Published online before print January 13, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000047278.28407.C2
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(Circulation. 2003;107:769.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in Human Internal Mammary Artery Is 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid and Causes Relaxation by Activating Smooth Muscle BKCa Channels
From the Vascular Biology Group (S.L.A., F.S.G., X.W., K.H., E.D.M.), Cardiology (S.L.A., D.H.K., M.P., E.D.M., S.M.), Physiology (S.L.A.), and Cardiovascular Surgery (A.K., S.W.), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee (W.B.C.); and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas (J.R.F.).
Correspondence to Stephen Archer, MD, Cardiology Division, University of Alberta, WMC 2C2.36, 8440 112th St, T6G 2B7, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. E-mail sarcher{at}cha.ab.ca
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Abstract |
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Background— Left internal mammary arteries (LIMAs) synthesize endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), a short-lived K+ channel activator that persists after inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin synthesis. EDHF hyperpolarizes and relaxes smooth muscle cells (SMCs). The identity of EDHF in humans is unknown. We hypothesized that EDHF (1) is 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET); (2) is generated by cytochrome P450-2C, CYP450-2C; and (3) causes relaxation by opening SMC large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels (BKCa).
Methods and Results— The identity of EDHF and its mechanism of action were assessed in 120 distal human LIMAs and 20 saphenous veins (SVs) obtained during CABG. The predominant EET synthesized by LIMAs is 11,12-EET. Relaxations to exogenous 11,12-EET and endogenous EDHF are of similar magnitudes. Inhibition of EET synthesis by chemically distinct CYP450 inhibitors (17-octadecynoic acid, N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide), or a selective EET antagonist (4,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid) impairs EDHF relaxation. 11,12-EET activates a BKCa current and hyperpolarizes LIMA SMCs. Inhibitors of BKCa but not inward-rectifier or small-conductance KCa channels abolish relaxation to endogenous EDHF and exogenous 11,12-EET. BKCa and CYP450-2C mRNA and proteins are more abundant in LIMAs than in SVs, perhaps explaining the lack of EDHF activity of the SV. Laser capture microdissection and quantitative RT-PCR demonstrate that BKCa channels are primarily in vascular SMCs, whereas the CYP450-2C enzyme is present in both the endothelium and SMCs.
Conclusions— In human LIMAs, EDHF is 11,12-EET produced by an EDHF synthase CYP450-2C and accounting for 
40% of net endothelial relaxation. 11,12-EET causes relaxation by activating SMC BKCa channels.
Key Words: lasers • ion channels • bypass • cytochromes
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Human left internal mammary arteries (LIMAs) are relatively resistant to atherosclerosis and make superb bypass conduits with better long-term patency rates than saphenous vein (SV) grafts.1 The advantage of the LIMA may be the result of its superior endothelial function. LIMAs produce more of the antithrombotic vasodilators prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO) and more endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) than SVs.2 Although bioassays suggest that EDHF is present in LIMAs, its identity and mechanism of relaxation remain unknown. EDHF is a short-lived, endogenous, endothelium-derived vasodilator that acts independently of the NO-cGMP pathway and persists after effective inhibition of NO synthase (NOS) and prostaglandin H synthase (PGHS).3 EDHF activity is elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) and bradykinin (BK). EDHF activates K+ channels and causes hyperpolarization of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs), thereby inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, lowering cytosolic Ca2+, and promoting relaxation (Figure 1; Reference 3).
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In animals, EDHF has been variously identified as an epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) synthesized by one or more isoforms of cytochrome P450 (CYP450),4,5 an endogenous cannabinoid (anandamide),6 or even the K+ ion itself.7 The subcellular mechanism for the effects of EDHF is also controversial. Proposed effector pathways include activation of SMC K+ channels (either Ca2+-sensitive K+ channels, KCa, or an inward rectifier K+ channel, Kir) and/or gap junctions.8 The bioassay properties of EDHF vary between species, among vascular beds, and with the agonist used3; consequently, defining the human EDHF pathway is best done in the relevant human vessels. We examined 3 hypotheses: (1) EDHF is 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11,12-EET); (2) EDHF is generated by cytochrome P450-2C, CYP450-2C; and (3) EDHF causes relaxation by opening large-conductance KCa channels (BKCa) in SMCs.
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Methods |
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The University of Alberta Human Studies Committee approved the use of discarded vascular segments, and patients provided consent for the use of their discarded tissues for research.
Tissue Isolation
The distal 1 cm of LIMAs (n=120) or SVs (n=20) was obtained at the time of CABG, immediately placed in iced physiological saline, and transported to the laboratory for study. Patients were excluded from the study if the LIMA was not used as a conduit, if it was not received in iced saline within 1 hour of harvest, or if it relaxed <10% to ACh and BK.
Vascular Ring Studies
Vessels were divided into 3-mm rings and equilibrated in 10-mL tissue baths for 45 minutes in Krebs’ solution (pH 7.35 to 7.45, PO2 120 mm Hg, PCO2 40 mm Hg, 37°C) before the protocol was initiated. Optimal tension, defined as the tension at which maximum constriction to phenylephrine (PE) occurred, was determined experimentally (LIMA, 2000 mg; SV, 1500 mg).
Protocols
Comparative Importance of NOS-PGHS Versus EDHF
ACh and BK were used to stimulate endothelial relaxation under 2 basic conditions: control (no inhibitors) and EDHF mode (meclofenamate, Meclo, 10-5 mol/L, plus NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME, 10-4 mol/L). In additional experiments, reduced hemoglobin (Hb, 20 µmol/L) was added to L-NAME and Meclo to scavenge any residual NO that persisted. A 30-µm NO electrode (World Precision Instruments) was placed in the lumen of the LIMA to allow measurement of NO.9 Rings were constricted with PE (10-5 mol/L) for 10 minutes and then exposed to ACh (10-7 to 10-5 mol/L) or BK (10-9 to 10-7 mol/L). Vehicle controls did not alter tone.
Target of EDHF
To identify the family of K+ channels involved in EDHF relaxation, the effects of the following K+ channel blockers were assessed: tetraethylammonium (TEA, 5 mmol/L, a nonspecific KCa inhibitor), apamin (10-6 mol/L, a specific small-conductance KCa inhibitor, SKCa), charybdotoxin (10-7 mol/L, an inhibitor of BKCa, intermediate-conductance [IKCa], and some voltage-gated K+ channels, Kv), iberiotoxin (IBTx, 10-9 mol/L, a specific BKCa inhibitor), or BaCl2 (100 µmol/L), an inward rectifier K+ channel (Kir) inhibitor.
Identity of EDHF
Relaxation to exogenous 11,12-EET (10-8 to 10-6 mol/L) was assessed in endothelium-intact and -denuded LIMAs and in the presence of IBTx. Arteries were denuded by gently passing a knotted suture through the lumen. The effects of inhibiting EET synthesis were assessed by use of the CYP450 inhibitor 17-octadecynoic acid (ODYA,10-5 mol/L). Because ODYA can inhibit production of 20-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (20-HETE), a vasoconstrictor and K+ channel inhibitor produced by CYP450-4A10 (Figure 1), a selective EET-synthesis inhibitor, N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)-hexanamide (MSPPOH; 20 µmol/L) was tested (Figure 1).11 The effects on relaxation to ACh, BK, and exogenous 11,12-EET of 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid, a specific EET antagonist that does not alter EET synthesis, were tested.12
Electrophysiology
Freshly dispersed LIMA SMCs were isolated and studied by the whole-cell, amphotericin perforated-patch technique, as previously described.13,14 Cells were voltage-clamped at a holding potential of -60 mV, and currents were evoked by stepped, 200-ms test pulses (-100 to +50 mV). Membrane potential was measured by the current-clamp mode.13 The effects of 11,12-EET were assessed after administration of vehicle, the Kv blocker 4-aminopyridine, and IBTx.
Immunoblotting and Immunohistochemistry
These techniques were performed on freshly isolated LIMAs and veins (n=5 each) as previously described.14
RT-PCR Representative of 5 Samples
Total RNA (2 µg) was isolated from LIMAs with the RNeasy mini Kit (Qiagen) and reverse-transcribed with Qiagen Omniscript reverse transcriptase as previously described and validated.13
Quantitative Real-Time PCR
Quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR was used to quantify human CYP450-2C9 (GenBank NM-000771) and BKCa (GenBank U13913) mRNA. Total RNA was extracted from LIMA and SV tissue with the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen). Sense, antisense, and TaqMan probes for CYP450-2C9 targeted nucleotides 909 to 931, 978 to 995, and 947 to 973, respectively. Sense, antisense, and TaqMan probes for BKCa targeted nucleotides 1475 to 1495, 1527 to 1551, and 1557 to 1574, respectively. A BLAST search confirmed the specificity of both probes for their targeted genes. qRT-PCR was performed with an ABI PRISM 7700 (Applied Biosystems), and mRNA expression was presented as 2
Ct (ie, abundance relative to a calibrator normalized to a housekeeping gene, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase).13
Laser Capture Microdissection
The PixCell II laser capture microdissector (LCM) (Arcturus Engineering) uses a microscope platform combined with a low-energy, infrared laser to melt a plastic capture film onto selected structures on 5-µm-thick LIMA sections, allowing targeted removal of vessel wall components (endothelium versus media).13 The LCM sample is captured in a cap (Figure 8) and analyzed by qRT-PCR.13 To confirm the cellular origins of the sample, we measured cell-specific markers (endothelium, von Willebrand’s factor, vWF; SMCs, 
-smooth muscle actin) simultaneously with the genes of interest (BKCa and CYP450-2C) by use of qRT-PCR.
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Measurement of 11,12-EET
LIMAs were incubated in Krebs’ solution and, after 10 minutes of incubation with PE or PE+ACh, a mL aliquot was frozen at -80C for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Eicosanoids were separated by reverse-phase HPLC using a water and acetonitrile mobile phase.15 The presumptive HPLC peak was identified by an atmospheric pressure ionization–mass spectroscopy method using electrospray ionization and detection in the negative ion mode.15 Deuterated EETs served as internal standards.
Drugs
Drugs were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich and were dissolved in saline, except 11,12-EET and MSPPOH, which were dissolved in ethanol. All antibodies were from Alomone except the CYP450-2C antibody, which was a gift from Dr Ingrid Fleming (Institut für Kardiovaskulare Physiologie, Frankfurt, Germany).
Statistics
Values are expressed as mean±SEM. Intergroup differences are assessed by repeated-measures or factorial ANOVA, as appropriate, with post hoc analysis using Fisher’s protected least significant differences test. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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Comparative Importance of the NOS-PGHS and EDHF Pathways
PE caused LIMAs to contract to a plateau tension in either a stable or an oscillatory pattern (Figure 2A). The rhythmic pattern was never seen with SVs. ACh reduced PE tone by 80% in control rings versus 40% in the presence of L-NAME+Meclo (Figure 2, B and C). L-NAME eliminated virtually all basal and more than 60% of PE-induced NO production (Figure 2D). Reduced Hb eliminated the NO signal without altering the EDHF relaxation to ACh or BK (Figures 2D and 3, C and D). This indicates that the endothelial relaxation persisting after L-NAME+Meclo is caused by EDHF, not residual NO.
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Target of EDHF
Relaxation to ACh was eliminated by TEA but not BaCl2 or apamin (Figure 3). Relaxations EDHF and exogenous 11,12-EET were inhibited by IBTx (Figure 6B). These data argue against a role for SKCa or Kir channels in the EDHF pathway of the LIMA and indicate an obligatory role for BKCa channels.
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Identity of EDHF
LIMAs relax in response to exogenous 11,12-EET in a concentration-dependent manner, with a maximum relaxation similar to that achieved during agonist-induced EDHF release (40% of PE tone; Figure 4). Inhibition of CYP450 synthesis by 2 chemically distinct agents, ODYA and MSPPOH, or a specific EET antagonist, 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5(Z)-enoic acid (14,15-EEZE), markedly reduces ACh- or BK-induced EDHF activity (Figures 1A, 3, 4, and 7). 14,15-EEZE also reduces relaxation to exogenous 11,12-EET but not to the NO donor diethylamine-NO (Figure 7). Together, these data implicate an EET as the mediator of EDHF. Further supporting this, LIMAs (both at baseline and after ACh) synthesized a compound that comigrated with and had a mass spectrum identical to authentic 11,12-EET (Figure 4, D and E). LIMAs synthesized primarily 11,12-EET, although the regioisomers 8,9-EET and 14,15-EET were detected; Figure 4D). ACh tended to increase 11,12-EET levels (Figure 4E, inset, P=0.39), and although ACh (10-7 to 10-5 mol/L) did not cause a dose-dependent increase in 11,12-EET synthesis (not shown), the LIMAs that made the most 11,12-EET also relaxed the most (Figure 4G).
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Expression of Components of the EDHF Pathway
Neither removal of the endothelium (Figure 4C) nor treatment with L-NAME–Meclo (not shown) reduces the vasodilator effect of exogenous 11,12-EET, suggesting that the KCa channels targeted by EDHF are in the SMCs. Conventional and qRT-PCR and immunoblotting indicate that BKCa channel and CYP450-2C expression is greatest in the LIMA (Figure 5). In addition, LCM shows that the BKCa channels are expressed predominantly in the LIMA SMCs (-SM actin–positive, vWF-negative sample), whereas CYP450-2C is found in both SMCs and endothelial cells (Figure 8).
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Electrophysiology
LIMA SMCs display both Kv and BKCa current (Figure 6). However, the same concentration of 11,12-EET that relaxes LIMA rings increases whole-cell K+ current in LIMA SMCs, even in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (a Kv channel blocker; Figure 6). 11,12-EET also causes membrane hyperpolarization by activating SMC BKCa channels (ie, hyperpolarization is blocked by IBTx but not by 4-aminopyridine; Figure 7).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The primary finding of this study is that human LIMAs synthesize an EDHF that accounts for
40% of net endothelium-dependent relaxation. This EDHF is 11,12-EET, and it causes relaxation by activating SMC BKCa current, leading to SMC hyperpolarization. This study also confirms that the endothelial relaxation of the LIMA is superior to that of SVs, consistent with the superior NO and EDHF production ot the LIMA.16 NO is the predominant endothelium-derived dilator of the LIMA (Figure 2, B and C) and is synthesized after stimulation with the vasoconstrictor PE, constituting an apparently homeostatic mechanism that serves as a brake on vasoconstriction (Figure 2D). Because NO and PGI2 are endothelium-derived vasodilators that act, in part, by activation of KCa channels,17,18 a strength of this study is the characterization of the EDHF pathway after documented suppression of NO synthesis (Figure 2D).
K+ Channels and EDHF
EDHF-induced relaxation is blocked by IBTx but not apamin (Figure 3B), consistent with EDHF-induced activation of BKCa channels. The central role for the BKCa channel is confirmed by electrophysiology experiments showing that 11,12-EET hyperpolarizes SMCs by an IBTx-sensitive, 4-aminopyridine–resistant mechanism (Figures 6 and 7). The failure of BaCl2 to attenuate EDHF relaxation is strong evidence against a role for Kir channels in the EDHF pathway of the LIMA (Figure 3A). In human coronary, cerebral, renal, omental, and subcutaneous arteries, EDHF relaxation is blocked either by TEA or by the combination of charybdotoxin plus apamin.3 Furthermore, muscarinic receptor activation causes endothelium-dependent relaxation, EET synthesis, and SMC hyperpolarization in bovine coronary arteries.19 ACh and BK cause endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization of coronary arterial SMCs by increasing KCa channel activity,4 and this can be abolished by TEA, charybdotoxin, or IBTx.4,20–23 There are other important K+ channels in the LIMA, including Kv channels (inhibition of which depolarizes SMCs; Figure 6). Furthermore, LIMAs often display an oscillatory pattern of contraction (Figure 1A) and express the human ether a go-go channel (HERG; Figure 5A). HERG is involved with pacemaker activity in the heart but has not previously been reported in human blood vessels, and this association merits further investigation, particularly in light of the clinical problem of LIMA spasm at the time of CABG.
Identification of EDHF
To identify EDHF as 11,12-EET, it is necessary to satisfy 4 criteria: (1) EDHF bioactivity is inhibited when EET synthesis is inhibited, (2) EDHF bioactivity is mimicked by exogenous 11,12-EET, (3) no other vasodilator accounts for the relaxation, and (4) LIMAs synthesize 11,12-EET. This study satisfied each of these criteria, although further study of criterion 4 is necessary. The first criterion was satisfied by the finding that 2 structurally distinct CYP450 inhibitors and a highly specific EET antagonist, 14,15-EEZE, inhibit EDHF relaxation (Figures 3, 4, and 7). Despite the ability of 14,15-EEZE to suppress EDHF, relaxation to exogenous NO is preserved (Figure 7). Consistent with the second criterion, EDHF relaxation is mimicked by exogenous 11,12-EET. Indeed, exogenous 11,12-EET causes relaxation of the same magnitude as achieved by the EDHF agonists ACh and BK (Figures 3 and 4). These concentrations of 11,12-EET also activate a BKCa current in LIMA SMCs, resulting in hyperpolarization (Figure 7), a sine qua non for EDHF that has not previously been documented in LIMAs.2 Relevant to the third criterion, particular care was taken to exclude a confounding effect of residual NO synthesis. Hb scavenged the NO that persists after a large dose of L-NAME. Although Hb did not greatly affect basal NO levels, already lowered by L-NAME, it blunted the transient burst of NO synthesis elicited by PE (Figure 2B). The fact that addition of Hb (Figure 3, C and D) did not decrease EDHF relaxation (Figure 3B) supports the adequacy of L-NAME+Meclo at these doses for the study of EDHF.
The present study partially satisfies criterion 4. LIMAs synthesize 11,12-EET (Figure 4, D and E). The fact that the reduction in 11,12-EET levels by MSPPOH was not statistically significant may relate to either subendothelial EET release or the observed variability in 11,12-EET production among LIMAs. Individual variability in EET synthesis in a CABG population is not surprising in light of their high prevalence of endothelial dysfunction.
In the porcine coronary artery, there is strong evidence that CYP450-2C is an EDHF synthase.5 This CYP450 isoform is found in human endothelial cells,24 as confirmed in Figure 8. We report, for the first time, that LIMAs are enriched in both this putative EDHF synthase and the target BKCa channels relative to SV (Figure 5C). This is also the first demonstration that the BKCa channels relevant to EDHF are present primarily in SMCs (Figures 1 and 8), whereas CYP450-2C is present in both endothelial cells and SMCs. The relative importance of endothelial versus SMC CYP450-2C is interesting in light of the unusually complete internal elastic lamina in the LIMA, which separates the vessel wall into compartments, and merits further study.
Limitations
This study does not define a universal EDHF pathway. In rat mesenteric artery and guinea pig carotid artery, several groups have failed to find an EET-mediated or ODYA-sensitive EDHF.25,26
Although EETs can increase opening of KCa channels in endothelial cells (Figure 1),27 this is not obligatory to EDHF activity in human LIMAs, because denuding the LIMA did not significantly impair relaxation to exogenous 11,12-EET (Figure 4C).
Additional work is required to assess how 11,12-EET activates BKCa channels. In bovine coronary artery SMCs, this occurs through a guanine nucleotide–binding protein, Gs, independent of cGMP, suggesting that SMCs may have EET receptors.20 This is consistent with our finding that 14,15-EET, an antagonist that does not alter EET synthesis, inhibits EDHF vasodilation.
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Acknowledgments |
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Drs Michelakis and Archer are supported by the Hospital Foundation, Alberta Heritage Foundation for Medical Research, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Heart and Stroke Foundation, and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation. Drs Campbell and Falck are supported by National Institutes of Health grant HL-51055. We thank the operating room nurses at University of Alberta Hospital for their enthusiastic support.
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Footnotes |
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Dr Archer is a consultant for ICOS Corp on type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors and serves on Pfizer’s Speakers Bureau.
Received March 21, 2002; revision received October 10, 2002; accepted October 28, 2002.
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References |
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M. A. Nayeem, S. M. Poloyac, J. R. Falck, D. C. Zeldin, C. Ledent, D. S. Ponnoth, H. R. Ansari, and S. J. Mustafa Role of CYP epoxygenases in A2AAR-mediated relaxation using A2AAR-null and wild-type mice Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): H2068 - H2078. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. M. Awumey, S. K. Hill, D. I. Diz, and R. D. Bukoski Cytochrome P-450 metabolites of 2-arachidonoylglycerol play a role in Ca2+-induced relaxation of rat mesenteric arteries Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2008; 294(5): H2363 - H2370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Dabisch, J. T. Liles, S. R. Baber, N. H. Golwala, S. N. Murthy, and P. J. Kadowitz Analysis of L-NAME-dependent and -resistant responses to acetylcholine in the rat Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): H688 - H698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. S. Harrington, M. J. Carrier, N. Gallagher, D. Gilroy, C. J. Garland, and J. A. Mitchell Elucidation of the temporal relationship between endothelial-derived NO and EDHF in mesenteric vessels Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2007; 293(3): H1682 - H1688. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. S. McMurtry, R. Moudgil, K. Hashimoto, S. Bonnet, E. D. Michelakis, and S. L. Archer Overexpression of human bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 does not ameliorate monocrotaline pulmonary arterial hypertension Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, April 1, 2007; 292(4): L872 - L878. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Drouin, N. Thorin-Trescases, E. Hamel, J. R. Falck, and E. Thorin Endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation leads to dilatory H2O2 production in mouse cerebral arteries Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2007; 73(1): 73 - 81. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Bellien, M. Iacob, L. Gutierrez, M. Isabelle, A. Lahary, C. Thuillez, and R. Joannides Crucial Role of NO and Endothelium-Derived Hyperpolarizing Factor in Human Sustained Conduit Artery Flow-Mediated Dilatation Hypertension, December 1, 2006; 48(6): 1088 - 1094. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Sacerdoti, M. Bolognesi, M. Di Pascoli, A. Gatta, J. C. McGiff, M. L. Schwartzman, and N. G. Abraham Rat mesenteric arterial dilator response to 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is mediated by activating heme oxygenase Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2006; 291(4): H1999 - H2002. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Ye, W. Zhou, T. Lu, S. G. Jagadeesh, J. R. Falck, and H.-C. Lee Mechanism of rat mesenteric arterial KATP channel activation by 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1326 - H1336. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Bellien, R. Joannides, M. Iacob, P. Arnaud, and C. Thuillez Evidence for a basal release of a cytochrome-related endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor in the radial artery in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1347 - H1352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Fleming and R. Busse Endothelium-Derived Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids and Vascular Function Hypertension, April 1, 2006; 47(4): 629 - 633. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. T. Larsen, H. Miura, O. A. Hatoum, W. B. Campbell, B. D. Hammock, D. C. Zeldin, J. R. Falck, and D. D. Gutterman Epoxyeicosatrienoic and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids dilate human coronary arterioles via BKCa channels: implications for soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2006; 290(2): H491 - H499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Bellien, R. Joannides, M. Iacob, P. Arnaud, and C. Thuillez Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels and NO Regulate Human Peripheral Conduit Artery Mechanics Hypertension, July 1, 2005; 46(1): 210 - 216. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Jung, R. P. Brandes, I.-H. Kim, F. Schweda, R. Schmidt, B. D. Hammock, R. Busse, and I. Fleming Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Is a Main Effector of Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 759 - 765. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Randriamboavonjy, L. Kiss, J. R. Falck, R. Busse, and I. Fleming The synthesis of 20-HETE in small porcine coronary arteries antagonizes EDHF-mediated relaxation Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2005; 65(2): 487 - 494. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. McMurtry, S. Bonnet, X. Wu, J. R.B. Dyck, A. Haromy, K. Hashimoto, and E. D. Michelakis Dichloroacetate Prevents and Reverses Pulmonary Hypertension by Inducing Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis Circ. Res., October 15, 2004; 95(8): 830 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Thebaud, E. D. Michelakis, X.-C. Wu, R. Moudgil, M. Kuzyk, J. R.B. Dyck, G. Harry, K. Hashimoto, A. Haromy, I. Rebeyka, et al. Oxygen-Sensitive Kv Channel Gene Transfer Confers Oxygen Responsiveness to Preterm Rabbit and Remodeled Human Ductus Arteriosus: Implications for Infants With Patent Ductus Arteriosus Circulation, September 14, 2004; 110(11): 1372 - 1379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. L. Archer, X.-C. Wu, B. Thebaud, A. Nsair, S. Bonnet, B. Tyrrell, M. S. McMurtry, K. Hashimoto, G. Harry, and E. D. Michelakis Preferential Expression and Function of Voltage-Gated, O2-Sensitive K+ Channels in Resistance Pulmonary Arteries Explains Regional Heterogeneity in Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction: Ionic Diversity in Smooth Muscle Cells Circ. Res., August 6, 2004; 95(3): 308 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Krotz, T. Riexinger, M. A. Buerkle, K. Nithipatikom, T. Gloe, H.-Y. Sohn, W. B. Campbell, and U. Pohl Membrane Potential-Dependent Inhibition of Platelet Adhesion to Endothelial Cells by Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2004; 24(3): 595 - 600. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W. W. Batenburg, I. M. Garrelds, J. P. van Kats, P. R. Saxena, and A. H. J. Danser Mediators of Bradykinin-Induced Vasorelaxation in Human Coronary Microarteries Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 488 - 492. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Fichtlscherer, S. Dimmeler, S. Breuer, R. Busse, A. M. Zeiher, and I. Fleming Inhibition of Cytochrome P450 2C9 Improves Endothelium-Dependent, Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vasodilatation in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, January 20, 2004; 109(2): 178 - 183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. I. Pomposiello, J. Quilley, M. A. Carroll, J. R. Falck, and J. C. McGiff 5,6-Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Mediates the Enhanced Renal Vasodilation to Arachidonic Acid in the SHR Hypertension, October 1, 2003; 42(4): 548 - 554. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Wang, G. Trottier, and R. Loutzenhiser Determinants of renal afferent arteriolar actions of bradykinin: evidence that multiple pathways mediate responses attributed to EDHF Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, September 1, 2003; 285(3): F540 - F549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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