Published online before print April 21, 2003, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000065637.10517.A0
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(Circulation. 2003;107:1991.)
© 2003 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Uric Acid and Survival in Chronic Heart Failure
Validation and Application in Metabolic, Functional, and Hemodynamic Staging
From the Applied Cachexia Research Unit (S.D.A., W.D.) of the Department of Cardiology (K.J.O.), Charité, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Cardiology (S.D.A., W.D., M.R., R.S., D.F., C.H.D., M.C., W.S., F.L., P.P., A.J.S.C.), NHLI, Imperial College, London, UK; German Heart Institute Berlin (C.K., R.H.), Germany; Department of Biochemistry (M.K.), Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK; and Discovery Laboratories Inc (R.S.), Doylestown, Pa.
Correspondence to Dr Stefan Anker, NHLI, Dovehouse St, London SW3 6LY, UK. E-mail s.anker{at}ic.ac.uk
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Abstract |
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Background— Serum uric acid (UA) could be a valid prognostic marker and useful for metabolic, hemodynamic, and functional (MFH) staging in chronic heart failure (CHF).
Methods and Results— For the derivation study, 112 patients with CHF (age 59±12 years, peak oxygen consumption [
O2] 17±7 mL/kg per minute) were recruited. In separate studies, we validated the prognostic value of UA (n=182) and investigated the relationship between MFH score and the decision to list patients for heart transplantation (n=120). In the derivation study, the best mortality predicting UA cutoff (at 12 months) was 565 µmol/L (9.50 mg/dL) (independently of age, peak O2, left ventricular ejection fraction, diuretic dose, sodium, creatinine, and urea; P<0.0001). In the validation study, UA 
565 µmol/L predicted mortality (hazard ratio, 7.14; P<0.0001). In 16 patients (from both studies) with UA 565 µmol/L, left ventricular ejection fraction 
25% and peak O2 14 mL/kg per min (MFH score 3), 12-month survival was lowest (31%) compared with patients with 2 (64%), 1 (77%), or no (98%, P<0.0001) risk factor. In an independent study, 51% of patients with MFH score 2 and 81% of patients with MFH score 3 were listed for transplantation. The positive predictive value of not being listed for heart transplantation with an MFH score of 0 or 1 was 100%.
Conclusions— High serum UA levels are a strong, independent marker of impaired prognosis in patients with moderate to severe CHF. The relationship between serum UA and survival in CHF is graded. MFH staging of patients with CHF is feasible.
Key Words: heart failure • prognosis • hemodynamics
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Introduction |
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Numerous parameters are capable of predicting prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Many of the modern parameters are only assessed by using research tests that are not widely available. There is a need for simple parameters that can be measured anywhere at low cost. Very few attempts have been made to develop scoring systems to predict prognosis in patients with CHF,1,2 but these are not simple enough for general application. For prognostication in CHF, the following 3 main areas of relatively independent importance emerge: (1) a hemodynamic factor (for example, left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]); (2) the patient’s functional status (eg, peak oxygen consumption [
O2]); and (3) a metabolic factor, including the neuroendocrine and immunologic processes.3 Consequently, we have previously proposed a metabolic, functional, and hemodynamic (MFH) staging system for the assessment of prognosis in CHF.3 Such a system would depend on a straightforward metabolic marker. We propose that the latter could be serum uric acid (UA) levels.
See p 1951
In CHF, hyperuricemia (independent of kidney function and diuretic dose) is a marker of impaired oxidative metabolism and hyperinsulinemia,4–6 inflammatory cytokine activation,7 and impaired vascular function.8,9 The relationship of UA to kidney function and diuretic dose may additionally increase the value of UA as prognostic marker. In one study, it has been suggested that in CHF, UA levels reflect the degree of circulating xanthine oxidase (XO) activity.10 The XO system is an important source of oxygen free radicals.11 Additionally, via degradation of accumulated purines, UA is a general marker of cell death (see Figure 1). In CHF, weight loss is linked to impaired survival12 but also to hyperuricemia.9 We hypothesized that UA might be a widely available and powerful prognosticator. We also hypothesized that patients with high UA levels and low peak O2 and LVEF would have a particularly poor prognosis.
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Methods |
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We assessed the relationship between survival and UA in 112 extensively evaluated patients with CHF who (between April 1992 and August 1997) were prospectively recruited into a long-term metabolic study program (derivation sample). The local ethics committee approved this study. All patients gave informed consent. To validate our results, we used a patient sample comprising all CHF outpatients of our hospital not recruited for the derivation study and in whom UA had been determined as part of routine outpatient procedures between 1992 and January 1999 (n=182, validation study). In these patients, we tested the principal results and best cutoff values as derived from the derivation study. In these patients, we recorded the results of treadmill exercise testing and radionuclide ventriculography if these had been performed within 4 months of the UA assessment, provided patients had been clinically stable and not hospitalized.
In 194 patients (from both studies), we were able to calculate post hoc the 7-parameter heart failure survival score (HFSS)1 and compared its prognostic value with that of UA. Finally, we aimed to document the survival of patients with CHF in relation to a 3 risk factor model, comprised of 3 parameters: a high UA level (cutoff from the derivation sample) as marker of metabolic status (M), a marker of low functional capacity (peak O2 14 mL/kg per minute13) (F), and a marker of poor cardiac function (LVEF 25%14) (H).
In all patients, CHF was diagnosed on the basis of standard criteria, and evidence of left ventricular enlargement or systolic functional impairment by radionuclide ventriculography, chest x-ray, or echocardiography was present (Table 1). Patients with chronic lung disease, myocardial infarction (within 12 weeks), or severe renal failure were excluded. All patients were treated as clinically indicated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (85%), diuretics (89%; spironolactone, 7%), digitalis (24%), nitrates (24%), calcium antagonists (11%), aspirin (9%), warfarin (17%), and ß-blockers (6%) in varying combinations (derivation versus validation study, P>0.05; on allopurinol, none). Venous blood samples (10 mL) were taken after 10 minutes of rest in a semirecumbent position for assessment of UA (uricase-peroxidase method, unit for UA: µmol/L; 59.48 µmol/L=1 mg/dL=1 mg %) and other parameters.
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Follow-Up
Follow-up for survival (as of September 10, 2001) was available in February 2002 from the Office of National Statistics, where all patients had been flagged for reports of death. The study focused on all-cause mortality. Major events included heart transplantation (5 patients, 2 died, 3 still alive) or implantation of a permanent ventricular assist device (1 patient, subsequently died). Patients were censored alive at the time of these events.
MFH Score and Transplantation Evaluation
We retrospectively analyzed 120 consecutive patients (without major contraindications for heart transplantation) who underwent full assessment for heart transplantation eligibility in the German Heart Institute in Berlin between January and June 1999. In all patients, the MFH score was calculated retrospectively on the basis of results that were determined during the patients’ transplantation evaluation visit. At the time the responsible physicians had access to these individual results, but they were not aware of the MFH score or of our data on UA and prognosis.
Statistics
All results are presented as mean±SD. Group differences were assessed by unpaired Student’s t tests. Cox proportional hazard analysis was used to assess the association between variables and mortality. Hazard ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for risk factors and significance levels for 
2 (likelihood ratio test) are given. Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival plots were constructed (StatView 4.5, Abacus Concepts). Because we considered sensitivity and specificity of equal importance, in ROC analyses, the best prognosticators for survival status were considered to be those parameters that gave the highest product of sensitivity and specificity for predicting death at the respective times.15
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Results |
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Derivation Study
The range of observed UA levels was between 187 and 930 µmol/L (UA <400 µmol/L; n=34 [30%]). During follow-up (51±39 months), 69 deaths were observed (12-month mortality, 24% [95% CI, 16 to 32]). Survivors had mean UA levels of 438±108 µmol/L (nonsurvivors, 544±163 µmol/L; P=0.0003).
UA (hazard ratio, 1.00498 [1.00322 to 1.00674]), urea, age, peak O2 (all P<0.001), LVEF (P=0.003), creatinine, sodium, and frusemide equivalent dose (all P<0.03) predicted mortality (Table 2). UA levels above the median (>484.5 µmol/L; RR 2.6 [95% CI, 1.6 to 4.3]; 2=15.6; P<0.0001), in the highest tertile (565 µmol/L; RR 3.9 [2.4 to 6.4], 2=26.9; P<0.0001), and in the highest quartile (595 µmol/L, RR 3.2 [1.9 to 5.4], 2=17.8; P<0.0001) were all predictive of impaired survival. In ROC analyses, the best UA level for predicting survival status at 12 or 18 months was 565 µmol/L [9.50 mg/dL] (see the online Data Supplement).
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Validation Study
These 182 outpatients were older than the derivation study patients, and they had a somewhat better LVEF (Table 1). Mean UA levels were 466±155 µmol/L (range, 106 to 1251 µmol/L, <400 µmol/L; n=64 [35%]). During follow-up (41±23 months), 59 deaths were observed (12-month mortality, 15% [10% to 20%]). Survivors had mean UA levels of 418±102 µmol/L (nonsurvivors, 565±195 µmol/L; P<0.0001). Also in the validation sample, UA levels predicted mortality (RR 1.00532 [1.00400 to 1.00666]; 2=46.4; P<0.0001). For every 100-µmol/L increase in UA, the risk of death increased by 53% (31.7% risk increase for every 1 mg/dL increase in UA).
UA levels 565 µmol/L (RR 7.14 [4.20 to 12.15], 2=43.5) strongly related to increased mortality (P<0.0001, Figure 2). The survival of patients with UA 565 µmol/L was 52% at 12 months [34% to 70%] and 36% at 24 months [18% to 53%]. In patients with UA <565 µmol/L, survival was 92% [88% to 96%] and 86% [80% to 92%] at 12 and 24 months, respectively. In a multivariate Cox model with 7 variables (n=113), only UA (P<0.0001), LVEF (P<0.04), and peak O2 (P<0.005) predicted prognosis (creatinine, sodium, urea, and age; all P>0.3).
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Graded Relation Between UA and Survival
Considering all 294 patients with CHF, we found a graded relationship between serum UA and mortality in CHF (2=76.2, P<0.0001, Figure 3). Patients with normal UA (400 µmol/L) had best survival (at 12 months, 93%) compared with patients with UA between 401 and 600 µmol/L (87%, RR 1.76 [1.11 to 2.78]), patients with UA between 601 and 800 µmol/L (54%, RR 6.27 [3.73 to 10.54]), and patients with UA >800 µmol/L (17%, RR 18.53 [9.18 to 37.42]).
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Uric Acid, HFSS Score, and MFH Score
In 194 patients, data were available to calculate the 7-parameter HFSS score (mean, 8.56±1.24; see the online Data Supplement). The HFSS score had prognostic power at its 3 risk levels1 (2=39.1, P<0.0001) and as continuous variable (2=45.4, P<0.0001), which was similar to that of UA in these patients (2=54.0, P<0.0001). Both HFSS and UA predicted prognosis independently of each other, regardless of whether the parameters were treated as continuous or categorical variables (all P<0.0001). There was a continuous relationship between the estimated probability of death within 1 year and UA levels within each of the HFSS strata (Figure 4A). Applying the best UA cutoff (565 µmol/L) to the HFSS subgrouping improved the positive and negative discriminatory power for survival prediction in all HFSS strata (Figure 4B). The relationship between MFH score and survival is shown in Figure 5.
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MFH Staging and Heart Transplantation (German Heart Institute Berlin)
The MFH score was determined in 120 patients with CHF (female, 15) with the following clinical characteristics: age 53±8 years, NYHA class 2.5±0.7, treadmill peak O2 14.3±4.4 mL/kg per minute, LVEF 23±8%, and UA 469±145 µmol/L. Of 20 patients with MFH score 0 and 35 patients with MFH score 1, none was listed for heart transplantation. Of 47 patients with MFH score 2, 24 patients (51%) were listed, whereas 16 of 18 patients with MFH score 3 (89%) were listed for heart transplantation. The positive predictive value of not being listed for heart transplantation with MFH score 0 or 1 was 100%. By the end of 1999, of 40 patients listed for transplantation, 8 patients (20%) had been transplanted, 3 patients (7.5%) had received a ventricular assist device, and 13 patients (32%) had died.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This study documents and validates that high serum UA levels are a strong, independent marker of impaired prognosis in patients with moderate to severe CHF. The relationship between serum UA and survival in CHF is graded. The assessment of UA provides information independently of and better than other well-established parameters, such as the clinical status, exercise capacity, and parameters of kidney function. In CHF, individualized treatment is needed to achieve optimal outcome. This requires reliable assessment of individual prognosis. One prognostic stratification system has previously been validated (the 7-parameter HFSS score1). This computer-based system may not be simple enough for routine application. We have now shown that UA predicts prognosis as well as and independently of the HFSS score. Adding UA to the HFSS score improves its prognostic power. We suggest in the light of its wide availability and very low cost that UA determination should be considered a routine measurement in the assessment and follow-up for patients with heart failure.
Hyperuricemia has been suggested to reflect raised XO activity in CHF.10 The XO enzyme system is an important source of oxygen free radicals.11 The latter provides the pathophysiological link of UA with a large variety of detrimental processes, including increased cytokine production, cell apoptosis, and endothelial dysfunction. In a prospective series of studies on patients with CHF, we have previously shown that hyperuricemia relates to many of these abnormalities6–9 independently of diuretic treatment and markers of kidney function. Therefore, serum UA may be a valid metabolic marker in CHF.
The activity of XO within the myocardium is discussed controversially. A significant source of confusion is the large interspecies variability in tissue expression of XO.16. For example, myocardial XO enzyme activity was found high in the dog17 and rat18 but low in the rabbit19 and pig.20 In humans, studies report myocardial XO activity to be either high,21 low,22 or undetectable.23,24 Although there is some considerable evidence that suggests that the enzyme XO may indeed be expressed in the human myocardium,25–27 we believe that the effect may be local. No systemic effects from the myocardial activity of XO have been reported.
We propose to apply MFH assessments for staging of patients with CHF. It is widely accepted that an exercise test with gas exchange analysis is ideal to assess functional capacity of patients with CHF objectively.28 When the main result of this test (peak O2 <14 mL/kg per minute; yes or no) was complemented with the results of LVEF assessments (25%; yes or no) and a simple blood test (UA 565 µmol/L [9.50 mg/dL]; yes or no), we were able to distinguish 4 risk groups, ranging from very low mortality (MFH 0, 9% at 3 years) to extremely high mortality (MFH 3, 87.5% at 18 months). It appears logical that these patient groups may need different follow-up strategies. MFH staging may be helpful to guide in the decision of whether to transfer a patient to a heart transplantation center.
The application of our staging system needs to be additionally investigated. Peak O2 may be replaceable by simpler measures, such as the 6-minute walk distance. Equally, some might want to use higher LVEF cutoffs or replace LVEF with brain natriuretic peptide levels. The ultimate validation would be to test whether tailoring treatment with this (or any) staging system would improve morbidity and mortality compared with a scenario in which treatment is individualized but formal staging is not used. The role of a genetic predisposition as a potential fourth prognostic factor needs to be assessed in the future, but it is conceivable that the genetic status is already reflected in one of the other factors.
Whether UA could be used to diagnose heart failure or to predict the mode of death is not known. We suggest that UA could be used to monitor metabolic status in CHF and hence to monitor CHF therapy concerning metabolic effects. It has been shown that hyperuricemia in the general population is independently associated with all-cause, total cardiovascular, and ischemic heart disease mortality.29 Therefore, assessing UA may be of general value in health and illness.
Changes in underlying therapy may impact the prognostic value of parameters.30 It may be a limitation, therefore, that in our studies relatively few patients were taking ß-blockers. Preliminary analyses indicate that also in the ELITE II population, UA is a strong independent prognosticator, which is also independent of concomitant ß-blocker therapy (unpublished observation, 2002). For patients with CHF, the direct effects of UA have not been assessed in detail. To therapeutically target UA, one could use uricosuric treatments (to increase excretion of UA) or one could inhibit production of UA by inhibiting XO (with drugs like allopurinol). Emerging data suggest that the latter indeed may be beneficial in CHF.31
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Acknowledgments |
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Dr Anker is supported by a donation from Dr Hubert Bailey and the Vendervell Fellowship. Applied Cachexia Research (SDA) is supported by a grant from the Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany. The Department of Clinical Cardiology is supported by the British Heart Foundation.
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Footnotes |
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The online-only Data Supplement is available at http://www.circulationaha.org.
Received September 6, 2002; revision received January 21, 2003; accepted January 21, 2003.
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References |
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J. G. Duncan, R. Ravi, L. B. Stull, and A. M. Murphy Chronic xanthine oxidase inhibition prevents myofibrillar protein oxidation and preserves cardiac function in a transgenic mouse model of cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): H1512 - H1518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Kittleson and J. M. Hare Xanthine oxidase inhibitors: an emerging class of drugs for heart failure Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2005; 26(15): 1458 - 1460. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Rossig, S. Fichtlscherer, C. Heeschen, J. Berger, S. Dimmeler, and A. M. Zeiher The pro-apoptotic serum activity is an independent mortality predictor of patients with heart failure Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2004; 25(18): 1620 - 1625. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Kearney, J. Nolan, and For the UK-HEART Study Investigators Uric Acid and Prognosis in Chronic Heart Failure Circulation, November 25, 2003; 108 (21): e148 - e148. [Full Text] [PDF]
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