Published online before print April 14, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000062649.63838.C9
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(Circulation. 2003;107:2134.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Assessment of the Tissue Distribution of Transplanted Human Endothelial Progenitor Cells by Radioactive Labeling
From the Department of Molecular Cardiology (A.A., C.B., B.A., A.M.Z., S.D.), Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, and the Department of Nuclear Medicine (W.B., M.Z., S.M., T.E., E.H.), University of Kiel, Germany.
Correspondence to Stefanie Dimmeler, PhD, Molecular Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine IV, University of Frankfurt, Theodor Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany. E-mail dimmeler{at}em.uni-frankfurt.de
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Abstract |
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Background— Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) improves vascularization and left ventricular function after experimental myocardial ischemia. However, tissue distribution of transplanted EPCs has not yet been monitored in living animals. Therefore, we tested whether radioactive labeling allows us to detect injected EPCs.
Methods and Results— Human EPCs were isolated from peripheral blood, characterized by expression of endothelial marker proteins, and radioactively labeled with [111In]indium oxine. EPCs (106) were injected in athymic nude rats 24 hours after myocardial infarction (n=8) or sham operation (n=8). Scintigraphic images were acquired after 1, 24, 48, and 96 hours after EPC injection. Animals were then killed, and specific radioactivity was measured in different tissues. At 24 to 96 hours after intravenous injection of EPCs, 
70% of the radioactivity was localized in the spleen and liver, with only 1% of the radioactivity identified in the heart of sham-operated animals. After myocardial infarction, the heart-to-muscle radioactivity ratio increased significantly, from 1.02±0.19 in sham-operated animals to 2.03±0.37 after intravenous administration of EPCs. Injection of EPCs into the left ventricular cavity increased this ratio profoundly, from 2.69±1.54 in sham-operated animals to 4.70±1.55 (P<0.05) in rats with myocardial infarction. Immunostaining of cryosections from infarcted hearts confirmed that EPCs homed predominantly to the infarct border zone.
Conclusions— Although only a small proportion of radiolabeled EPCs are detected in nonischemic myocardium, myocardial infarction increases homing of transplanted EPCs in vivo profoundly. Radiolabeling might eventually provide an useful tool for monitoring the fate of transplanted progenitor cells and for clinical cell therapy.
Key Words: myocardial infarction • imaging • radioisotopes • angiogenesis • cells
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Introduction |
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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) can contribute to neovascularization of ischemic heart tissue. Infusion of ex vivo–cultivated EPCs was shown to improve vascularization and left ventricular function after myocardial ischemia.1,2 The integration of EPCs into the neovasculature of ischemic regions has been documented by use of immunohistochemical staining of tissue sections.1–3 Biodistribution of transplanted EPCs in vivo was followed up either by uptake of red fluorescence–labeled acetylated LDL (DiLDL) or by genetic modifications introducing genes for fluorochromes or metabolic enzymes.2,4,5 However, detection of fluorescence or enzyme-produced colorimetric reactions is a laborious process limited by the need to take biopsies or kill the animal, which precludes its use in humans. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections is severely limited to assess the temporal course of homing and tissue distribution of transplanted cells within the whole body. Therefore, the development of noninvasive imaging approaches for monitoring the fate and tissue distribution of transplanted progenitor cells is required.
One approach to track the distribution pattern of in vivo–injected cells is the monitoring of cells after radiolabeling. [111In]indium oxine (111In-oxine) has been widely accepted for safe radiolabeling of leukocytes to localize areas of inflammation.6–8 Moreover, 111In-oxine has been used to determine the biodistribution of transplanted hepatocytes9 or dendritic cells.10,11 Therefore, we investigated whether radioactive labeling with 111In-oxine might provide a clinically applicable tool to monitor the fate of transplanted EPCs in living rats after myocardial infarction. Moreover, we examined whether the route of administration, ie, intravenous versus left ventricular intracavitary application, affects myocardial incorporation of EPCs.
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Methods |
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Cell Culture
Ex vivo expansion of EPCs was performed according to Vasa et al12 in a modification that also used 50 ng/mL vascular endothelial growth factor (Peprotech), 20 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor (R&D), and 0.1 µmol/L atorvastatin (Pfizer). Vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and atorvastatin were used to increase EPC numbers as described previously.12,13
Fluorescence and Radioactive Labeling
Adherent EPCs were detached with 1 mmol/L EDTA, pH 7.4, for 15 minutes at 37°C. After a washing with PBS, the pelleted cells were adjusted to 6x106/mL and labeled with 4 µg/mL DiLDL for 20 minutes at 37°C. EPCs were washed with PBS and resuspended in growth factor and serum-free endothelial basal medium (EBM). Then 106 EPCs/mL were labeled with 15 MBq of 111In-oxine (physical half-life, 2.8 days; 
-energy, 171 keV, 245 keV; 37 MBq/mL; Mallinckrodt) for 60 minutes at 37°C. To remove excess unbound radioactivity, cells were washed twice. Labeling efficiency was measured with a dose calibrator (Atomlab 100, Biodex Medical). Before injection, EPCs were resuspended in 0.5 mL serum-free EBM in 1.0-mL syringes with 27-gauge needles.
Assessment of Cell Viability
LDH release (cytotoxicity detection kit [LDH], Roche) in the supernatants of 111In-oxine–labeled cells was measured to evaluate cell death and compared with untreated controls.
DiLDL uptake as a functional assay for EPC viability was performed. 111In-oxine–labeled EPCs underwent DiLDL labeling and were fixed in 2% formaldehyde. The number of DiLDL+ cells was determined with a fluorescence microscope (Axiovert 100 M, Zeiss) and evaluated by counting 3 randomly selected high-power fields.
Migration Assay
Migration assays were performed with 2x104 radiolabeled or unlabeled EPCs in 0.2 mL EBM that were seeded into the top chamber of a modified Boyden chamber, as described previously.12
Animal Experiments
Because of the transplantation of human EPCs into a xenogeneic rat model, immunodeficient athymic rnu:rnu rats (5- to 7-week-old females; Charles River, Sulzfeld, Germany) were required. Animals were anesthetized with intramuscular ketamine (100 mg/kg; Curamed) and midazolam (2 mg/kg; Hoffmann-La-Roche). To prevent arrhythmias after cardiac surgery, intramuscular amiodarone (5 mg/kg; Sanofi-Sythelabo) was given prophylactically. An endotracheal tube (17-gauge) was inserted for volume-controlled ventilation of the animals. Open-chest cardiac surgery was performed after left thoracotomy to occlude the left coronary artery by passing a 5-0 suture just under the tip of the left auricle (n=8). Sham-treated animals underwent left thoracotomy and incision of the pericardium (n=8). To reduce postoperative pain, piritramide (2 mg/kg; Janssen-Cilag) was administered. After the chest wound was closed, rnu:rnu rats were allowed to recover for 24 hours before injection of EPCs. DiLDL and 111In-oxine–labeled EPCs were given either by intravenous application into the lateral tail vein (n=8) or with a x-ray-assisted transdiaphragmatic approach for administration into the left ventricular cavity (n=8). Before the latter procedure, contrast medium (Isovist, Schering) was injected transdiaphragmatically into the heart to check left ventricular position under radiographic control. Furthermore, 3 additional animals received free 111In-oxine as radioactivity-positive controls.
Scintigrams of the animals were acquired immediately after tracer injection with a double-headed gamma camera (ECAM, Siemens) equipped with a pinhole collimator with an inset for medium energy. The energy windows were centered at 171 keV±10% and 245 keV±10%.
All animal experiments were performed with approved consent by the Animal Research Committee at the University of Kiel in accordance with federal law (V 252-72241.122-17).
Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining
Hearts of the euthanized animals were perfused with heparinized saline through the cannulated abdominal aorta. Transverse slices of the base, midregion, and apex of the hearts as well as tissue samples from other organs, such as skeletal muscles, lungs, kidneys, liver, and spleen, were obtained. All specimens were weighed, and the count rate was measured in a lead-shielded and calibrated well counter (LB 5310, Berthold) to calculate the specific activity per gram tissue sample after correction for radioactive decay. Furthermore, organ samples were mounted in OCT compound (TissueTek, Sakura) and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen. Sections (5 µm) were then cut and examined for red fluorescent DiLDL-labeled EPCs in the native specimens. To confirm the human origin of the EPCs found in the frozen tissue sections, we used FITC- or phycoerythrin-labeled anti-HLA class I (1:50; Caltag) that specifically recognizes human but not rat major histocompatibility class I molecules. In addition, double-staining with rhodamine-labeled Ulex europaeus lectin (1:150; Vector Laboratories) was performed to confirm the endothelial character of the detected cells. Destruction of cardiac myocytes after myocardial infarction was visualized by staining of myocytes with FITC-conjugated (Pierce) 
-sarcomeric actinin (1:250; Sigma). For immunostaining, sections were incubated with the directly fluorochrome-conjugated antibodies for 1 hour at room temperature. PBS was used for washing between the subsequent incubation steps. Fluorescence was visualized with an Axiovert 100 M microscope (Zeiss) equipped with a digital camera (Axiocam; Zeiss) and imaging software (Axiovision; Zeiss).
Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean±SD. Unpaired, 2-tailed t test was used for the comparison of continuous variables. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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In Vitro Labeling of EPCs With 111In-oxine
Human EPCs were cultivated, and the endothelial phenotype was confirmed by demonstration of endothelial marker proteins such as VE-cadherin, KDR, von Willebrand factor, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase as previously described.12,13
To test the efficiency of the labeling, EPCs were incubated with 15 MBq 111In-oxine in serum-free EBM between 10 and 60 minutes. A time-dependent incorporation of 111In-oxine was observed with a maximum efficiency after 60 minutes (Figure 1A), resulting in an overall labeling efficiency of 67±13%. Next, we investigated whether the labeling affects cell viability or function. Therefore, LDH release was measured as a marker for cell death in the cell culture supernatant. However, up to 96 hours after 111In-oxine labeling, LDH activity in the replated radiolabeled EPCs was not significantly different from controls, with 96.3±5.7% of unlabeled cells at 96 hours after labeling (n=3). Moreover, the functional activity of EPCs was assessed by DiLDL uptake. The number of cells that actively took up DiLDL was 93.4±3.9% (n=3) of the number of DiLDL+ cells in unlabeled EPCs after 48 hours and 90.2±4.7% after 96 hours (n=3). Similarly, the functional capacity of EPCs to migrate in response to vascular endothelial growth factor in a modified Boyden chamber assay was not affected by radiolabeling when radiolabeled EPCs were compared with their unlabeled controls (Figure 1B). To determine the leakage of 111In into the supernatant, we checked the activity of 111In in the supernatants as well as in the adherently growing EPCs. We found that 39.3±2.1% of the 111In incorporated into EPCs was retained after 48 hours and 22.0±7.5% after 96 hours.
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Distribution of EPCs in Rats
In the first set of experiments, radioactively labeled human EPCs were infused intravenously in sham-operated (n=4) or infarcted (n=4) athymic immunodeficient nude rats. Scintigraphic images of the animals were acquired with a gamma camera with pinhole collimators (Figure 2). Images were obtained after injection and then 24, 48, and 96 hours later.
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Immediately after injection of the EPCs, a high tracer accumulation was found in the liver, kidneys, and spleen, which increased to 71.8±13.7% of the injected activity at 60 minutes. No radioactivity was visible in bones, suggesting that EPCs do not accumulate in the bone marrow to a significant extent within the first 24 hours. The tracer distribution did not show major changes up to 96 hours after injection, at which time 71.0±7.1% of the whole-body activity was detectable in liver, kidneys, and spleen. Furthermore, there was still no bone marrow uptake. Using a pinhole collimator, the increase in ischemia-induced heart uptake compared with sham-operated controls is readily visible (Figure 2). After 96 hours, animals were killed, and the specific radioactivity was measured in different tissues. Consistent with the in vivo images, the majority of the radioactivity was detected in spleen and liver (Figure 3A) after intravenous injection. In sham-operated animals, only 1% of the injected radioactivity was detected in the heart. The specific heart radioactivity was 9543±1142 cpm/g tissue. The ratio of specific radioactivity of the heart compared with peripheral skeletal muscle tissue was 1.02±0.19 in sham-operated animals. After the induction of myocardial infarction, this ratio increased significantly, to 2.03±0.37 (P<0.05) (Figure 3B) according to a specific heart activity of 28 376±1851 cpm/g (P<0.05).
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To investigate whether a local administration of EPCs increased the homing of EPCs to the heart, EPCs were injected into the left ventricular cavity. Overall, a similar distribution of radioactive EPCs was found (Figure 3A). However, both the heart specific radioactivity and the heart-to-muscle specific radioactivity ratio were increased significantly, to 24 192±7097 cpm/g tissue and 2.69±1.54, respectively, in sham-operated animals when EPCs were injected into the left ventricular cavity compared with intravenous infusion (Figure 3B). Moreover, the heart-to-muscle specific radioactivity ratio increased further, to 4.70±1.55, with a specific heart radioactivity of 57 273±22 418 cpm/g tissue (P<0.05 versus sham-operated) when EPCs were infused into the left ventricular cavity in rats with previous infarction (Figure 3B). The amount of radioactivity in the whole heart under these conditions corresponded to 3% of the injected EPCs, or 3x104 EPCs.
In animals treated with 111In-oxine (n=3) alone, a different tracer distribution (data not shown) was observed with a high blood pool activity up to 96 hours after injection because of the strong affinity of oxine to serum transferrin. According to the scintigrams, blood samples showed a >25-fold higher specific blood activity compared with animals treated with 111In-oxine–labeled EPCs.
In rats without any surgical pretreatment (n=3), no significant differences were found for the specific heart radioactivity compared with sham-operated animals. These findings exclude the operation itself as a reason for the cardiac homing of EPCs as observed in sham-operated and infarcted animals.
Detection of EPCs by DiLDL Fluorescence and Immunostaining
To confirm the results obtained by measuring the radioactivity and to gain further insights into the morphology of the EPCs in the different tissues, tissue sections were analyzed. Therefore, EPCs were incubated with DiLDL before radioactive labeling was performed to allow for detection of DiLDL labeling in fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, EPCs were also detected by immunostaining with anti–human HLA antibodies. EPCs were rarely found in the heart of sham-operated animals (data not shown). In contrast, hearts of infarcted rats revealed positive staining for DiLDL and human HLA (48.3±21 EPCs per infarct zone; Figure 4, A and B). Consistent with previous studies,1 EPCs were detected predominantly in the border zone of the infarct, as evidenced by visualizing neighboring intact cardiac myocytes with -sarcomeric actinin (Figure 4B). The endothelial character was demonstrated further by Ulex europaeus lectin (Figure 4B). Of note, 96 hours after infarction, EPCs did not yet form vessel-like structures. However, when animals were killed 25 days after the EPC injection, DiLDL-labeled EPCs were integrated and revealed a differentiated phenotype (data not shown).
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In addition, tissue sections of the other organs, in which the majority of the radioactivity was detected, were analyzed. In spleen, DiLDL-labeled EPCs were found predominantly in the marginal zone around lymphoid follicles and in the red pulp (Figure 4C). In contrast, in liver and kidney, DiLDL-labeled EPCs were rarely detectable, although 70% of the radioactivity remained in these organs. These results were confirmed by immunostaining for human HLA (data not shown).
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Discussion |
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The results of our study demonstrate that radiolabeling with 111In-oxine is a useful method for the in vivo monitoring of the fate of infused progenitor cells. Radioactive labeling does not seem to affect cell viability or EPC function, as shown by measurements of LDH release and DiLDL uptake. Furthermore, radioactively labeled EPCs were well incorporated and revealed a differentiated phenotype in animals 25 days after infarction.
Our data reveal that the absolute level of intravenously injected EPCs homing to the heart is 1% of the injected radioactivity. Intravenous infusion of EPCs after infarction increased the number of EPCs in the heart significantly, 2-fold. This is in accordance with previous studies that demonstrate that tissue ischemia is a major stimulus for incorporation of circulating progenitor cells.2–4,14,15 However, even after infarction, the absolute number of EPCs detected in the heart is rather low. Thus, the number of cells that can be isolated from peripheral blood might be one major limitation for potential cell therapy. Homing of EPCs might be increased by injection of EPCs into the left ventricular cavity. Indeed, the incorporation of radioactivity into the heart in rats after myocardial infarction increased significantly, by 4.7-fold, compared with intravenous injection in sham-operated animals when EPCs were injected into the left ventricular cavity. In line with this finding, more EPCs were detectable by immunostaining and fluorescence microscopy after intracavitary injection (data not shown). One may speculate that an intracoronary infusion in humans might even further enhance the local accumulation of progenitor cells in the myocardium.
At both 1 and 96 hours after injection, radioactivity was detected predominantly in spleen, liver, and kidneys. Fluorescence microscopy and immunostaining revealed that in the spleen, intact EPCs localized primarily to lymphoid follicles, especially around marginal zones, as expected, because the spleen is known to be the major site for homing of immunocompetent cells.16–18
In contrast, although the radioactivity was high in liver and kidneys, EPCs were rarely detectable in these organs after 96 hours. Leakage of 111In from labeled cells has been described to be the reason for the high uptake of radioactivity in liver and kidney.19 In lymphocytes, a 70% loss of radioactivity was reported at 24 hours after cell labeling. Slightly better results were obtained in our study, with a loss of 61% of 111In from radiolabeled EPCs in vitro within 48 hours. Because of excretion through renal and hepatobiliary pathways, these organs exhibited a high specific activity that was not bound to EPCs, as confirmed by fluorescence microscopy and immunostaining. The nonspecific tracer signal caused by in vivo efflux of 111In, however, does not seem to be a major concern outside the liver and kidneys. The significant difference in specific heart uptake after myocardial infarction does indeed represent the tissue distribution of engrafted EPCs, as confirmed by colabeling of EPCs with DiLDL.
111In-oxine is a well-known, safe, and commercially available radioactive tracer for monitoring blood cells, for example, leukocytes, for inflammation scintigraphy.6 Regarding the physical half-life of 111In of 2.8 days, it allows us to follow up cell distribution for 5 to 7 days, which we considered a clear advantage over other tracers, such as 99m[Tc]technetium-labeled hexamethylpropylene amine oxime (HMPAO), with a physical half-life of 6 hours. The limitation of 111In, however, is its high -energy of 171 and 245 keV, which requires the use of medium-energy collimators. Although the spatial resolution (>12 mm) of these collimators is rather poor, it is sufficient for clinical application in patients. However, in nude rats with a mean weight of <200 g and a heart size just in the range of the collimator resolution, the rather low uptake of EPCs in the heart cannot be distinguished from the high tracer accumulation in the adjacent liver and spleen. An alternative to increase resolution is the use of a pinhole collimator. In our study, we could show that only pinhole collimators were appropriate tools to obtain a resolution high enough to clearly discriminate the increase in radioactivity in animals with myocardial infarctions. Moreover, for small-animal studies, the use of positron emission tomography with a high spatial resolution would be the ideal imaging modality.20 However, when testing the widely available [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose as a label, an insufficient labeling efficiency of human EPCs was obtained (data not shown). 64Cu has also been shown to be an alternative positron emission tomography tracer for cell labeling, with a potentially suitable half-life of 12.7 hours,21 but this tracer requires generation by a cyclotron. Therefore, to extend the feasibility of progenitor cell transplantation imaging to routine clinical application, we decided to use 111In-labeled EPCs, despite the limited resolution in rats, and to combine scintigraphic imaging with in vitro measurement of tissue specific activities in the heart and various other organs for this experimental setting.
In summary, the results of this study demonstrate that 111In-oxine is a useful tracer for in vivo monitoring of transplanted EPCs in a rat model of myocardial infarction. Thus, radioactive labeling with 111In-oxine may provide a noninvasive imaging approach to assess the fate and tissue distribution of transplanted progenitor cells during clinical cell therapy.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by a young investigator grant from the University of Frankfurt (Dr Aicher), a research grant from the University of Kiel (Dr Brenner), and by research grants (Di 600/4-1) from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Dr Dimmeler). We thank Christiane Mildner-Rihm, Marion Muhly-Reinholz, and Kerstin Brötzmann for excellent technical assistance. We are grateful for the use of the animal surgery facilities at the Department of General and Thoracic Surgery and are indebted to Rosemarie Grams (Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology), Dr Hans-Ulrich Wottge (Animal Center), and Kerstin Gelhaus (Department of Pathology), all at the University of Kiel.
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Footnotes |
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*The first 2 authors contributed equally to this work.
Received November 21, 2002; revision received January 21, 2003; accepted January 21, 2003.
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References |
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V. Schachinger, A. Aicher, N. Dobert, R. Rover, J. Diener, S. Fichtlscherer, B. Assmus, F. H. Seeger, C. Menzel, W. Brenner, et al. Pilot Trial on Determinants of Progenitor Cell Recruitment to the Infarcted Human Myocardium Circulation, September 30, 2008; 118(14): 1425 - 1432. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Li and R. L. Silverstein Biological Surgery: Synergetic Angiogenic Therapy Using Coadministration of Two Progenitor Cell Populations Circ. Res., September 26, 2008; 103(7): 684 - 686. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Foubert, G. Matrone, B. Souttou, C. Lere-Dean, V. Barateau, J. Plouet, S. Le Ricousse-Roussanne, B. I. Levy, J.-S. Silvestre, and G. Tobelem Coadministration of Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells Enhances the Efficiency of Proangiogenic Cell-Based Therapy Circ. Res., September 26, 2008; 103(7): 751 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ryzhov, N. V. Solenkova, A. E. Goldstein, M. Lamparter, T. Fleenor, P. P. Young, J. P. Greelish, J. G. Byrne, D. E. Vaughan, I. Biaggioni, et al. Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Adhesion of Endothelial Progenitors to Cardiac Microvascular Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., February 15, 2008; 102(3): 356 - 363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Guo, H. Kh. Haider, W. S.N. Shim, R.-S. Tan, L. Ye, S. Jiang, P. K. Law, P. Wong, and E. K.W. Sim Myoblast-based cardiac repair: xenomyoblast versus allomyoblast transplantation. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., November 1, 2007; 134(5): 1332 - 1339. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Doyle, B. J. Kemp, P. Chareonthaitawee, C. Reed, J. Schmeckpeper, P. Sorajja, S. Russell, P. Araoz, S. J. Riederer, and N. M. Caplice Dynamic Tracking During Intracoronary Injection of 18F-FDG-Labeled Progenitor Cell Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Nucl. Med., October 1, 2007; 48(10): 1708 - 1714. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. Wu, F. M. Bengel, and S. S. Gambhir Cardiovascular Molecular Imaging Radiology, August 1, 2007; 244(2): 337 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Saeed, D. Saloner, A. Martin, L. Do, O. Weber, P. C. Ursell, A. Jacquier, R. Lee, and C. B. Higgins Adeno-associated Viral Vector-Encoding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene: Effect on Cardiovascular MR Perfusion and Infarct Resorption Measurements in Swine Radiology, May 1, 2007; 243(2): 451 - 460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. L.T. Ballard and J. M. Edelberg Stem Cells and the Regeneration of the Aging Cardiovascular System Circ. Res., April 27, 2007; 100(8): 1116 - 1127. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-A. Renault and D. W. Losordo The Matrix Revolutions: Matrix Metalloproteinase, Vasculogenesis, and Ischemic Tissue Repair Circ. Res., March 30, 2007; 100(6): 749 - 750. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Zhou, P. D. Acton, and V. A. Ferrari Imaging Stem Cells Implanted in Infarcted Myocardium J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 21, 2006; 48(10): 2094 - 2106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Ishikawa, M. Eguchi, M. Wada, Y. Iwami, K. Tono, H. Iwaguro, H. Masuda, T. Tamaki, and T. Asahara Establishment of a Functionally Active Collagen-Binding Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Fusion Protein In Situ Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, September 1, 2006; 26(9): 1998 - 2004. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Wu, J. E. Ip, J. Huang, L. Zhang, K. Matsushita, C.-C. Liew, R. E. Pratt, and V. J. Dzau Essential Role of ICAM-1/CD18 in Mediating EPC Recruitment, Angiogenesis, and Repair to the Infarcted Myocardium Circ. Res., August 4, 2006; 99(3): 315 - 322. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. J. Kang, H.-J. Kang, H.-S. Kim, J.-K. Chung, M. C. Lee, and D. S. Lee Tissue Distribution of 18F-FDG-Labeled Peripheral Hematopoietic Stem Cells After Intracoronary Administration in Patients with Myocardial Infarction J. Nucl. Med., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1295 - 1301. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. E. Murry, H. Reinecke, and L. M. Pabon Regeneration Gaps: Observations on Stem Cells and Cardiac Repair J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 2, 2006; 47(9): 1777 - 1785. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-H. Yoon, J. Hur, I.-Y. Oh, K.-W. Park, T.-Y. Kim, J.-H. Shin, J.-H. Kim, C.-S. Lee, J.-K. Chung, Y.-B. Park, et al. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Is Upregulated in Ischemic Muscle, Which Mediates Trafficking of Endothelial Progenitor Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2006; 26(5): 1066 - 1072. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. G.P. Welt and D. W. Losordo Cell Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Curb Your Enthusiasm? Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): 1272 - 1274. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ince, M. Petzsch, H. D. Kleine, H. Schmidt, T. Rehders, T. Korber, C. Schumichen, M. Freund, and C. A. Nienaber Preservation From Left Ventricular Remodeling by Front-Integrated Revascularization and Stem Cell Liberation in Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction by Use of Granulocyte-Colony-Stimulating Factor (FIRSTLINE-AMI) Circulation, November 15, 2005; 112(20): 3097 - 3106. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. L. Kraitchman, M. Tatsumi, W. D. Gilson, T. Ishimori, D. Kedziorek, P. Walczak, W. P. Segars, H. H. Chen, D. Fritzges, I. Izbudak, et al. Dynamic Imaging of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells Trafficking to Myocardial Infarction Circulation, September 6, 2005; 112(10): 1451 - 1461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ince, M. Petzsch, H. D. Kleine, H. Eckard, T. Rehders, D. Burska, S. Kische, M. Freund, and C. A. Nienaber Prevention of Left Ventricular Remodeling With Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor After Acute Myocardial Infarction: Final 1-year Results of the Front-Integrated Revascularization and Stem Cell Liberation in Evolving Acute Myocardial Infarction by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (FIRSTLINE-AMI) Trial Circulation, August 30, 2005; 112(9_suppl): I-73 - I-80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Hofmann, K. C. Wollert, G. P. Meyer, A. Menke, L. Arseniev, B. Hertenstein, A. Ganser, W. H. Knapp, and H. Drexler Monitoring of Bone Marrow Cell Homing Into the Infarcted Human Myocardium Circulation, May 3, 2005; 111(17): 2198 - 2202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Galli, A. Innocenzi, L. Staszewsky, L. Zanetta, M. Sampaolesi, A. Bai, E. Martinoli, E. Carlo, G. Balconi, F. Fiordaliso, et al. Mesoangioblasts, Vessel-Associated Multipotent Stem Cells, Repair the Infarcted Heart by Multiple Cellular Mechanisms: A Comparison With Bone Marrow Progenitors, Fibroblasts, and Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2005; 25(4): 692 - 697. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. C. Wollert and H. Drexler Clinical Applications of Stem Cells for the Heart Circ. Res., February 4, 2005; 96(2): 151 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. M. Tepper, J. M. Capla, R. D. Galiano, D. J. Ceradini, M. J. Callaghan, M. E. Kleinman, and G. C. Gurtner Adult vasculogenesis occurs through in situ recruitment, proliferation, and tubulization of circulating bone marrow-derived cells Blood, February 1, 2005; 105(3): 1068 - 1077. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Chavakis, A. Aicher, C. Heeschen, K.-i. Sasaki, R. Kaiser, N. El Makhfi, C. Urbich, T. Peters, K. Scharffetter-Kochanek, A. M. Zeiher, et al. Role of {beta}2-integrins for homing and neovascularization capacity of endothelial progenitor cells J. Exp. Med., January 3, 2005; 201(1): 63 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. V. Frangioni and R. J. Hajjar In Vivo Tracking of Stem Cells for Clinical Trials in Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, November 23, 2004; 110(21): 3378 - 3383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Gibbons and P. A. Araoz The year in cardiac imaging J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 16, 2004; 44(10): 1937 - 1944. [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Y.W. Lew Mobilizing cells to the injured myocardium: A novel rescue strategy or an unwelcome intrusion? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 6, 2004; 44(7): 1521 - 1522. [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Hattan, D. Warltier, W. Gu, C. Kolz, W. M. Chilian, and D. Weihrauch Autologous vascular smooth muscle cell-based myocardial gene therapy to induce coronary collateral growth Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H488 - H493. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Jevremovic, R. Gulati, I. Hennig, R. M. Diaz, C. Cole, L. Kleppe, F. L. Cosset, R. D. Simari, and R. G. Vile Use of blood outgrowth endothelial cells as virus-producing vectors for gene delivery to tumors Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): H494 - H500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. J. Rabelink, H. C. de Boer, E. J.P. de Koning, and A.-J. van Zonneveld Endothelial Progenitor Cells: More Than an Inflammatory Response? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2004; 24(5): 834 - 838. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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W. Brenner, A. Aicher, T. Eckey, S. Massoudi, M. Zuhayra, U. Koehl, C. Heeschen, W. U. Kampen, A. M. Zeiher, S. Dimmeler, et al. 111In-Labeled CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells in a Rat Myocardial Infarction Model J. Nucl. Med., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 512 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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