, -3% to 36%; P=0.08) with transfer for PCI.
Conclusion— Even when transfer to an angioplasty center is necessary, primary PCI remains superior to immediate thrombolysis. Organization of ambulance systems, prehospital management, and adequate PCI capacity appear now to be the key issues in providing reperfusion therapy for AMI.
Key Words: angioplasty • thrombolysis • catheterization • myocardial infarction
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
Since percutaneous intracoronary intervention (PCI) has become widely available, a large number of trials have compared thrombolytic and percutaneous reperfusion strategies for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The meta-analysis from Weaver et al1 of 10 randomized trials indicated that primary PCI is superior to thrombolysis, resulting in a significant reduction in mortality, death/reinfarction, and stroke. A subsequent updated comprehensive analysis of randomized trials comparing thrombolysis with primary PCI in AMI has confirmed these findings.2 On the basis of these trials, primary PCI is widely regarded as the reperfusion strategy of choice in AMI. Many of the studies on which this premise is based, however, have limitations that could have favored primary PCI because the trials were performed at centers where both thrombolysis and PCI facilities were available on site; thus, at the time of randomization, both treatment arms were readily available. Furthermore, the PCI procedures were generally performed at high-volume centers with experienced operators achieving high success rates.
See p 1768
In reality, only a minority of patients experiencing AMI present directly to PCI centers, where perhaps the trial conclusions can be applied. In "real" life, the majority of patients, even in well-resourced countries, present initially to their emergency ambulance service and/or to local hospitals rather than to an angioplasty center. In this situation, the clinical decision needs to be made between early thrombolysis or transfer to a PCI center with delayed, but more complete, reperfusion.
The clinically relevant question with regard to reperfusion strategy must therefore take into account the delay in triage and transfer for primary PCI, if available, when judging it against rapid thrombolysis. We identified 6 recent trials addressing this issue, but the individual studies have yielded inconsistent results. Of the 6 trials, 3 significantly favor transfer for PCI,3–5 and 3 show nonsignificant trends or no difference for primary PCI.6–8 Two of these were limited by sample size, one being a feasibility study6 and the other hampered by low recruitment.7 In the third, there was a worrying trend toward increased mortality with transfer for PCI (4.8% with primary PCI versus 3.8% with thrombolysis, P=not significant).8 This unresolved clinical problem has widespread implications for clinical care and healthcare infrastructure. Given the discrepant results, along with the low power of some of the studies to detect a difference, we performed a combined analysis of "transfer" trials to increase the statistical power in addressing the important question of the optimal reperfusion strategy for AMI in patients who present to acute care services without immediately available PCI facilities.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
Study Objectives and Design
The primary aim of the meta-analysis was to compare immediate local thrombolytic drug treatment with transfer for primary PCI in the treatment of AMI. AMI was defined according to the inclusion criteria of the trials concerned. It was recognized that there would be significant heterogeneity in the studies in both the pharmacological and mechanical reperfusion arms. Thrombolytic agents and speed of administration were likely to be different. Equally, transfer times for patients randomized to primary PCI were likely to be variable. On the other hand, by combining the studies, even if case-specific data were not available, the statistical power to detect a difference in treatment effect would be greatly increased.
Trial Search Strategy
We conducted a Medline database search (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md) of the literature to identify all randomized trials comparing primary PCI with thrombolysis in AMI from January 1985 to September 2002. In addition, we searched for papers presented at major cardiac conferences during the same time period. Finally, the Cochrane Database was searched and national and international colleagues were consulted. From these trials, specific transfer studies were identified, defined as those in which randomization occurred outside the PCI center. In addition, all apparently nontransfer trial methodologies were scrutinized to establish whether patients in the primary PCI arm were transferred to the PCI center after randomization, potentially making them eligible for inclusion.
Study Inclusion Criteria
Trials had to make a randomized comparison between local thrombolysis and transfer for primary PCI at the point of initial contact or at community hospitals. Clinical outcome data had to be available on mortality, reinfarction, and stroke, or a combination of these criteria. We excluded trials or trial arms that specifically addressed transfer for PCI after thrombolysis as distinct from primary PCI per se.
End Points and Definitions
The primary end point was the 30-day composite of death, reinfarction, or stroke. The individual end points were also assessed separately.
Statistical Analysis
The results from each trial were those obtained on an intention-to-treat basis. The meta-analysis was performed using the relative risk (RR) as parameter of efficacy with a fixed effect model. Different techniques were used (the combined logarithm of the relative risk, both exact and approximate, Mantel-Haentzel, Cochran, and Peto9,10) in the analysis. The results obtained from the different methods were similar, and therefore only the results from the combined logarithm of the RR with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) are presented in this analysis.
Association and heterogeneity tests were performed for each meta-analysis. The probability value for significance of association and heterogeneity test was set at 0.05. Graphic representation of RR and their 95% CI were performed with use of a logarithmic scale.
In the case of absence of an event in 1 group of patients, a pseudocount method was used to calculate the RR, adding a value of 0.25 event in each group. Finally, the number of patients needed to be treated to avoid one event (NNT) was calculated for each end point using the overall weighted risk difference (NNT=1/[absolute risk difference]).
A robustness analysis testing the publication bias (ie, the nonpublication of neutral trials) was performed with a group of 500 patients (the same size as the largest trials in this analysis) in each treatment group with an event rate of 15% for the combined end point, 6% for reinfarction, and 2% for stroke in the lysis groups. Given the difficulties in allocating an effect amplitude to the hypothetical trials were they to be given a treatment effect, neutral trials (RR=1) were used.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
Trials Included Patient Characteristics and Study Designs
Six transfer trials were identified with a design, including randomization to immediate thrombolysis or transfer for primary PCI in which randomization took place outside the PCI center.3–8 The trial names, acronyms, patient characteristics, and details of the pharmacologic and transfer for mechanical reperfusion groups are shown in the Table. In the Maastricht and PRAGUE trials, there was a third arm combining thrombolytic and PCI treatments. In line with the inclusion criteria, these arms were excluded. Enrollment criteria of chest pain (<6 or <12 hours) with ST elevation or new left bundle branch block on the electrocardiogram were used throughout; and although the AIR-PAMI trial specifically selected higher-risk patients, it was the smallest trial and accounted for only 3% of the pooled total number of patients. Trial design was broadly similar in all studies; however, there were some key differences. With regard to time and site of randomization, in the Maastricht study, PRAGUE, PRAGUE-2, and AIR-PAMI, randomization was at local hospitals. In approximately 28% of the DANAMI-2 patients, randomization was at a PCI center. Analyses were performed with and without these nontransfer patients to avoid the potential problems of subgroup analysis. Importantly, in the CAPTIM trial, patients were randomized before arrival at the hospital, allowing a comparison of optimal prehospital thrombolysis versus transfer for primary PCI. Although the difference in trial design in CAPTIM would be a limitation in the combined analysis, it fit the inclusion criteria and excluding it would leave the analysis without a trial of optimal early thrombolysis, thus introducing bias in favor of PCI. On this basis, the benefits were felt to outweigh the limitations and this trial was included. All trials used t-PA in the thrombolytic arms apart from PRAGUE and PRAGUE-2, which used streptokinase. The time delays resulting from transfer are indicated in the Table. The use of a 30-day end point of death, reinfarction, or stroke was also consistent, except in the small Maastricht trial in which death/reinfarction at 42 days was reported, although the stroke data were also available and therefore incorporated into the meta-analysis. In PRAGUE-2, the 30-day mortality rate was the primary end point; however, the death/reinfarction/stroke composite data at 30 days were also available. Reinfarction was defined as recurrent chest pain, and all studies required electrocardiographic changes and/or an elevation in cardiac enzymes. The definition of stroke varied between the trials and ranged from any neurologic event lasting more than 24 hours to events causing significant disability.
|
Death/Reinfarction/Stroke
A reduction in the combined end point at 30 days with PCI was found to be significant individually only for PRAGUE, DANAMI-2, and PRAGUE-2. Combining the 6 trials, however, there was a marked and highly significant reduction in RR favoring transfer for primary PCI (Figure 1) with no evidence of heterogeneity (P=0.67). Excluding the nontransferred patients (randomized in PCI centers) from DANAMI-2 did not change the findings (RR=0.58; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.71; P<0.001). The overall 30-day NNT was 19 for the combined criteria. The robustness analysis showed that 11 trials had to be added to obtain a nonsignificant result of the meta-analysis for the combined end point of death/MI/stroke. Because the symptom onset time varied between studies, between <6 hours (Maastricht, PRAGUE-1, CAPTIM) and <12 hours (Air Pami, DANAMI-2, PRAGUE-2), and the thrombolytic agent used varied (streptokinase in PRAGUE-1 and PRAGUE-2, tPA in Maastricht, Air-Pami, CAPTIM, and DANAMI-2), in both cases, separate repeat combined analyses for the 2 groups of trials were performed with regard to the combined end point. In both cases, the subgroups gave very similar relative risks, 0.59 (95% CI, 0.41 to 0.85) for <6 hours versus 0.57 (95% CI, 0.45 to 0.72) for <12 hours and 0.5 (95% CI, 0.35 to 0.70) for streptokinase versus 0.62 (95% CI, 0.49 to 0.78) for tPA, and there was no heterogeneity of relative risk between the subgroups (P=0.88 for symptom onset, P=0.31 for thrombolytic).
|
Mortality
The mortality outcomes varied between trials. The Maastricht trial was neutral for mortality with 5 deaths in each group. In CAPTIM, there was a nonsignificant trend toward increased mortality with primary PCI. The other trials indicated nonsignificant trends toward reduced mortality with primary PCI. Taking the trials together, there was a trend toward reduced mortality with primary PCI, which did not reach statistical significance (Figure 2) with no evidence of heterogeneity (P=0.56). However, when excluding the CAPTIM patients who were randomized outside the hospitals, mortality was significantly reduced in the pooled analysis of the other 5 trials (RR 0.76; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.98; P=0.035), suggesting that death is significantly reduced with primary PCI in patients who present to the hospital for reperfusion therapy.
|
Reinfarction
A consistent reduction in reinfarction at 30 days with primary PCI was shown in all studies, except PRAGUE-2 for which reinfarction data as an individual end point was not available although the composite of reinfarction/stroke was reduced with primary PCI. However, this only reached statistical significance in PRAGUE and DANAMI-2. Combining the trials indicated a very marked and highly significant reduction in reinfarction favoring transfer for primary PCI (Figure 3) with no evidence of heterogeneity (P=0.65). The 30-day NNT was 33. The robustness analysis showed that 10 trials had to be added to obtain a nonsignificant result of the meta-analysis for reinfarction.
|
Stroke
In the Maastricht study, stroke was neutral with 2 events in each group; however, in the other trials, there was a nonsignificant trend toward a reduction with primary PCI. Combining the data indicated a very marked and statistically significant reduction in stroke with PCI (Figure 4) with no evidence of heterogeneity (P=0.47). The 30-day NNT was 86. The robustness analysis showed that 9 trials had to be added to obtain a nonsignificant result of the meta-analysis for stroke.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
The 6 trials comprising this meta-analysis represent the new style of trials of reperfusion strategies for AMI in patients who do not present immediately to a PCI center. This meta-analysis indicates that even when transport is required, primary PCI remains a superior strategy to local thrombolysis. The transport time to the PCI center in the DANAMI-2 trial was always less than 3 hours. In the remaining 5 trials, however, the additional time to treatment with PCI compared with local thrombolysis ranged from 70 to 103 minutes. Despite the fact that transfer clearly adds delays to reperfusion, patients still had better outcomes. Furthermore, if the CAPTIM trial is excluded, thereby considering only patients who have already presented to the hospital, transfer for primary PCI confers a significant mortality benefit.
The findings are in keeping with the observation that time to reperfusion is much less critical with primary PCI than thrombolysis.11–13 This view is further supported by the subgroup analysis of the recent PRAGUE-2 data in which patients treated within 3 hours of chest pain experienced similar mortality of 7.4% with thrombolysis and 7.3% with primary PCI, whereas at 3 to 12 hours, primary PCI was strongly and significantly favored with a mortality of 6% compared with 15.3% with thrombolysis (P<0.02).5
The French CAPTIM trial, however, is important because it compares transfer for primary PCI with optimal prehospital thrombolysis.8 Overall, the trial was neutral and at odds with the other trials, including the recent DANAMI-2 trial.4 Important differences in designs could explain the results of CAPTIM; enrollment was within 6 hours of chest pain (compared with 12 hours in DANAMI-2) and time to thrombolysis was short with prehospital administration. Subsequently, shock occurred in 2.1% of the patients transferred for primary PCI and none of the prehospital thrombolysis group (P=0.004). Furthermore, patients in the thrombolytic arm were all transferred to tertiary care centers and managed relatively invasively, with 26% undergoing rescue PCI after admission (compared with no transfer and conservative management of the thrombolytic patients in DANAMI-2). These features suggest that the benefits of both reperfusion strategies could have been combined in many patients in the CAPTIM thrombolytic group, and the favorable findings support further the concept that early thrombolysis with rapid transfer and aggressive management after admission remains an effective reperfusion strategy when compared with primary PCI.
Funnel plots of the trials for the combined (Figure 5) and individual end points indicated a fairly symmetric distribution of relative risks around the overall RR and convergence toward the pooled effect when the weight of the trials increases, suggesting that publication or selection bias are unlikely. Furthermore, the robustness analyses showed that the results of this meta-analysis are robust and that nonpublication bias of negative trials is unlikely.
|
With regard to the generalizability of the conclusions of this combined analysis to other established or proposed primary PCI programs, it should be noted that the vast majority of patients underwent primary PCI at established angioplasty centers. Although in the DANAMI 2 study, 3 of the 5 PCI centers had not performed primary PCI before study participation, in the 5 other studies, the PCI centers, most often high-volume centers, were already experienced in primary angioplasty before the study. From the standpoint of the combined analysis, it cannot therefore be assumed that primary angioplasty in low-volume centers by low-volume operators, particularly without prior experience of the technique, could achieve the overall success seen in this analysis.
The present combined analysis has a number of limitations. Although the literature was thoroughly searched, all recent international cardiac conferences were scrutinized and foreign colleagues from other interventional centers were consulted, it is possible that trials or trial arms fitting our inclusion criteria were overlooked. The present analysis has used time from randomization to treatment because this parameter has the most complete data in the various trials and has practical significance to clinical decision-making when patients present to the hospital. The inclusion of CAPTIM with early thrombolysis to avoid potential bias in favor of PCI has been discussed, and indeed this was the case because the combined analysis of the other trials indicated a significant mortality benefit with PCI, which was not the case when CAPTIM was included. With regard to time from symptom onset to treatment, there was significant variation between the trials, but all patients presented within 6 or 12 hours of the onset of pain (Table). There was also inevitable clinical heterogeneity between the trials with regard to study design, transfer delays, and thrombolytic agent (although the subgroup analysis for different symptom onset times and thrombolytic agents did not indicate any heterogeneity of RRs between subgroups), and the conclusions are also limited to 30-day outcome.
With regard to the statistical model used for the combined analysis, a fixed-effect model was used in view of the lack of statistical heterogeneity between the trials. Given the clinical heterogeneity, however, the analysis was also repeated using a random effect model, and there were no significant differences between the results with the 2 models. Despite these various limitations, however, the trials were in most cases underpowered and the combined analysis allows more robust conclusions.
Overall, it now appears that primary PCI is the preferred method of revascularization for AMI in most circumstances even if not immediately available on site. Defining the next standard of care in AMI management will not, however, simply involve a decision between thrombolysis or primary PCI, but development of the optimal combination of pharmacological and percutaneous revascularization strategies. Early trials combining fibrinolysis and subsequent mechanical intervention were negative,14–16 as well as the Maastricht6 and PRAGUE-13 trial arms, which specifically addressed transfer for PCI after thrombolysis; however, the recent Plasminogen-activator Angioplasty Compatibility Trial (PACT) study17 suggested myocardial function preservation with fibrinolysis preceding intervention. The use of thrombolytics to facilitate PCI continues to be debated and is being evaluated in the large Safety and Efficacy of a New Thrombolytic (ASSENT)-4 trial.
There is now less debate with regard to GP IIb/IIIa facilitation of primary PCI in which 5 randomized studies have shown a significant 30-day reduction in death/MI/urgent revascularization with GP IIb/IIIa antagonists,18–21 and the maximum benefit is achieved with the earliest administration.18,22,23 The absence or negligible use of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in the primary PCI arms of the 6 studies of our meta-analysis could have reduced the magnitude of benefit observed with primary PCI in the present study despite an already impressive reduction of events. It appears clear, therefore, that facilitation of primary PCI has an important role and future studies will further investigate the role of more aggressive pharmacological treatments combining reduced doses of fibrinolytics and full-dose treatment with GP IIb/IIIa antagonists in the Facilitated INtervention with Enhanced reperfusion Speed to Stop Events (FINESSE) and Addressing the Value of primary ANgioplasty after Combination therapy or Eptifibatide monotherapy in acute Myocardial Infarction (ADVANCE MI) trials. Finally, the fast expanding use of drug-eluting stents with a loading dose and prolonged prescription of the thienopyridine clopidogrel should further widen the difference between thrombolysis and primary PCI in reperfusion of acute MI.
|
Conclusion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
On the basis of the 6 trials analyzed, prognosis of AMI is improved when patients are transferred for primary PCI, including the attendant delay, rather than treated with local thrombolytic therapy. To benefit from these findings and offer a transfer for primary PCI service, healthcare systems need to consolidate and organize rapid, safe ambulance networks, and, if possible, early pharmacologic facilitation, in addition to PCI centers able to meet with the demand.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionReferences |
|---|
1. Weaver WD, Simes RJ, Betriu A, et al. Comparison of primary coronary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1997; 278: 2093–2098.
2. Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet. 2003; 361: 13–20.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M, et al. Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory. The PRAGUE Study. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 823–831.
4. The Danish multicenter randomized study on thrombolytic therapy versus acute coronary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (DANAMI-2). Presented at the 51st Annual Scientific Sessions of the American College of Cardiology; Atlanta, GA; March 2002.
5. Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, et al. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2003; 24: 94–104.
6. Vermeer F, Oude Ophuis AJM, van den Berg EJ, et al. Prospective randomized comparison between thrombolysis, rescue PTCA, and primary PTCA in patients with extensive myocardial infarction admitted to a hospital without PTCA facilities: a safety and feasibility study. Heart. 1999; 82: 426–431.
7. Grines CL, Westerhausen DR Jr, Grines LL, et al. A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction: the Air Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002; 39: 1713–1719.
8. Bonnefoy E, Lapostolle F, Leizorovicz A, et al. Primary angioplasty versus prehospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised study. Lancet. 2002; 360: 825–829.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Cucherat M, Boissel JP, Leizorovicz A, et al. EasyMA: a program for the meta-analysis of clinical trials. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1997; 53: 187–190.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10. Hauck WW, Anderson S, Leahy FJI. Finite sample properties of some old and some new estimators of common odds ratio from multiple 2x2 tables. J Am Stat Assoc. 1982; 77: 145–152.[CrossRef]
11. Newby LK, Rutsch WR, Califf RM, et al. Time from symptom onset to treatment and outcomes after thrombolytic therapy. GUSTO-1 Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1646–1655.[Abstract]
12. Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Wall TC, et al. Importance of time to reperfusion for 30-day and late survival and recovery of left ventricular function after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1312–1319.
13. Brodie BR, Stone GW, Morice MC, et al. Importance of time to reperfusion on outcomes with primary coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (results from the Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Trial). Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88: 1085–1890.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Topol EJ, Califf RM, George BS, et al. A randomized trial of immediate versus delayed elective angioplasty after intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1987; 317: 581–588.[Abstract]
15. The TIMI Research Group. Immediate vs delayed catheterization and angioplasty following thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. TIMI II A results. JAMA. 1988; 260: 2849–2858.
16. Simoons ML, Arnold AE, Betriu A, et al. Thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator in acute myocardial infarction: no additional benefit from immediate percutaneous coronary angioplasty. Lancet. 1988; 1: 197–203.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
17. Ross AM, Coyne KS, Reiner JS, et al. A randomized trial comparing primary angioplasty with a strategy of short-acting thrombolysis and immediate planned rescue angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: the PACT trial. PACT Investigators. Plasminogen-activator Angioplasty Compatibility Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 1954–1962.
18. Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1895–1903.
19. Brenner SJ, Barr LA, Burchenal JE, et al. Randomized, placebo controlled trial of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. ReoPro and Primary PTCA Organization and Randomized Trial (RAPPORT) Investigators. Circulation. 1998; 98: 734–741.
20. Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346: 957–966.
21. Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schmitt C, et al. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab on clinical and angiographic restenosis rate after the placement of coronary stents following acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 915–921.
22. Cutlip DE, Cove CJ, Irons D, et al. Emergency room administration of eptifibatide before primary angioplasty for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction and its effect on baseline coronary flow and procedure outcomes. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88:A6, 62–64.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
23. Lee DP, Herity NA, Hiatt BL, et al. Adjunctive platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition with tirofiban before primary angioplasty improves angiographic outcomes. Results of the tirofiban given in the emergency room before primary angioplasty (TIGER-PA) pilot trial. Circulation. 2003; 107: 1497–1501.
Related Article:
Circulation 2003 108: 1768-1771.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S N Khan, P Murray, L McCormick, L S Sharples, P Salahshouri, J Scott, and P M Schofield Paramedic-led prehospital thrombolysis is safe and effective: the East Anglian experience Emerg. Med. J., June 1, 2009; 26(6): 452 - 455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C J Terkelsen, E H Christiansen, J T Sorensen, S D Kristensen, J F Lassen, L Thuesen, H R Andersen, W Vach, and T T Nielsen Primary PCI as the preferred reperfusion therapy in STEMI: it is a matter of time Heart, March 1, 2009; 95(5): 362 - 369. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Nallamothu, R. A. Hayward, and E. R. Bates Beyond the Randomized Clinical Trial: The Role of Effectiveness Studies in Evaluating Cardiovascular Therapies Circulation, September 16, 2008; 118(12): 1294 - 1303. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. W. Stone Angioplasty Strategies in ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Part I: Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Circulation, July 29, 2008; 118(5): 538 - 551. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Manari, P. Ortolani, P. Guastaroba, G. Casella, L. Vignali, E. Varani, G. Piovaccari, V. Guiducci, G. Percoco, S. Tondi, et al. Clinical impact of an inter-hospital transfer strategy in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: the Emilia-Romagna ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction network Eur. Heart J., July 10, 2008; (2008) ehn323v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Busk, M. Maeng, K. Rasmussen, H. Kelbaek, P. Thayssen, U. Abildgaard, E. Vigholt, L. S. Mortensen, L. Thuesen, S. D. Kristensen, et al. The Danish multicentre randomized study of fibrinolytic therapy vs. primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction (the DANAMI-2 trial): outcome after 3 years follow-up Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2008; 29(10): 1259 - 1266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z Motovska, P Widimsky, M Aschermann, and on behalf of The PRAGUE Study Group Investigators The impact of gender on outcomes of patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction transported for percutaneous coronary intervention: analysis of the PRAGUE-1 and 2 studies Heart, March 1, 2008; 94(3): e5 - e5. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Asso, Developed in Collaboration With the Canadian Cardi, Endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physici, 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Upda, E. M. Antman, M. Hand, P. W. Armstrong, E. R. Bates, L. A. Green, L. K. Halasyamani, et al. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 15, 2008; 51(2): 210 - 247. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Antman, M. Hand, P. W. Armstrong, E. R. Bates, L. A. Green, L. K. Halasyamani, J. S. Hochman, H. M. Krumholz, G. A. Lamas, C. J. Mullany, et al. 2007 Focused Update of the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines: Developed in Collaboration With the Canadian Cardiovascular Society Endorsed by the American Academy of Family Physicians: 2007 Writing Group to Review New Evidence and Update the ACC/AHA 2004 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction, Writing on Behalf of the 2004 Writing Committee Circulation, January 15, 2008; 117(2): 296 - 329. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. K. Nallamothu, E. H. Bradley, and H. M. Krumholz Time to Treatment in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention N. Engl. J. Med., October 18, 2007; 357(16): 1631 - 1638. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Dobrzycki, P. Kralisz, K. Nowak, P. Prokopczuk, W. Kochman, J. Korecki, B. Poniatowski, J. Zuk, E. Sitniewska, H. Bachorzewska-Gajewska, et al. Transfer with GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban for primary percutaneous coronary intervention vs. on-site thrombolysis in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): a randomized open-label study for patients admitted to community hospitals Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2007; 28(20): 2438 - 2448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Asseburg, Y. Bravo Vergel, S. Palmer, E. Fenwick, M. de Belder, K. R Abrams, and M. Sculpher Assessing the effectiveness of primary angioplasty compared with thrombolysis and its relationship to time delay: a Bayesian evidence synthesis Heart, October 1, 2007; 93(10): 1244 - 1250. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. D. Henry, S. W. Sharkey, M. N. Burke, I. J. Chavez, K. J. Graham, C. R. Henry, D. L. Lips, J. D. Madison, K. M. Menssen, M. R. Mooney, et al. A Regional System to Provide Timely Access to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Circulation, August 14, 2007; 116(7): 721 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Ellrodt, L. B. Sadwin, T. Aversano, B. Brodie, P. K. O'Brien, R. Gray, L. F. Hiratzka, and D. Larson Development of Systems of Care for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: The Non-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Capable (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Referral) Hospital Perspective Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): e49 - e54. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. B. Granger, T. D. Henry, W. E. R. Bates, B. Cercek, W. D. Weaver, and D. O. Williams Development of Systems of Care for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients: The Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Receiving) Hospital Perspective Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): e55 - e59. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Labarere, L. Belle, M. Fourny, N. Genes, J.-M. Lablanche, D. Blanchard, J.-P. Cambou, N. Danchin, and for the Unite de Soins Intensifs Coronaires 2000 I Outcomes of Myocardial Infarction in Hospitals With Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Facilities Arch Intern Med, May 14, 2007; 167(9): 913 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Keeley and L. D. Hillis Primary PCI for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation N. Engl. J. Med., January 4, 2007; 356(1): 47 - 54. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-P. Collet, G. Montalescot, M. Le May, M. Borentain, and A. Gershlick Percutaneous Coronary Intervention After Fibrinolysis: A Multiple Meta-Analyses Approach According to the Type of Strategy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 3, 2006; 48(7): 1326 - 1335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. B. Borden and D. P. Faxon Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1120 - 1128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Kereiakes and E. M. Antman Clinical Guidelines and Practice: In Search of the Truth J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1129 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. D. Henry, J. M. Atkins, M. S. Cunningham, G. S. Francis, W. J. Groh, R. A. Hong, K. B. Kern, D. M. Larson, E. M. Ohman, J. P. Ornato, et al. ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Recommendations on Triage of Patients to Heart Attack Centers: Is it Time for a National Policy for the Treatment of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 4, 2006; 47(7): 1339 - 1345. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. J. Terkelsen, B. L. Norgaard, J. F. Lassen, S. H. Poulsen, J. C. Gerdes, E. Sloth, L. B.-H. Gotzsche, F. K. Romer, L. Thuesen, T. T. Nielsen, et al. Potential significance of spontaneous and interventional ST-changes in patients transferred for primary percutaneous coronary intervention: observations from the ST-MONitoring in Acute Myocardial Infarction study (The MONAMI study) Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2006; 27(3): 267 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 8: Stabilization of the Patient With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, December 13, 2005; 112(24_suppl): IV-89 - IV-110. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-P. Bassand, N. Danchin, G. Filippatos, A. Gitt, C. Hamm, S. Silber, M. Tubaro, and F. Weidinger Implementation of reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction. A policy statement from the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., December 2, 2005; 26(24): 2733 - 2741. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. P. Wharton Jr, E. C. Keeley, C. L. Grines, T. P. Wharton Jr, E. C. Keeley, and C. L. Grines The Case for Community Hospital Angioplasty Circulation, November 29, 2005; 112(22): 3509 - 3534. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Part 5: Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, November 29, 2005; 112(22_suppl): III-55 - III-72. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Huber, R. D. Caterina, S. D. Kristensen, F. W.A. Verheugt, G. Montalescot, L. B. Maestro, F. V. d. Werf, and for the Task Force on Pre-hospital Reperfusion The Pre-hospital reperfusion therapy: a strategy to improve therapeutic outcome in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2005; 26(19): 2063 - 2074. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Beygui and G. Montalescot The use of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors into new perspectives: pre-catheterization laboratory administration Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_I): I10 - I14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. W.J. van 't Hof, H. van de Wetering, N. Ernst, F. Hollak, F. de Pooter, H. Suryapranata, J. C.A. Hoorntje, J.-H. E. Dambrink, M. Gosselink, F. Zijlstra, et al. A quantitative analysis of the benefits of pre-hospital infarct angioplasty triage on outcome in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_K): K36 - K40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Thune, D. E. Hoefsten, M. G. Lindholm, L. S. Mortensen, H. R. Andersen, T. T. Nielsen, L. Kober, H. Kelbaek, and for the Danish Multicenter Randomized Study on Fib Simple Risk Stratification at Admission to Identify Patients With Reduced Mortality From Primary Angioplasty Circulation, September 27, 2005; 112(13): 2017 - 2021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. De Luca, H. Suryapranata, R. Grimaldi, and M. Chiariello Coronary stenting and abciximab in primary angioplasty for ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction QJM, September 1, 2005; 98(9): 633 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Reperfusion in acute myocardial infarction DTB, July 1, 2005; 43(7): 49 - 53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H R Andersen, C J Terkelsen, L Thuesen, L R Krusell, S D Kristensen, H E Botker, J F Lassen, and T T Nielsen Myocardial infarction centres: the way forward Heart, June 1, 2005; 91(suppl_3): iii12 - iii15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Green Benefits of early invasive treatment for acute coronary syndromes: lost in translation? BMJ, May 14, 2005; 330(7500): E351 - E352. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, S. Silber, P. Albertsson, F. F. Aviles, P. G. Camici, A. Colombo, C. Hamm, E. Jorgensen, J. Marco, J.-E. Nordrehaug, et al. Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: The Task Force for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2005; 26(8): 804 - 847. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. S. Rathore, A. J. Epstein, K. G. M. Volpp, and H. M. Krumholz Regionalization of Care for Acute Coronary Syndromes: More Evidence Is Needed JAMA, March 16, 2005; 293(11): 1383 - 1387. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Gersh, G. W. Stone, H. D. White, and D. R. Holmes Jr Pharmacological Facilitation of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is the Slope of the Curve the Shape of the Future? JAMA, February 23, 2005; 293(8): 979 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. C. Herrmann Transfer for Primary Angioplasty: The Importance of Time Circulation, February 15, 2005; 111(6): 718 - 720. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S D Kristensen, H R Andersen, L Thuesen, L R Krusell, H E Botker, J F Lassen, and T T Nielsen Should patients with acute ST elevation MI be transferred for primary PCI? Heart, November 1, 2004; 90(11): 1358 - 1363. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Montalescot Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition and long-term benefit: the stuff of dreams? Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2004; 25(18): 1562 - 1564. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 V. Menon, R. A. Harrington, J. S. Hochman, C. P. Cannon, S. D. Goodman, R. G. Wilcox, H. J. Schunemann, and E. M. Ohman Thrombolysis and Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 549S - 575S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. Keeley and C. L. Grines Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Every Patient with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: What Stands in the Way? Ann Intern Med, August 17, 2004; 141(4): 298 - 304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Montalescot, M. Borentain, L. Payot, J. P. Collet, and D. Thomas Early vs Late Administration of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors in Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention of Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Meta-analysis JAMA, July 21, 2004; 292(3): 362 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Additional articles abstracted in ACP Journal Club Evid. Based Med., July 1, 2004; 9(4): 99 - 99. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. E. Waters II, K. P. Singh, M. T. Roe, M. Lotfi, M. H. Sketch Jr, K. W. Mahaffey, L. K. Newby, J. H. Alexander, R. A. Harrington, R. M. Califf, et al. Rationale and strategies for implementing community-based transfer protocols for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12): 2153 - 2159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. P. Wharton Jr, L. L. Grines, M. A. Turco, J. D. Johnston, J. Souther, D. C. Lew, A. Z. Shaikh, W. Bilnoski, S. K. Singhi, A. E. Atay, et al. Primary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction at Hospitals With No Surgery On-Site (the PAMI-No SOS study) versus transfer to surgical centers for primary angioplasty J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 2, 2004; 43(11): 1943 - 1950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G Montalescot, H R Andersen, D Antoniucci, A Betriu, M J de Boer, L Grip, F J Neumann, and M T Rothman Summary of recommendations on percutaneous coronary intervention for the reperfusion of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction Heart, June 1, 2004; 90(6): 676 - 677. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. M. Antman and F. Van de Werf Pharmacoinvasive Therapy: The Future of Treatment for ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2480 - 2486. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Bittl and L. R. Caplan Stroke after percutaneous coronary interventions J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1168 - 1169. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Gogbashian, G. Montalescot, M. Dalby, A. Bouzamondo, and P. Lechat Transfer for Primary Angioplasty: Time is Important * Response Circulation, March 30, 2004; 109(12): e175 - e175. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. W. O'Neill and S. R. Dixon The year in interventional cardiology J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 3, 2004; 43(5): 875 - 890. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. C. Keeley and C. L. Grines Primary Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction JAMA, February 11, 2004; 291(6): 736 - 739. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Transfer for Primary PCI Is Superior to Fibrinolysis for STEMI Journal Watch Emergency Medicine, December 17, 2003; 2003(1217): 1 - 1. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minerva BMJ, October 25, 2003; 327(7421): 998 - 998. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. D. Weaver All Hospitals Are Not Equal for Treatment of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, October 14, 2003; 108(15): 1768 - 1771. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||