Published online before print February 24, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000058702.69484.A0
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(Circulation. 2003;107:1164.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Peripheral Blood "Endothelial Progenitor Cells" Are Derived From Monocyte/Macrophages and Secrete Angiogenic Growth Factors
From the Krannert Institute of Cardiology (J.R., J.L., K.L.M.), Division of Hematology/Oncology (C.M.O.), and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (J.R., J.L., K.L.M.), Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis.
Correspondence to Keith L. March, MD, PhD, Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, 975 West Walnut St, IB 441, Indianapolis, IN 46202. E-mail kmarch{at}iupui.edu
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Abstract |
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Background— Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been isolated from peripheral blood and can enhance angiogenesis after infusion into host animals. It is not known whether the proangiogenic effects are a result of such events as endothelial differentiation and subsequent proliferation of EPCs or secondary to secretion of angiogenic growth factors.
Methods and Results— Human EPCs were isolated as previously described, and their phenotypes were confirmed by uptake of acetylated LDL and binding of ulex-lectin. EPC proliferation and surface marker expression were analyzed by flow cytometry, and conditioned medium was assayed for growth factors. The majority of EPCs expressed monocyte/macrophage markers such as CD14 (95.7±0.3%), Mac-1 (57.6±13.5%), and CD11c (90.8±4.9%). A much lower percentage of cells expressed the specific endothelial marker VE-cadherin (5.2±0.7%) or stem/progenitor-cell markers AC133 (0.16±0.05%) and c-kit (1.3±0.7%). Compared with circulating monocytes, cultured EPCs showed upregulation of monocyte activation and macrophage differentiation markers. EPCs did not demonstrate any significant proliferation but did secrete the angiogenic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor.
Conclusions— Our findings suggest that acetylated LDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells, commonly referred to as EPCs, do not proliferate but release potent proangiogenic growth factors. The majority of acetylated LDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells are derived from monocyte/macrophages. The findings of low proliferation and endothelial differentiation suggest that their angiogenic effects are most likely mediated by growth factor secretion. These findings may allow for development of novel angiogenic therapies relying on secreted growth factors or on recruitment of endogenous monocytes/macrophages to sites of ischemia.
Key Words: angiogenesis • monocytes • growth substances • endothelium • stem cells
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Introduction |
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Since the seminal descriptions of a circulating cell population that can contribute to postnatal neovascularization,1,2 multiple groups have isolated such cells from peripheral blood by culturing mononuclear cells on fibronectin and discarding nonadherent cells.3–5 The adherent cells, which exhibit an endothelial phenotype defined by uptake of acetylated LDL (acLDL) and binding of ulex-lectin, have been commonly referred to as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs).3–5 The number of cultured EPCs that can be isolated from peripheral blood is reduced in patients with cardiovascular risk factors.5 Intravenous infusion of cultured human EPCs into animal models of ischemia results in homing of EPCs to the ischemic tissue and marked enhancement of angiogenesis4,6 by mechanisms not fully understood. Although treatment of cardiovascular patients with peripheral blood–derived cultured EPCs might be a potential therapeutic option, estimates based on animal experiments suggest that up to 12 L of autologous blood may be necessary to harvest sufficient EPCs to induce angiogenesis in patients after intravenous cell infusion.7
Because such quantities are not readily available in the clinical setting, approaches that render EPC therapy more feasible by reducing the need for large-scale EPC infusions may become important. Current approaches include local cell delivery to ischemic tissue8 or increasing EPC potency by transfecting them with angiogenic genes.7 Alternatively, recruiting endogenous EPCs to sites of ischemia and optimally enhancing native EPC function may also provide for novel and feasible therapeutic modalities. Prerequisites for such an approach include knowledge of the origin and surface receptor phenotype of EPCs and an understanding of the mechanisms mediating the proangiogenic effects of infused EPCs. Potential mechanisms for EPC-induced angiogenesis include an increased supply of endothelial cells by proliferation and endothelial differentiation of EPCs or an increased supply of growth factors to activate resident mature endothelial cells. We therefore analyzed the surface marker expression, proliferation, and growth factor secretion of cultured EPCs to gain insight into their origin and proangiogenic mechanisms.
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Methods |
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EPC Isolation and Characterization
EPCs were obtained as previously described4 by isolating mononuclear cells using Ficoll density-gradient centrifugation of human blood buffy coats. After resuspension in endothelial basal medium (EBM-2, Clonetics) supplemented with EGM-2-MV-SingleQuots (Clonetics) containing vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-1, epidermal growth factor, and 5% FBS, 106 mononuclear cells/cm2 were plated on fibronectin-coated tissue culture flasks. After 4 days of culture, nonadherent cells were discarded by washing with PBS. To confirm the EPC phenotype, adherent cells were incubated with DiI-labeled acLDL (Molecular Probes) for 1 hour and after fixation were incubated with FITC-labeled Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (ulex-lectin, Sigma) for 1 hour. Cells were visualized with an inverted fluorescent microscope, and adherent cells staining positive for both FITC–ulex-lectin and DiI-acLDL were judged to be EPCs.4,5 Staining of nuclei with DAPI verified that nearly all adherent cells (>95%) were acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+). Cells were subsequently detached and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the light-scattering properties of the acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cell fraction.
EPC Surface Molecule Analysis
To evaluate the lineage and surface marker phenotype of the cultured EPC population, cells were detached with EDTA and labeled for 20 minutes at 4°C at manufacturer-recommended concentrations with fluorescent antibodies: anti–VE-cadherin-PE and anti–E-selectin–FITC as endothelial markers; anti–CD11b-PE (Mac-1), anti–CD11c-PE, and anti–CD14-APC as monocyte/macrophage markers; anti–CD45–FITC as a panleukocyte marker; anti–AC133-APC and anti–c-kit-PE as stem/progenitor cell markers; and anti–CD31-PE (PECAM) and anti–CD34-APC, which are not specific to a single cell lineage but have been detected previously on cultured EPCs.4 Fluorescent isotype–matched antibodies were used as negative controls. All antibodies were obtained from Becton-Dickinson, except anti–E-selectin–FITC (Sigma) and anti–AC133-APC (Miltenyi Biotec). Cells were washed, paraformaldehyde-fixed (Tosoumis), and analyzed on a FACS-Calibur Instrument (Becton-Dickinson) with 
10 000 events stored. Data are presented as mean±SEM percentage of positive cells corresponding to the acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cell gate in 3 experiments.
Comparison of Circulating Cells and Cultured EPCs
In view of our data showing that the vast majority of cultured EPCs expressed monocyte/macrophage markers, we compared the expression of surface markers on circulating monocytes and cultured EPCs. Buffy-coat leukocytes were labeled on day 0 and cultured EPCs on day 4 with the following antibodies (Becton-Dickinson): anti–CD11c-PE as a monocyte/macrophage activation marker, anti–CD34-APC as a stem/progenitor or endothelial marker, anti–CD45–FITC as a panleukocyte marker, and anti–CD163-PE as a marker of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation. Anti–CD-14-APC was used to define the CD14+ light-scatter gate on circulating leukocytes and cultured EPCs. The cultured cells were labeled as described above, whereas the labeling of circulating leukocytes in the buffy coat involved the addition of FACS lysing solution (Becton-Dickinson) to lyse contaminating erythrocytes in the buffy coat. Data are shown as representative histograms of surface molecule expression on circulating monocytes and cultured EPCs of the same donor in the light-scatter gate corresponding to CD14+ cells.
EPC Proliferation
To measure EPC proliferation, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was added to EPC flasks 4 days after isolation. Flasks without BrdU served as negative controls. On day 4, cells were detached with EDTA and labeled with an anti–BrdU–FITC antibody and the DNA stain 7-AAD (Becton-Dickinson) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Cells were analyzed for FITC positivity and cell cycle position with a FACS-Calibur (Becton-Dickinson) instrument.
EPC Growth Factor Secretion
To assess growth factor secretion, cells were switched to growth factor–free basal medium EBM-2 with 5% FBS on day 4 for 72 hours. Conditioned media were assayed for the angiogenic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor, granulocyte colony–stimulating factor, and granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor by use of a Luminex analyzer and Multi-Analyte Profiling kits from R&D Systems. The angiogenic growth factor hepatocyte growth factor was assayed by ELISA (R&D Systems). The basal medium EBM-2 with 5% FBS did not contain measurable amounts of these growth factors. Data are expressed as mean±SEM picogram of factor/106 adherent cells.
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Results |
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EPC Characterization
Culturing mononuclear cells for 4 days resulted in an adherent population of acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells (Figure 1A) matching the previously described4,5 EPC phenotype. Costaining with the nuclear stain DAPI revealed virtually all adherent cells to be acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) (Figure 1B). Flow cytometric analysis of light-scattering properties demonstrated that the majority of cultured cells exhibited light-scattering properties (Gate R1, Figure 2A) consistent with a relatively large cell size, whereas a lesser proportion of cells was found in a smaller gate R2. The R1-gate cells were positive for DiI-acLDL uptake and ulex-lectin binding (Figure 2B) and matched the described EPC phenotype; therefore, all subsequent flow cytometric analyses were performed on the R1-gated cells. The smaller R2-gated cells were loosely adherent and negative for DiI-acLDL (Figure 2C) uptake.
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EPC Surface Molecules
As shown in Figure 3, nearly all cultured EPCs expressed the panleukocyte marker CD45 (99.3±0.03%). The majority of acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) EPCs expressed the monocyte/macrophage surface markers CD14 (95.7±0.3%), CD11b/Mac-1 (57.6±13.5%), and CD11c (90.8±4.9%). A much lower percentage of these cells expressed the specific endothelial markers VE-cadherin (5.2±0.7%) and E-selectin (4.9±2.1%) or the stem/progenitor cell markers AC133 (0.16±0.05%) and c-kit (1.3±0.7%). EPCs also expressed PECAM (93.6±0.9%) and CD34 (4.9±2.0%). Flow cytometric analysis on day 7 showed similar patterns of surface marker expression (data not shown).
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Comparison of Circulating Monocytes and Cultured EPCs
To further characterize the cultured EPC population in view of the high presence of the monocyte/macrophage marker CD14 by comparing cultured EPCs with circulating CD14+ cells, we examined the expression of the monocyte activation marker CD11c and the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163, which is restricted to monocyte-lineage cells and is a marker of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation,9 on fresh circulating monocytes (defined by CD14 positivity and appropriate light-scattering properties) as well as the cultured EPC population (Figure 4). Compared with circulating monocytes, cultured EPCs demonstrated significant upregulation of CD11c and CD163, whereas there was no significant change in expression of the panleukocyte marker CD45. Both cell populations demonstrated only a few cells expressing CD34.
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EPC Proliferation and Growth Factor Secretion
Labeling of cells with BrdU and costaining with the DNA stain 7-AAD revealed that only 0.2% of EPCs showed evidence of DNA synthesis over a 24-hour period (Figure 5A). In the absence of significant proliferation, we evaluated the secretion of angiogenic growth factors by EPCs as a complementary mechanism that could contribute to their proangiogenic effects.4 Over a 72-hour period, EPCs released 7601±2611 pg/106 cells of vascular endothelial growth factor, 6912±1345 pg/106 cells of hepatocyte growth factor, 8925±3255 pg/106 cells of granulocyte colony–stimulating factor, and 492±453 pg/106 cells of granulocyte-macrophage colony–stimulating factor (Figure 5B).
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Discussion |
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"EPCs" or "CACs"
Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that the vast majority of peripheral blood–derived cultured acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells express monocyte/macrophage markers, do not proliferate significantly ex vivo under the tested culture conditions, and secrete multiple potent angiogenic growth factors. Even though these cells have been referred to as EPCs, they do not express markers typically found on such hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells as AC 133 or c-kit.10,11 Furthermore, although they share certain characteristics with endothelial cells, such as uptake of acLDL, binding of ulex-lectin, and expression of PECAM, only a minority express the endothelium-specific marker VE-cadherin. An earlier study had similarly demonstrated that a significantly larger proportion of EPCs expressed the marker CD14 than CD34; however, this study did not study additional surface markers that are typically found on monocytes and macrophages and was therefore not able to evaluate the monocyte/macrophage origin of EPCs.4
The absence of specific endothelial and stem/progenitor markers on the majority of the proangiogenic acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cell population suggests that they may be more appropriately referred to as circulating angiogenic cells (CACs) instead of EPCs. CACs consist primarily of monocyte/macrophage-derived cells but may also include a small population of true stem/progenitor cells and endothelial cells. The term EPCs should instead be reserved for a purified cell population believed to originate directly from the hemangioblast (a common precursor of hematopoietic and endothelial cells12–14) or from hematopoietic stem cells.15 Such EPCs most likely coexpress specific endothelial and stem/progenitor markers such as VE-cadherin and AC13311 and are extremely rare in peripheral blood (
0.02%), but their number can be markedly increased after treatment with mobilizing cytokines or vascular trauma.10,16
Monocytes and Macrophages in Angiogenesis
Because the majority of CACs or acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells seem to be from the monocyte/macrophage lineage with only limited endothelial differentiation and proliferation, some of their proangiogenic effects4 may be explained by our data on the secretion of growth factors and other published data on the critical role of monocytes/macrophages in angiogenesis.17 Furthermore, because reduced monocyte function is thought to contribute to the attenuation of neovascularization in diabetes,18 our data on the monocyte/macrophage origin of acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells may explain why acLDL(+)ulex-lectin(+) cells from diabetic patients have reduced angiogenic potency.3
In addition to the secretion of growth factors, the ability of monocytes to differentiate into endothelium-like cells19,20 may also contribute to their angiogenic effects. The process of culturing mononuclear cells has previously been used to isolate macrophages, and fibronectin is known to contribute to monocyte activation and differentiation into macrophages.21 Our data suggest that the hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163, which serves as a marker of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation9 as well as the activation marker CD11c, are both upregulated on 4-day cultured EPCs or CACs compared with circulating monocytes of the same donor. This ex vivo differentiation and activation process may be essential to amplify proangiogenic effects of cultured CACs, making them more potent than circulating monocytes. However, given the growing recognition of the prominent role of macrophages22 in atherogenesis, plaque vulnerability, and plaque rupture, the risks and benefits of cultured EPC/CAC infusion into coronary arteries of patients after myocardial infarction8 may require particularly careful reevaluation.
Limitations of the Study and Future Directions
One limitation of our study is that it focused on the ex vivo characteristics of CACs and did not address the in vivo fate of the cells. Because it is known that monocytes/macrophages can survive and even proliferate in the complementary presence of endothelial cells and growth factors,23 we have not been able to rule out that after infusion, CACs may indeed be able to reinitiate the cell cycle in vivo. Future studies could address this question and also take advantage of the vast research on monocyte/macrophage activation and homing, in attempting to define methods to attract and activate endogenous CACs at sites of ischemia, thus potentially circumventing the need for exogenous cell infusion. Furthermore, comprehensive evaluation of the profile of CAC growth factor secretion by genomic and proteomic analyses may also allow for the data-driven identification of potent angiogenic growth factor combinations as an alternative to cell therapy.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by the Cryptic Masons’ Medical Research Foundation (K.L.M.).
Received December 30, 2002; revision received January 14, 2003; accepted January 15, 2003.
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G. Pula, U. Mayr, C. Evans, M. Prokopi, D. S. Vara, X. Yin, Z. Astroulakis, Q. Xiao, J. Hill, Q. Xu, et al. Proteomics Identifies Thymidine Phosphorylase As a Key Regulator of the Angiogenic Potential of Colony-Forming Units and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Cultures Circ. Res., January 2, 2009; 104(1): 32 - 40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ziebart, C.-H. Yoon, T. Trepels, A. Wietelmann, T. Braun, F. Kiessling, S. Stein, M. Grez, C. Ihling, M. Muhly-Reinholz, et al. Sustained Persistence of Transplanted Proangiogenic Cells Contributes to Neovascularization and Cardiac Function After Ischemia Circ. Res., November 21, 2008; 103(11): 1327 - 1334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. E. Westerweel, F. L.J. Visseren, G. R. Hajer, J. K. Olijhoek, I. E. Hoefer, P. de Bree, S. Rafii, P. A. Doevendans, and M. C. Verhaar Endothelial progenitor cell levels in obese men with the metabolic syndrome and the effect of simvastatin monotherapy vs. simvastatin/ezetimibe combination therapy Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2008; 29(22): 2808 - 2817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Foubert, G. Matrone, B. Souttou, C. Lere-Dean, V. Barateau, J. Plouet, S. Le Ricousse-Roussanne, B. I. Levy, J.-S. Silvestre, and G. Tobelem Coadministration of Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Enhances the Efficiency of Proangiogenic Cell-Based Therapy Circ. Res., September 26, 2008; 103(7): 751 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Hirschi, D. A. Ingram, and M. C. Yoder Assessing Identity, Phenotype, and Fate of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2008; 28(9): 1584 - 1595. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Schober and C. Weber Leptin and EPCs in Arterial Injury: Yes, We Can! Circ. Res., August 29, 2008; 103(5): 447 - 449. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Schroeter, M. Leifheit, P. Sudholt, N.-M. Heida, C. Dellas, I. Rohm, F. Alves, M. Zientkowska, S. Rafail, M. Puls, et al. Leptin Enhances the Recruitment of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Into Neointimal Lesions After Vascular Injury by Promoting Integrin-Mediated Adhesion Circ. Res., August 29, 2008; 103(5): 536 - 544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Zeoli, P. Dentelli, A. Rosso, G. Togliatto, A. Trombetta, L. Damiano, P. F. di Celle, L. Pegoraro, F. Altruda, and M. F. Brizzi Interleukin-3 promotes expansion of hemopoietic-derived CD45+ angiogenic cells and their arterial commitment via STAT5 activation Blood, July 15, 2008; 112(2): 350 - 361. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Povsic and P. J. Goldschmidt-Clermont Review: Endothelial progenitor cells: markers of vascular reparative capacity Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease, June 1, 2008; 2(3): 199 - 213. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. Thill, N. V. Strunnikova, M. J. Berna, N. Gordiyenko, K. Schmid, S. W. Cousins, D. J. S. Thompson, and K. G. Csaky Late Outgrowth Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., June 1, 2008; 49(6): 2696 - 2708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Purhonen, J. Palm, D. Rossi, N. Kaskenpaa, I. Rajantie, S. Yla-Herttuala, K. Alitalo, I. L. Weissman, and P. Salven Bone marrow-derived circulating endothelial precursors do not contribute to vascular endothelium and are not needed for tumor growth PNAS, May 6, 2008; 105(18): 6620 - 6625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C Kalka and I. Baumgartner Gene and stem cell therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease Vascular Medicine, May 1, 2008; 13(2): 157 - 172. [Abstract] [PDF]
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J. Tongers, J.-M. Knapp, M. Korf, T. Kempf, A. Limbourg, F. P. Limbourg, Z. Li, D. Fraccarollo, J. Bauersachs, X. Han, et al. Haeme oxygenase promotes progenitor cell mobilization, neovascularization, and functional recovery after critical hindlimb ischaemia in mice Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 294 - 300. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-S. Silvestre, Z. Mallat, A. Tedgui, and B. I. Levy Post-ischaemic neovascularization and inflammation Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2008; 78(2): 242 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. -T. Lee, K. Chu, K. -H. Jung, D. -H. Kim, E. -H. Kim, V. N. Choe, J. -H. Kim, W. -S. Im, L. Kang, J. -E. Park, et al. Decreased number and function of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with migraine Neurology, April 22, 2008; 70(17): 1510 - 1517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Foteinos, Y. Hu, Q. Xiao, B. Metzler, and Q. Xu Rapid Endothelial Turnover in Atherosclerosis-Prone Areas Coincides With Stem Cell Repair in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Circulation, April 8, 2008; 117(14): 1856 - 1863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. M. F. Van Craenenbroeck, C. J. Vrints, S. E. Haine, K. Vermeulen, I. Goovaerts, V. F. I. Van Tendeloo, V. Y. Hoymans, and V. M. A. Conraads A maximal exercise bout increases the number of circulating CD34+/KDR+ endothelial progenitor cells in healthy subjects. Relation with lipid profile J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2008; 104(4): 1006 - 1013. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Fazel, L. Chen, D. Angoulvant, S.-H. Li, R. D. Weisel, A. Keating, and R.-K. Li Activation of c-kit is necessary for mobilization of reparative bone marrow progenitor cells in response to cardiac injury FASEB J, March 1, 2008; 22(3): 930 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Asosingh, M. A. Aldred, A. Vasanji, J. Drazba, J. Sharp, C. Farver, S. A.A. Comhair, W. Xu, L. Licina, L. Huang, et al. Circulating Angiogenic Precursors in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2008; 172(3): 615 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Dimmeler, J. Burchfield, and A. M. Zeiher Cell-Based Therapy of Myocardial Infarction Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2008; 28(2): 208 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Au, L. M. Daheron, D. G. Duda, K. S. Cohen, J. A. Tyrrell, R. M. Lanning, D. Fukumura, D. T. Scadden, and R. K. Jain Differential in vivo potential of endothelial progenitor cells from human umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood to form functional long-lasting vessels Blood, February 1, 2008; 111(3): 1302 - 1305. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W Wojakowski, M Kucia, M Kazmierski, M Z Ratajczak, and M Tendera Circulating progenitor cells in stable coronary heart disease and acute coronary syndromes: relevant reparatory mechanism? Heart, January 1, 2008; 94(1): 27 - 33. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Bosch-Marce, H. Okuyama, J. B. Wesley, K. Sarkar, H. Kimura, Y. V. Liu, H. Zhang, M. Strazza, S. Rey, L. Savino, et al. Effects of Aging and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Activity on Angiogenic Cell Mobilization and Recovery of Perfusion After Limb Ischemia Circ. Res., December 7, 2007; 101(12): 1310 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Suarez, B. R. Shepherd, D. A. Rao, and J. S. Pober Alloimmunity to Human Endothelial Cells Derived from Cord Blood Progenitors J. Immunol., December 1, 2007; 179(11): 7488 - 7496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hur, H.-M. Yang, C.-H. Yoon, C.-S. Lee, K.-W. Park, J.-H. Kim, T.-Y. Kim, J.-Y. Kim, H.-J. Kang, I.-H. Chae, et al. Identification of a Novel Role of T Cells in Postnatal Vasculogenesis: Characterization of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies Circulation, October 9, 2007; 116(15): 1671 - 1682. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Grisar, D. Aletaha, C. W Steiner, T. Kapral, S. Steiner, M. Saemann, I. Schwarzinger, B. Buranyi, G. Steiner, and J. S Smolen Endothelial progenitor cells in active rheumatoid arthritis: effects of tumour necrosis factor and glucocorticoid therapy Ann Rheum Dis, October 1, 2007; 66(10): 1284 - 1288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. K Y Goon and G. Y H Lip Endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial cell dysfunction and much more: observations from cardiac syndrome X Heart, September 1, 2007; 93(9): 1020 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Morimoto, M. Takahashi, Y. Shiba, A. Izawa, H. Ise, M. Hongo, K. Hatake, K. Motoyoshi, and U. Ikeda Bone Marrow-Derived CXCR4+ Cells Mobilized by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Participate in the Reduction of Infarct Area and Improvement of Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction in Mice Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2007; 171(3): 755 - 766. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Cooper, S. Radom-Aizik, C. Schwindt, and F. Zaldivar Jr. Dangerous exercise: lessons learned from dysregulated inflammatory responses to physical activity J Appl Physiol, August 1, 2007; 103(2): 700 - 709. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Erbs, A. Linke, V. Schachinger, B. Assmus, H. Thiele, K.-W. Diederich, C. Hoffmann, S. Dimmeler, T. Tonn, R. Hambrecht, et al. Restoration of Microvascular Function in the Infarct-Related Artery by Intracoronary Transplantation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Doppler Substudy of the Reinfusion of Enriched Progenitor Cells and Infarct Remodeling in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REPAIR-AMI) Trial Circulation, July 24, 2007; 116(4): 366 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Timmermans, F. Van Hauwermeiren, M. De Smedt, R. Raedt, F. Plasschaert, M. L. De Buyzere, T. C. Gillebert, J. Plum, and B. Vandekerckhove Endothelial Outgrowth Cells Are Not Derived From CD133+ Cells or CD45+ Hematopoietic Precursors Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2007; 27(7): 1572 - 1579. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. E Westerweel, R. K M A C Luijten, I. E Hoefer, H. A Koomans, R. H W M Derksen, and M. C Verhaar Haematopoietic and endothelial progenitor cells are deficient in quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus Ann Rheum Dis, July 1, 2007; 66(7): 865 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Nagano, T. Yamashita, H. Hamada, K. Ohneda, K.-i. Kimura, T. Nakagawa, M. Shibuya, H. Yoshikawa, and O. Ohneda Identification of functional endothelial progenitor cells suitable for the treatment of ischemic tissue using human umbilical cord blood Blood, July 1, 2007; 110(1): 151 - 160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Nishimura, I. Manabe, M. Nagasaki, Y. Hosoya, H. Yamashita, H. Fujita, M. Ohsugi, K. Tobe, T. Kadowaki, R. Nagai, et al. Adipogenesis in Obesity Requires Close Interplay Between Differentiating Adipocytes, Stromal Cells, and Blood Vessels Diabetes, June 1, 2007; 56(6): 1517 - 1526. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. M. Melero-Martin, Z. A. Khan, A. Picard, X. Wu, S. Paruchuri, and J. Bischoff In vivo vasculogenic potential of human blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells Blood, June 1, 2007; 109(11): 4761 - 4768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-K. Oh, J.-M. Ha, E. O, B. H. Lee, S. K. Lee, B.-S. Shim, Y.-K. Hong, and Y. A. Joe Tumor Angiogenesis Promoted by Ex vivo Differentiated Endothelial Progenitor Cells Is Effectively Inhibited by an Angiogenesis Inhibitor, TK1-2 Cancer Res., May 15, 2007; 67(10): 4851 - 4859. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. R. Santhanam, L. A. Smith, T. He, K. A. Nath, and Z. S. Katusic Endothelial Progenitor Cells Stimulate Cerebrovascular Production of Prostacyclin By Paracrine Activation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Circ. Res., May 11, 2007; 100(9): 1379 - 1388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Caballero, N. Sengupta, A. Afzal, K.-H. Chang, S. Li Calzi, D. L. Guberski, T. S. Kern, and M. B. Grant Ischemic Vascular Damage Can Be Repaired by Healthy, but Not Diabetic, Endothelial Progenitor Cells Diabetes, April 1, 2007; 56(4): 960 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. van Amerongen, M. C. Harmsen, N. van Rooijen, A. H. Petersen, and M. J.A. van Luyn Macrophage Depletion Impairs Wound Healing and Increases Left Ventricular Remodeling after Myocardial Injury in Mice Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2007; 170(3): 818 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Tan, H. Shao, D. Eton, Z. Yang, L. Alonso-Diaz, H. Zhang, A. Schulick, A. S. Livingstone, and H. Yu Stromal cell-derived factor-1 enhances pro-angiogenic effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2007; 73(4): 823 - 832. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. W. van Laake, S. van den Driesche, S. Post, A. Feijen, M. A. Jansen, M. H. Driessens, J. J. Mager, R. J. Snijder, C. J. J. Westermann, P. A. Doevendans, et al. Endoglin Has a Crucial Role in Blood Cell-Mediated Vascular Repair Circulation, November 21, 2006; 114(21): 2288 - 2297. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Guven, R. M. Shepherd, R. G. Bach, B. J. Capoccia, and D. C. Link The Number of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Colonies in the Blood Is Increased in Patients With Angiographically Significant Coronary Artery Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 17, 2006; 48(8): 1579 - 1587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Wassmann, N. Werner, T. Czech, and G. Nickenig Improvement of Endothelial Function by Systemic Transfusion of Vascular Progenitor Cells Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): E74 - E83. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Morimoto, M. Takahashi, A. Izawa, H. Ise, M. Hongo, P. E. Kolattukudy, and U. Ikeda Cardiac Overexpression of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Transgenic Mice Prevents Cardiac Dysfunction and Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Circ. Res., October 13, 2006; 99(8): 891 - 899. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Capoccia, R. M. Shepherd, and D. C. Link G-CSF and AMD3100 mobilize monocytes into the blood that stimulate angiogenesis in vivo through a paracrine mechanism Blood, October 1, 2006; 108(7): 2438 - 2445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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