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(Circulation. 2003;107:612.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.

Basic Science Reports

LOX-1 Mediates Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells

Dayuan Li, MD, PhD; Ling Liu, MD; Hongjiang Chen, MD; Tatsuya Sawamura, MD, PhD; Subramanian Ranganathan, PhD; Jawahar L. Mehta, MD, PhD

From the Departments of Medicine and Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock (D.L., L.L., S.R., J.L.M.), and Department of Bioscience, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan (T.S.).

Correspondence to J.L. Mehta, MD, PhD, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W Markham, Slot 532, Little Rock, AR 72205. E-mail mehtajl{at}uams.edu

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background— Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) accumulation in the atherosclerotic region may enhance plaque instability. Both accumulation of ox-LDL and expression of its lectin-like receptor, LOX-1, have been shown in atherosclerotic regions. This study was designed to examine the role of LOX-1 in the modulation of metalloproteinases (MMP-1 and MMP-3) in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).

Methods and Results— HCAECs were incubated with ox-LDL (10 to 80 µg/mL) for 1 to 24 hours. Ox-LDL increased the expression of MMP-1 (collagenase) and MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Ox-LDL also increased collagenase activity. Ox-LDL did not significantly affect the expression of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. Native LDL had no effect on the expression of MMPs. The effects of ox-LDL were mediated by its endothelial receptor, LOX-1, because pretreatment of HCAECs with a blocking antibody to LOX-1 (JTX92, 10 µg/mL) prevented the expression of MMPs in response to ox-LDL (P<0.01). In parallel experiments, ox-LDL caused the activation of protein kinase C (PKC), which was inhibited by LOX-1 antibody. The PKC-ß isoform played a critical role in the expression of MMPs, because the PKC-ß inhibitor hispidin reduced ox-LDL-induced activation of PKC and the expression of MMPs. Other PKC subunits (, , and ) did not affect the expression of MMPs.

Conclusions— These findings indicate that ox-LDL, via LOX-1 activation, modulates the expression and activity of MMPs in HCAECs. In this process, activation of the PKC-ß subunit plays an important signaling role.

Key Words: endothelium • metalloproteinases • receptors, oxidized LDL • lipoproteins • kinases

	Introduction

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Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) changes the secretory activities of endothelium and causes it to become dysfunctional.¹ Ox-LDL inhibits the expression of constitutive nitric oxide synthase,² induces expression of adhesion molecules, and facilitates inflammatory cells to adhere to the intima.³ Recent studies show that LOX-1, a novel lectin-like receptor for ox-LDL expressed primarily in endothelial cells, facilitates the uptake of ox-LDL and mediates several of the biological effects of ox-LDL, such as apoptosis.^4–7 Expression of LOX-1 is upregulated by angiotensin II, free radicals, inflammatory cytokines, and shear stress.^8–10 Recent studies show that LOX-1 expression is upregulated in atherosclerotic tissues in rabbits and humans.^11,12

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are an endogenous family of enzymes that are responsible for vascular remodeling.^13,14 Increased MMP expression and activity have been identified in human and animal models of atherosclerosis and heart failure.^15–17 Recent studies^18,19 have shown that an increase in the activity and expression of MMPs plays a central role in the composition of atherosclerotic plaques.

Ox-LDL, LOX-1, and MMPs have been found to be colocalized in atherosclerotic plaques.^11,20 Their interaction may lead to the instability of atherosclerotic plaques. In the present study, we investigated the role of the ox-LDL receptor LOX-1 in the expression of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and the related intracellular mechanism in human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs).

	Methods

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Cell Culture
The methodology for culture of HCAECs has been described previously.^5,6 The initial batch of HCAECs was purchased from Clonetics Corp. The endothelial cells were pure on the basis of morphology and staining for factor VIII-related antigen and acetylated LDL. These cells were 100% negative for -actin smooth muscle expression.

Study Design
HCAECs were incubated with ox-LDL (10, 20, 40, and 80 µg/mL) for 1, 3, 6, or 24 hours to determine the expression and activity of MMP-1 and -3 and TIMP-1 and -2. The concentration and time point for maximal effect of ox-LDL were used in subsequent experiments.

To examine the receptor specificity of ox-LDL action, HCAECs were pretreated with human LOX-1-blocking antibody (JTX92, 10 µg/mL) and then exposed to ox-LDL. The details of preparation of the antibody and its specificity were presented earlier.²¹ The harvested cells were used to measure expression and activity of MMPs and TIMPs.

To explore the molecular basis of the action of LOX-1, we studied the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway. For this purpose, HCAECs were pretreated with the PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (1 µmol/L) for 30 minutes, and then the cells were exposed to ox-LDL. The harvested cells were used to measure expression of MMPs and TIMPs and PKC activity.

To further explore the roles of PKC isoforms (, ß, , and subunits) in this process, HCAECs were pretreated with inhibitors of PKC- (Ro-32-0432, 20 nmol/L), PKC-ß (hispidin, 4 µmol/L), PKC- (Ro-31-7549, 0.4 µmol/L), or PKC- (Ro-32-0432, 0.2 µmol/L) for 30 minutes, and then the cells were exposed to ox-LDL. The harvested cells were used to measure expression of MMPs and TIMPs and PKC activity.

Concentrations of all reagents and the duration of incubation were chosen on the basis of previous studies.^5,6,8,20,21

Preparation of Lipoproteins
Native LDL and ox-LDL were prepared as described earlier.^5,6 The thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance contents of ox-LDL and native LDL were 10.2±0.53 and 0.79±0.26 nmol/100 µg protein, respectively (P<0.01). Ox-LDL was extensively dialyzed against Tris-saline. Ox-LDL was kept in 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl, 0.15 mol/L NaCl, and 2 mmol/L EDTA at pH 7.4 and was used within 10 days of preparation. The level of endotoxin measured by the E-Toxate kit (Sigma) was consistently <0.005 endotoxin units/mL (lowest detection limit).

Semiquantitative RT-PCR
MMP mRNA was examined by RT-PCR. Total RNA (1 µg) extracted from cultured HCAECs was reverse-transcribed with Oligo dT (Promega) and M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Promega) at 37°C for 1 hour. Then, 1.5 µL of the reverse-transcribed material was amplified with Taq DNA polymerase (Promega) using specific primers (Biomol Research Laboratory, Inc) for human MMP-1 and -3. The products of the PCR-amplified samples were visualized on 1.2% agarose gels by use of ethidium bromide. Each specific mRNA band was normalized with the ß-actin mRNA band.

Collagenase Activity Assay
Collagenase zymography was carried out according to the method described by Guarda et al.²² Essentially, the conditioned culture medium was collected from the dishes, and 10 µL of the medium was subjected to electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gel containing 0.1% gelatin under nonreducing conditions. The gels were soaked in 2.5% Triton-X100 for 60 minutes and then washed with water for 60 minutes to remove SDS. The gels were then incubated in a developing buffer containing 50 mmol/L Tris, pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L CaCl₂, and 0.02% sodium azide for 18 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the gels were stained with Coomassie blue and photographed.

Western Analysis
HCAEC lysates from each experiment (40 µg per lane) were separated by SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. After incubation in blocking solution (4% nonfat milk, Sigma), membranes were incubated overnight with 1:1000 dilution primary antibody to human MMP-1 or -3 or TIMP-1 and -2 (Oncogene) at 4°C. Membranes were washed and incubated with 1:2000 dilution second antibody (Amersham) for 1 hour. Relative intensities of protein bands were analyzed by Scan-gel-it software.⁸

Measurement of PKC Activity
Cells (5x10⁶ to 10x10⁶ cells/100-mm dish) from different groups were washed twice with PBS and scraped into 1 mL of membrane-bound PKC extraction buffer containing (in mmol/L) 25 Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 0.5 EDTA, 0.5 EGTA, 0.0% Triton X-100, 10 ß-glycerophosphatase, 0.5 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride, 1 µg/mL leupeptin, and 1 µg/mL aprotinin. The lysate was homogenized and centrifuged at 14 000g at 4°C for 30 minutes, and the supernatant was used to measure PKC activity. An assay system (Promega) was used to determine PKC activity as described previously.²³ Reactions for each sample were performed separately in the presence of phospholipids (activated PKC reaction) and in the absence of phospholipids (control reaction). Results were expressed as picomoles of phosphate per minute per microgram of protein.

Data Analysis
All data represent the mean of 6 separately performed experiments. Data are presented as mean±SD. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by post hoc Scheffé’s F test. A probability value of P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Ox-LDL and Expression of MMPs and TIMPs
Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (10 to 80 µg/mL) for 24 hours increased the expression of MMP-1 and -3 (mRNA and protein) in a concentration-dependent manner (Figure 1A). Expression of MMP-1 and -3 (mRNA and protein) was also time-dependent (1, 3, 6, and 24 hours), with maximal expression at 24 hours (Figure 1B). The summarized data from 6 independent experiments are shown in Figure 1, right. Each protein band was normalized with a positive band in the control group. Each mRNA band was normalized with a ß-actin mRNA band.

View larger version (52K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Ox-LDL and MMP expression. Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (10 to 80 µg/mL) for 24 hours increased expression of MMP-1 and -3 (mRNA and protein) in a concentration-dependent manner (A). Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (80 µg/mL) for 1, 3, 6, and 24 hours increased expression of MMP-1 and -3 (mRNA and protein) in a time-dependent manner (B). Left, representative experiment. Right, summarized data from 6 separate experiments by densitometry. Each protein band was normalized with positive band in control group. Each mRNA band was normalized with ß-actin mRNA band.

Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (10 to 80 µg/mL) for 24 hours increased the expression of TIMP-1 and -2 protein slightly but not significantly (Figure 2).

View larger version (42K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Ox-LDL and TIMP-1 and -2 expression. Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (10 to 80 µg/mL) for 24 hours increased expression of TIMP-1 and -2 protein slightly but not significantly. Top, representative experiment. Bottom, summarized data (mean±SD) of 6 separate experiments.

Role of LOX-1 in the Expression of MMPs
In these experiments, HCAECs were incubated with ox-LDL (80 µg/mL) for 24 hours. HCAECs in parallel experiments were incubated with the LOX-1-blocking antibody (10 µg/mL) for 30 minutes before exposure to ox-LDL. Ox-LDL increased the expression of MMPs, whereas native LDL had no effect. LOX-1 antibody reduced the effect of ox-LDL on the expression of both MMP-1 and MMP-3 (P<0.01, n=6). LOX-1 antibody alone had no effect on the basal expression of MMPs (Figure 3).

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. LOX-1-mediated MMP expression. Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (80 µg/mL) for 24 hours markedly increased expression of MMP-1 and -3. In contrast, native LDL (80 µg/mL) did not affect expression of MMP-1 and -3. LOX-1 antibody reduced effects of ox-LDL on expression of MMPs. LOX-1 antibody alone did not affect expression of MMPs. Top, representative experiment. Bottom, summarized data (mean±SD) of 6 separate experiments.

Collagenase Activity
Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL increased collagenase activity markedly in a concentration-dependent manner (n=6). The increase in collagenase activity paralleled MMP-1 expression (mRNA and protein) in response to ox-LDL (Figure 4).

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Ox-LDL and collagenase activity. Incubation of HCAECs with ox-LDL (10 to 80 µg/mL) for 24 hours increased activity of collagenase in a concentration-dependent manner. Top, representative experiment. Bottom, summarized data (mean±SD) of 6 separate experiments.

Intracellular Mechanism of LOX-1-Mediated Expression of MMPs
To determine one of the intracellular mechanisms of the action of LOX-1 in the expression of MMPs, we examined the PKC signaling pathway. Ox-LDL increased PKC activity in HCAECs (P<0.01), and the ox-LDL-induced PKC activation was decreased by pretreatment of HCAECs with the LOX-1 antibody (P<0.01). As expected, pretreatment of cells with the PKC inhibitor also inhibited ox-LDL-mediated PKC activation (Figure 5). Antibody alone or the PKC inhibitor alone had no effect on PKC activity.

View larger version (36K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Ox-LDL, LOX-1, and PKC activation. Treatment of HCAECs with ox-LDL (80 µg/mL) for 24 hours caused PKC activation. Ox-LDL-induced PKC activation was decreased by pretreatment of HCAECs with LOX-1 antibody (10 µg/mL) as well as PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I (1 µmol/L). Note that LOX-1 antibody or PKC inhibitor alone had no effect on basal PKC activity in HCAECs. Data (mean±SD) are summarized from 6 separate experiments.

Concomitantly, pretreatment of cells with the PKC inhibitor attenuated ox-LDL-induced MMP-1 and MMP-3 protein expression. Notably, the PKC inhibitor alone did not affect the basal expression of MMPs (Figure 6).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. PKC activation and expression of MMPs in response to ox-LDL. Ox-LDL upregulated MMP-1 and MMP-3 protein expression. Pretreatment of HCAECs with PKC inhibitor for 30 minutes inhibited ox-LDL-induced expression of MMPs. PKC inhibitor alone did not affect basal expression of MMPs. Top, representative experiment. Bottom, summarized data (mean±SD) of 6 separate experiments.

Role of PKC Subunits in the Expression of MMPs
To further identify the role of PKC isoforms in ox-LDL-induced MMP expression, HCAECs were pretreated with different inhibitors of PKC isoforms (, ß, , or ) and exposed to ox-LDL. Again, ox-LDL consistently increased the activation of PKC and the expression of MMP-1 and -3 in HCAECs. Importantly, PKC-ß played a critical role in the expression of MMP-1 and -3, because the PKC-ß inhibitor hispidin inhibited ox-LDL-induced PKC activation and MMP expression. Other PKC subunit inhibitors did not alter ox-LDL-induced MMP expression, although they reduced PKC activation (Figure 7).

View larger version (56K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 7. Activation of PKC isoforms and expression of MMPs in response to ox-LDL. Ox-LDL consistently activated PKC and induced expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3. Pretreatment of HCAECs with inhibitor of PKC-ß (hispidin, 4 µmol/L) for 30 minutes inhibited ox-LDL-induced expression of MMPs. In contrast, inhibitors of PKC- (Ro-32-0432, 20 nmol/L), PKC- (Ro-31-7549, 0.4 µmol/L), or PKC- (Ro-32-0432, 0.2 µmol/L) did not significantly affect MMP expression. PKC inhibitor alone did not affect basal expression of MMPs. Top represented MMP expression. Bottom represented PKC activity (mean±SD) from 6 separate experiments.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
The present study shows that ox-LDL upregulates the expression of MMP-1 and -3 in HCAECs. We found that these effects of ox-LDL are mediated via activation of its endothelial receptor LOX-1, because inhibition of LOX-1 action by a specific blocking antibody JTX92 reduced the upregulation of MMPs. Ox-LDL had no significant effect on the expression of TIMPs. Therefore, ox-LDL, via its receptor LOX-1, alters the MMP/TIMP ratio in HCAECs. PKC-ß activation appears to play a critical role in this process, because inhibition of PKC-ß activation attenuated the expression of MMPs in response to ox-LDL.

Role of Ox-LDL in Vascular Injury
There is ample evidence that ox-LDL plays an important role in steps leading to atherosclerosis.^2,3 It impairs endothelial function²³ and activates platelets.²⁴ It has been suggested that the composition of atherosclerotic plaque is the most important determinant of plaque disruption and development of acute coronary syndromes.²⁵ The unstable and rupture-prone plaque is rich in monocytes/macrophages and shows intense immunopositivity for ox-LDL.²⁰ Immunocytochemistry studies^26,27 have demonstrated that MMP-1 and MMP-3 are expressed in endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the atherosclerotic regions. Release of MMPs and enhanced collagenase activity may degrade various components of the fibrous caps and contribute to the vulnerability of plaques to rupture. The present study provides direct evidence that ox-LDL but not native LDL upregulates MMP-1 and -3 expression as well as collagenase activity. In contrast to its effect on MMPs, ox-LDL did not significantly increase TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 expression. It may therefore be speculated that an imbalance between MMPs/TIMPs is a basis for the central role of ox-LDL in converting the stable atherosclerotic plaque into an unstable one.

Vascular endothelial cells secrete MMPs through both the luminal and the basolateral surfaces.²⁸ MMP-1 and -3 secreted from the basolateral surface could be involved in the separation of endothelial cells from each other and lead to endothelial dysfunction in the early stage of atherosclerosis. Release of MMPs in the late stage could be a basis for disruption of the basement membrane and rupture of the fibrous cap. The function of MMPs secreted from the luminal surface of endothelial cells, particularly in the early stage of atherosclerosis, into the blood circulation remains unknown. MMP-1 and -3 belong to the family of MMPs, with each member having some distinct and some overlapping function.

Role of LOX-1 in MMP Expression
Ox-LDL exerts its biological effects via activation of its receptors on the surface of endothelial cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells. LOX-1, found predominantly on endothelial cells, has a different biochemical structure from the scavenger receptors.⁴ Several investigators^4–12 have demonstrated that the uptake of ox-LDL by endothelial cells is mediated by LOX-1 activation. Whereas the uptake of ox-LDL by endothelial cells does not result in foam cell formation, ox-LDL uptake in vascular endothelium causes endothelial activation and changes its biological characteristics. For example, we have shown that LOX-1 mediates ox-LDL-induced apoptosis, adhesion molecule expression, and monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells.^6,29,30

In the present study, we demonstrate that ox-LDL upregulates the expression of MMP-1 and -3 via LOX-1 activation. The confirmatory evidence for the role of LOX-1 came from experiments in which a specific LOX-1-blocking antibody decreased the expression of MMPs in response to ox-LDL. It is noteworthy that LOX-1 is highly expressed in atherosclerotic human and animal tissues.^11,12 In rabbits with hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosis, we showed upregulation of LOX-1 primarily in the endothelial lining and the proliferating intima.¹¹ In these animals, there is evidence for increased expression of MMPs.³¹ The present study provides direct evidence linking LOX-1 and MMP expression in HCAECs.

Intracellular Mechanism of LOX-1-Mediated MMP Expression
Experimental studies have shown that ox-LDL causes injury to the endothelial cells via activation of different signal transduction pathways, such as PKC and mitogen-activated protein kinase.²³ We recently showed that LOX-1 activation is associated with changes in protein kinase B activity.³² Cominacini et al³³ showed that ox-LDL increases intracellular free radical generation and activates the transcription factor nuclear factor-B in bovine endothelial cells. It should be noted that ox-LDL might activate different signal pathways, which interact each other. Signaling in response to ox-LDL may also be different in different tissues. Reuben et al³⁴ demonstrated that basic calcium phosphate crystal stimulates PKC- signal transduction pathway in the expression of MMP-1 and -3. Ren et al³⁵ suggested that PKC-ß may mediate ox-LDL-induced PAI-1 gene expression. In the present study, we demonstrate that ox-LDL induces the activation of PKC, which plays an important role in the expression of MMPs and collagenase activity. Pretreatment of HCAECs with the PKC-ß inhibitor attenuated ox-LDL-induced expression of MMPs. In contrast, other PKC isoforms (, , and ) did not change ox-LDL-induced MMP expression.

In summary, this study shows that ox-LDL upregulates the expression and activity of MMP-1 and -3 through LOX-1 activation. In this process, PKC-ß activation plays an important role.

	Acknowledgments

 
This study was supported by a Scientist Development Grant and Beginning Grant-in-Aid from the American Heart Association, a Merit Review Award from the Veterans Administration Central Office, a contract with the Department of Defense, and the Lee Ronnel Cardiology Research Fund.

Received July 25, 2002; revision received October 22, 2002; accepted October 28, 2002.

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				A. Dandapat, C. Hu, L. Sun, and J. L. Mehta Small Concentrations of oxLDL Induce Capillary Tube Formation From Endothelial Cells via LOX-1 Dependent Redox-Sensitive Pathway Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2007; 27(11): 2435 - 2442. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Hu, A. Dandapat, and J. L Mehta Angiotensin II Induces Capillary Formation From Endothelial Cells Via the LOX-1 Dependent Redox-Sensitive Pathway Hypertension, November 1, 2007; 50(5): 952 - 957. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. R. Marwali, C.-P. Hu, B. Mohandas, A. Dandapat, P. Deonikar, J. Chen, I. Cawich, T. Sawamura, M. Kavdia, and J. L. Mehta Modulation of ADP-Induced Platelet Activation by Aspirin and Pravastatin: Role of Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1, Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress, and Inside-Out Integrin Signaling J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2007; 322(3): 1324 - 1332. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. L. Hermonat, D. Li, B. Yang, and J. L. Mehta Mechanism of action and delivery possibilities for TGF{beta}1 in the treatment of myocardial ischemia Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2007; 74(2): 235 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Koenig and N. Khuseyinova Biomarkers of Atherosclerotic Plaque Instability and Rupture Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., January 1, 2007; 27(1): 15 - 26. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Mehta, J. Chen, P. L. Hermonat, F. Romeo, and G. Novelli Lectin-like, oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1): A critical player in the development of atherosclerosis and related disorders Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2006; 69(1): 36 - 45. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Li and J. L. Mehta Oxidized LDL, a critical factor in atherogenesis Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2005; 68(3): 353 - 354. [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Chen, J. Chen, Y. Liu, J. Xie, D. Li, T. Sawamura, P. L. Hermonat, and J. L. Mehta Adhesion Molecule Expression in Fibroblasts: Alteration in Fibroblast Biology After Transfection With LOX-1 Plasmids Hypertension, September 1, 2005; 46(3): 622 - 627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Hayashida, N. Kume, T. Murase, M. Minami, D. Nakagawa, T. Inada, M. Tanaka, A. Ueda, G. Kominami, H. Kambara, et al. Serum Soluble Lectin-Like Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-1 Levels Are Elevated in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Novel Marker for Early Diagnosis Circulation, August 9, 2005; 112(6): 812 - 818. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Meisinger, J. Baumert, N. Khuseyinova, H. Loewel, and W. Koenig Plasma Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein, a Strong Predictor for Acute Coronary Heart Disease Events in Apparently Healthy, Middle-Aged Men From the General Population Circulation, August 2, 2005; 112(5): 651 - 657. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Park, F. G. Adsit, and J. C. Boyington The 1.4 A Crystal Structure of the Human Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Lox-1 J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 13593 - 13599. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. C. Newby Dual Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (Matrixins) in Intimal Thickening and Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture Physiol Rev, January 1, 2005; 85(1): 1 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Chen, J. L. Mehta, D. Li, L. Joseph, and J. Joseph Transforming Growth Factor {beta} Receptor Endoglin Is Expressed in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Modulates Profibrogenic Actions of Angiotensin II Circ. Res., December 10, 2004; 95(12): 1167 - 1173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Kashiwakura, M. Watanabe, N. Kusumi, K. Sumiyoshi, Y. Nasu, H. Yamada, T. Sawamura, H. Kumon, K. Takei, and H. Daida Dynamin-2 Regulates Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein-Induced Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Circulation, November 23, 2004; 110(21): 3329 - 3334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.L. Mehta, J. Chen, F. Yu, and D.Y. Li Aspirin inhibits ox-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression and metalloproteinase-1 in human coronary endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2004; 64(2): 243 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Chen, J. Chen, D. Li, X. Zhang, and J. L. Mehta Angiotensin II Regulation of Collagen Type I Expression in Cardiac Fibroblasts: Modulation by PPAR-{gamma} Ligand Pioglitazone Hypertension, November 1, 2004; 44(5): 655 - 661. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. M Ridker, N. J. Brown, D. E. Vaughan, D. G. Harrison, and J. L. Mehta Established and Emerging Plasma Biomarkers in the Prediction of First Atherothrombotic Events Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25_suppl_1): IV-6 - IV-19. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Kume and T. Kita Apoptosis of Vascular Cells by Oxidized LDL: Involvement of Caspases and LOX-1 and Its Implication in Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture Circ. Res., February 20, 2004; 94(3): 269 - 270. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Chen, J. L. Mehta, N. Haider, X. Zhang, J. Narula, and D. Li Role of Caspases in Ox-LDL-Induced Apoptotic Cascade in Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., February 20, 2004; 94(3): 370 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Cominacini, A. Fratta Pasini, U. Garbin, C. Nava, A. Davoli, M. Criscuoli, A. Crea, T. Sawamura, and V. Lo Cascio Nebivolol and its 4-keto derivative increase nitric oxide in endothelial cells by reducing its oxidative inactivation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1838 - 1844. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. E. Szmitko, C.-H. Wang, R. D. Weisel, G. A. Jeffries, T. J. Anderson, and S. Verma Biomarkers of Vascular Disease Linking Inflammation to Endothelial Activation: Part II Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2041 - 2048. [Full Text] [PDF]

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