Published online before print July 1, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000023623.87083.4F
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(Circulation. 2002;106:484.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Decreased Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in Human Serum Paraoxonase Transgenic Mice
From the Department of Medicine (A.T., Y.-R.X., X.-P.W., Y.-S.S., C.P., L.W.C., A.J.L., D.M.S.), the Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (A.T., A.J.L.), and the Department of Human Genetics (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles. A. Tward is now at the University of California, San Francisco.
Correspondence to Dr Diana M. Shih, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 47-123 CHS, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1679. E-mail dshih{at}mednet.ucla.edu
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Abstract |
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Background— Serum paraoxonase (PON1), an enzyme carried on HDL, inhibits LDL oxidation, and in human population studies, low PON1 activity is associated with atherosclerosis. In addition, PON1 knockout mice are more susceptible to lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. To evaluate whether PON1 protects against atherosclerosis and lipid oxidation in a dose-dependent manner, we generated and studied human PON1 transgenic mice.
Methods and Results— Human PON1 transgenic mice were produced by using bacterial artificial chromosome genomic clones. The mice had 2- to 4-fold increased plasma PON1 levels, but plasma cholesterol levels were unchanged. Atherosclerotic lesions were significantly reduced in the transgenic mice when both dietary and apoE-null mouse models were used. HDL isolated from the transgenic mice also protected against LDL oxidation more effectively.
Conclusions— Our results indicate that PON1 protects against atherosclerosis in a dose-dependent manner and suggest that it may be a potential target for developing therapeutic agents for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
Key Words: antioxidants • lipoproteins • free radicals • atherosclerosis • genes
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Introduction |
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Mounting evidence points to LDL oxidation as an important etiologic agent of atherosclerosis.1–3 LDL is believed to exit the lumen of arteries and become trapped in the subendothelial space, perhaps by the binding of apoB-100 to intimal proteoglycans. Once trapped, LDL may become oxidized directly by cellular byproducts of respiration or enzymatically by lipoxygenases, myeloperoxidase, NADPH oxidase, cytochrome P-450, and others.3,4 In in vitro assays, this minimally modified LDL is capable of inducing endothelial expression of adhesion molecules, chemokines, and cytokines. This evidence points to a mechanism whereby LDL oxidation is responsible in part for monocyte/macrophage recruitment and differentiation and, hence, the initiation of atherogenesis.
Substantial epidemiological evidence points to an inverse correlation between HDL levels and coronary artery disease.5 One plausible hypothesis explaining this phenomenon is based on the idea that HDL can exert a direct antiatherogenic effect at least in part through preventing LDL oxidation.1–3 Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is a 45-kDa glycoprotein that is expressed in the liver and has been found to be associated with HDL particles in the blood.6,7 PON1 was initially identified for its ability to hydrolyze organophosphate insecticides.8 More recently, PON1 has been shown to prevent LDL oxidation in vitro,9,10 and decreased levels of PON1 are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.10–12 In studies with PON1 knockout (KO) mice, PON1 has been shown to be both necessary and sufficient for the in vitro protective effects of HDL on LDL oxidation and monocyte transmigration.13 Furthermore, when both dietary and apoE-null models were used, PON1 KO mice exhibited an 
2-fold increase in atherosclerosis.13,14
The present study aims to provide additional in vivo evidence showing that PON1 protects against atherosclerosis. In particular, we have addressed whether in an in vivo setting PON1 influences atherosclerosis in a dose-dependent manner.
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Methods |
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Cloning and Microinjection of Human PON1 Gene
A clone of the human PON1 gene in a bacterial artificial chromosome vector (GenBank No. AC004022) was purchased from Genome Systems. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction enzyme digestion confirmed that this clone contained leucine and glutamine at codons 55 and 192, respectively. This clone, designated pPON1, was purified by CsCl gradient centrifugation. The pPON1 bacterial artificial chromosome DNA was digested with PmeI and then run out on a pulse field gel to separate a 45-kb DNA fragment containing the human PON1 gene from the rest of the plasmid. The 45-kb DNA fragment was isolated from the gel, diluted to a concentration of 0.5 µg/mL, and microinjected into fertilized C57BL/6J (B6) mouse eggs (Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbor, Me) to produce transgenic (Tg) mice.
Mice, Diets, and Atherosclerotic Lesion Analysis
Mice on the B6 background were maintained either on a 6% fat chow diet or, in the case of atherosclerotic lesion analysis, on a high fat diet (Teklad) containing 15.75% fat, 1.25% cholesterol, and 0.5% sodium cholate for 15 weeks. PON1 Tg mice on the B6 background were also backcrossed twice with the apoE KO mice on the B6 background (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me) to obtain PON1 Tg/apoE KO mice and apoE KO littermates. These were maintained on a 6% fat chow diet. Lesions were analyzed as described.14
Southern Blot and PCR Analyses
A 32P-labeled human PON1 cDNA clone6 was used as a probe for Southern hybridization, and bands were visualized and quantified by using a PhosphorImager 445SI (Molecular Dynamics). For routine identification of PON1 Tg mice, PCR analysis was performed with the use of the primers 5'-GCTTGATTTTTCTCCTCCAT-3' and 5'-ATCTGTGAATGTGCTAATCC-3', yielding a 194-bp product.
Northern Blot and Quantitative RT-PCR Analyses
Total RNA was subjected to Northern blot analysis as described.14 For reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis, first-strand cDNAs were synthesized with the use of 2 µg total RNA isolated from the thoracic portion of the aorta and by use of the ThermoScript RT-PCR system (Invitrogen). Quantitative PCR was then performed with the use of the SYBR Green Jump Start Taq Ready mix (Sigma-Aldrich) in a PRISM 7700 Sequence Detector (Perkin-Elmer Applied Biosystems). The ratio of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) cDNA level relative to the vascular smooth muscle 
-actin (Acta2) cDNA level of each sample was determined. The primers used for MCP-1 cDNA synthesis were 5'-CAGCCAGATGCAGTT- AACGCC-3' and 5'-TAGGGCAGATGCAGTTTTAAATAA-3'. The primers used for Acta2 cDNA synthesis were 5'-TCCGAC-ACTGCTGACAGAGGC-3' and 5'-CCTCATAGATAG GCAC-GTTGTGA-3'. The PCR conditions were as follows: 95°C for 3 minutes, 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 seconds and 68°C for 2 minutes, and 4°C hold.
Assays and LDL Oxidation
Mice were fasted for 16 hours before bleeding. Plasma lipids were determined by enzymatic colorimetric assays.14 Plasma PON1 and arylesterase activity assays and immunoblotting of human PON1 were performed as described.13 Plasma glucose levels were determined by using the glucose (Trinder) 100 kit (Sigma-Aldrich). Mouse HDL was isolated in the absence of EDTA by ultracentrifugation as described.14 Human LDL was isolated by ultracentrifugation as described.14 For the LDL oxidation assay, human LDL (1 mg/mL in PBS) was incubated with 5 µmol/L CuSO4, with or without the presence of 0.25 mg/mL or 0.5 mg/mL mouse HDL, for 3 or 6 hours at 37°C. After the incubation, BHT was added to a final concentration of 20 µmol/L to stop the reaction. Lipid hydroperoxide contents of samples were then determined by use of the Fox assay.15
Statistical Analyses
The Student t test was used for analyzing all experimental data except for LDL oxidation, for which ANOVA and Fisher’s protected least significant difference (PLSD) test were used.
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Results |
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Human PON1 Tg Mice
A 45-kb fragment containing the intact human PON1 gene with 10 kb of 5'-flanking and 10 kb of 3'-flanking sequences (Figure 1A) was used for the production of Tg mice. One Tg mouse line, designated PON1 Tg, carried
3 copies of the transgene, as determined by Southern blot analysis (data not shown). Tg mice were healthy and had normal weight, and the transgene was transmitted in a mendelian fashion. The PON1 transgene was maintained at a hemizygous state throughout the study so that insertional mutagenesis of the mouse genome was unlikely to contribute to the observed phenotypes, and studies with a separate line gave similar results (data not shown).
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Northern blot analysis revealed that the transgene was expressed primarily in the liver (Figure 1B), exhibiting the same expression pattern as the endogenous mouse Pon1 gene. Western blot analysis also confirmed the presence of human PON1 protein in the plasma of Tg mice (Figure 1C). By use of the arylesterase activity assay, plasma PON1 activities of the PON1 Tg mice on chow and high fat diets were 616 and 471 mOD270 · min-1 · µL-1, respectively, whereas plasma PON1 activities of the wild-type littermates on chow and high fat diets were 280 and 124 mOD270 · min-1 · µL-1, respectively (mOD270=absorbance [in milli-optical density] at wavelength 270 nm). Therefore, high fat diet feeding reduced plasma total PON1 (arylesterase) activities of the PON1 Tg and wild-type mice by 24% and 56%, respectively. Thus, when mice were maintained on a chow or a high fat diet, plasma PON1 (arylesterase) activities of the PON1 Tg mice were 2.2- and 3.8-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type littermates on the same diet (Figure 2A and 2B). Hepatic mouse and human mRNA levels were also examined by Northern blot analysis in mice fed the 2 diets. Although expression of the mouse mRNA was decreased >50% in response to the high fat diet, expression of the human mRNA was not decreased by the same diet (Figure 2C).
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Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation on B6 Background
Atherosclerotic lesion formation was examined in the PON1 Tg and wild-type littermates on the B6 background that were fed a high fat diet for 15 weeks. Compared with the female non-Tg littermates, the female Tg mice exhibited a 60% decrease in atherosclerotic lesion size (P=0.13, Figure 3A). The lack of a statistically significant result in the female group likely represents an effect of sample size. Compared with the male non-Tg littermates, the male Tg mice, on the other hand, exhibited a statistically significant 54% reduction in lesion size (P=0.001, Figure 3B). When data from the female and male mice were combined, the PON1 Tg mice, compared with the wild-type littermates, exhibited a statistically significant (57%) decrease in atherosclerotic lesion size (P=0.01, Figure 3C). Both the male and female PON1 Tg mice, compared with their wild-type littermates, exhibited similar plasma total cholesterol, VLDL/LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels when they were maintained on either the chow or high fat diet (Table 1).
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Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation on ApoE KO Background
The PON1 Tg mice were crossed onto the apoE KO genetic background for the study of advanced atherogenesis. When fed a chow diet, the PON1 Tg/apoE KO mice, compared with their apoE KO littermates, exhibited 2.5-fold higher plasma PON1 (arylesterase) activities (Table 2), whereas plasma total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, VLDL/LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose levels were the same between the 2 groups (Table 2). Atherosclerotic lesion sizes of PON1 Tg/apoE KO mice at 6.5 months of age, on a chow diet, were 22% smaller than those of their apoE KO littermates (P=0.01) (Figure 4A). Aortic MCP-1 expression was also reduced by 44% in the PON1 Tg/apoE KO mice compared with their apoE KO littermates (P=0.05) (Figure 4B).
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In Vitro Oxidation of LDL
Previously, we observed that PON1-deficient HDL lacked the ability to prevent LDL oxidation in a cell culture system of the arterial wall.13 In the present study, we examined the ability of HDLs isolated from the human PON1 Tg mice and wild-type mice on the B6 background as well as on the apoE KO mouse background to prevent LDL oxidation induced by copper in vitro. For HDL isolated from mice on the B6 background, we found that the PON1 Tg HDL, compared with the wild-type HDL, exhibited 3.2-fold higher arylesterase activity (152 000 versus 48 000 mOD · min-1 · mg protein-1). At a dose of 0.25 mg HDL/mL, compared with the LDL plus wild-type HDL group, the LDL plus PON1 Tg HDL group exhibited statistically significant 33% (P<0.01, Fisher’s PLSD) and 13% (P<0.01) decreases in lipid hydroperoxide levels after 3 and 6 hours of incubation, respectively (Figure 5A). At a higher dose of 0.5 mg HDL/mL, compared with the LDL plus wild-type HDL group, the LDL plus PON1 Tg HDL group exhibited statistically significant 62% (P<0.01, Fisher’s PLSD) and 19% (P<0.0001) reduction in lipid hydroperoxide levels after 3 and 6 hours of incubation, respectively (Figure 5B). Thus, PON1 Tg HDL prevents LDL oxidation more effectively than does the wild-type HDL.
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We also examined HDLs isolated from mice on the apoE KO background for their ability to protect against LDL oxidation. We found that the PON1 Tg/apoE KO HDLs, compared with the apoE KO HDLs, exhibited 3.7-fold higher arylesterase activity (139 000 versus 37 000 mOD · min-1 · mg protein-1). At a dose of 0.25 mg HDL/mL and after 3 hours of incubation, the LDL plus PON1 Tg/apoE KO HDL group, compared with the LDL plus apoE KO HDL group, exhibited a significant 15% (P<0.001, Fisher’s PLSD) decrease in lipid hydroperoxide level (Figure 6A). After 6 hours of incubation and at the same dose of 0.25 mg HDL/mL, compared with the LDL group, neither the LDL plus PON1 Tg/apoE KO HDL group nor the LDL plus apoE KO HDL group exhibited any significant reduction in lipid hydroperoxide level (Figure 6A). At a higher dose of 0.5 mg HDL/mL, the LDL plus PON1 Tg/apoE KO HDL group, compared with the LDL plus apoE KO HDL group, exhibited statistically significant 21% (P<0.0001, Fisher’s PLSD) and 14% (P<0.01) reduction in lipid hydroperoxide levels after 3 and 6 hours of incubation, respectively (Figure 6B). Thus, on the apoE KO mouse background, PON1 Tg HDL was also more effective in preventing LDL oxidation than was wild-type HDL.
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Discussion |
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Both biochemical1–3 and epidemiological16–19 studies suggest that LDL oxidation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis. However, human clinical trials and animal studies that used antioxidant supplementation to treat cardiovascular disease have been inconclusive.20–22 Alternative targets for the prevention and/or treatment of atherosclerosis are antioxidative enzymes on HDL, such as PON1. We have previously shown that mice lacking PON1 had increased atherogenesis,13,14 which is consistent with predictions from in vitro studies. To determine whether high levels of PON1 can protect against LDL oxidation and decrease atherosclerosis in vivo, we have generated and characterized human PON1 Tg mice. Our results, indicating protection against both early and late stages of atherogenesis, are significant in that they demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of PON1. Hence, normal levels of PON1 are limiting with respect to their antiatherosclerotic activity. The present study is also the first to demonstrate that the human PON1 protein exhibits antioxidative and antiatherogenic functions in vivo.
We observed that the human PON1 transgene was expressed in a liver-specific manner (Figure 1), similar to the expression pattern of the endogenous mouse Pon1 gene, suggesting that the transgene constructs contain the necessary cis-regulating elements for liver-specific expression. Interestingly, expression of the human PON1 mRNA, unlike the endogenous mouse Pon1 mRNA, was not decreased by the high fat diet (Figure 2C). It is unclear whether this represents a true difference between human and mouse regulation of PON1 or if it is simply due to the construct that we used. On the basis of Northern blot analysis (Figure 2C), we conclude that the high fat diet–induced reduction of plasma total PON1 activities in the PON1 Tg and wild-type mice (Figure 2B versus 2A) is probably caused by the decreased mouse Pon1 mRNA levels.
We observed that HDL isolated from the PON1 Tg mice, compared with the wild-type HDL, exhibited 3-fold higher PON1 activity and was more effective at protecting against LDL oxidation (Figures 5 and 6). Several antioxidative functions of PON1 have been elucidated and include a phospholipase A2–like activity that hydrolyzes biologically active oxidized phospholipids (such as phosphatidylcholine isoprostane and core aldehydes),23 and peroxidase-like activities that destroy lipid hydroperoxides, and H2O2.9,24 Thus, PON1 appears to exert its antiatherogenic effects mainly through its antioxidative functions. In addition to preventing LDL oxidation, PON1 may preserve other functions of HDL, such as reverse cholesterol transport, by reducing oxidative damage to HDL.9 We also observed a 44% reduction of aortic MCP-1 expression in the PON1 Tg/apoE KO mice compared with their apoE KO littermates (Figure 4B). MCP-1, a chemokine induced by minimally oxidized LDL, plays a key role in monocyte recruitment and fatty streak formation. Deficiency in MCP-1 or its receptor, chemokine receptor-2, resulted in reduced atherosclerotic lesion formation in genetically altered mice.25 Our results are consistent with an antiatherosclerotic role for PON1 upstream from MCP-1 induction, most likely by increasing the antioxidative activity of HDL and subsequently reducing the levels of oxidized LDL in the arterial wall.
Human epidemiological studies have revealed an association between low PON1 levels and an increased risk for coronary artery disease.10–12 In the present study, we observed that a moderate increase in PON1 levels protects against atherosclerotic lesion formation in the PON1 Tg mice, compared with the wild-type mice, at both the early fatty streak stage (B6 model) (Figure 3) and the intermediate- to advanced-lesion stage (apoE KO model) (Figure 4A). Thus, PON1 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and/or treatment of atherosclerosis. Consistent with its ability to reduce cardiovascular mortality,26 a recent study has demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption increases plasma HDL, apoA-I, and PON1 levels in volunteers.27 Also, cigarette smoking is associated with reduced serum PON1 activity.28 Interestingly, flavonoids, such as glabridin (found in licorice) and quercetin (found in red wine), have been shown to scavenge reactive oxygen species and preserve the anti-oxidative functions of PON1 in vitro.29 Supplementation of flavonoids protects LDL against oxidation and attenuates atherosclerosis in animal models.30 Therefore, it will be interesting to examine whether a combined supplementation of flavonoids (or other antioxidants) and PON1 will exert a synergistic effect on protection against LDL oxidation and atherosclerosis in animal models. Further analysis of the regulation of PON1 levels in humans may yield promising avenues for atherosclerosis therapy.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by the US Public Health Service (grant HL-30568 to Dr Lusis) and by the American Heart Association (Western States Affiliate Grant 0060040Y to Dr Shih). We thank Dr Clement Furlong for providing PON1 cDNA and antibody and Thomas J. Fielder for DNA microinjection. We thank Janet Danciger, Sharda Charugundla, Jack Wong, and John Miller for excellent technical assistance.
Received March 15, 2002; revision received May 4, 2002; accepted May 6, 2002.
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 C. J. Ng, N. Bourquard, V. Grijalva, S. Hama, D. M. Shih, M. Navab, A. M. Fogelman, A. J. Lusis, S. Young, and S. T. Reddy Paraoxonase-2 Deficiency Aggravates Atherosclerosis in Mice Despite Lower Apolipoprotein-B-containing Lipoproteins: ANTI-ATHEROGENIC ROLE FOR PARAOXONASE-2 J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2006; 281(40): 29491 - 29500. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Kontush and M. J. Chapman Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein: A New Therapeutic Target at the Crossroads of Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis Pharmacol. Rev., September 1, 2006; 58(3): 342 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Y. Han, T. Chiba, J. S. Campbell, N. Fausto, M. Chaisson, G. Orasanu, J. Plutzky, and A. Chait Reciprocal and Coordinate Regulation of Serum Amyloid A Versus Apolipoprotein A-I and Paraoxonase-1 by Inflammation in Murine Hepatocytes Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2006; 26(8): 1806 - 1813. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Mackness, R. Quarck, W. Verreth, M. Mackness, and P. Holvoet Human Paraoxonase-1 Overexpression Inhibits Atherosclerosis in a Mouse Model of Metabolic Syndrome Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2006; 26(7): 1545 - 1550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Graner, R. W. James, J. Kahri, M. S. Nieminen, M. Syvanne, and M.-R. Taskinen Association of Paraoxonase-1 Activity and Concentration With Angiographic Severity and Extent of Coronary Artery Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 20, 2006; 47(12): 2429 - 2435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. S. Carlson, P. J. Heagerty, T. S. Hatsukami, R. J. Richter, J. Ranchalis, J. Lewis, T. J. Bacus, L. A. McKinstry, G. D. Schellenberg, M. Rieder, et al. TagSNP analyses of the PON gene cluster: effects on PON1 activity, LDL oxidative susceptibility, and vascular disease J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2006; 47(5): 1014 - 1024. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rosenblat, L. Gaidukov, O. Khersonsky, J. Vaya, R. Oren, D. S. Tawfik, and M. Aviram The Catalytic Histidine Dyad of High Density Lipoprotein-associated Serum Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) Is Essential for PON1-mediated Inhibition of Low Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Stimulation of Macrophage Cholesterol Efflux J. Biol. Chem., March 17, 2006; 281(11): 7657 - 7665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Ahmed, G. Orasanu, V. Nehra, L. Asatryan, D. J. Rader, O. Ziouzenkova, and J. Plutzky High-Density Lipoprotein Hydrolysis by Endothelial Lipase Activates PPAR{alpha}: A Candidate Mechanism for High-Density Lipoprotein-Mediated Repression of Leukocyte Adhesion Circ. Res., March 3, 2006; 98(4): 490 - 498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. M. Shih, H. R. Kast-Woelbern, J. Wong, Y.-R. Xia, P. A. Edwards, and A. J. Lusis A role for FXR and human FGF-19 in the repression of paraoxonase-1 gene expression by bile acids J. Lipid Res., February 1, 2006; 47(2): 384 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Gutierrez, E. P. Ratliff, A. M. Andres, X. Huang, W. L. McKeehan, and R. A. Davis Bile Acids Decrease Hepatic Paraoxonase 1 Expression and Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Levels Via FXR-Mediated Signaling of FGFR4 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2006; 26(2): 301 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. S. Rozek, T. S. Hatsukami, R. J. Richter, J. Ranchalis, K. Nakayama, L. A. McKinstry, D. A. Gortner, E. Boyko, G. D. Schellenberg, C. E. Furlong, et al. The correlation of paraoxonase (PON1) activity with lipid and lipoprotein levels differs with vascular disease status J. Lipid Res., September 1, 2005; 46(9): 1888 - 1895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Bradshaw, A. Gutierrez, J. H. Miyake, K. R. Davis, A. C. Li, C. K. Glass, L. K. Curtiss, and R. A. Davis Facilitated replacement of Kupffer cells expressing a paraoxonase-1 transgene is essential for ameliorating atherosclerosis in mice PNAS, August 2, 2005; 102(31): 11029 - 11034. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Rodriguez-Esparragon, J. C. Rodriguez-Perez, Y. Hernandez-Trujillo, A. Macias-Reyes, A. Medina, A. Caballero, and C. M. Ferrario Allelic Variants of the Human Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 and Paraoxonase 1 on Coronary Heart Disease: Genotype-Phenotype Correlations Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2005; 25(4): 854 - 860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Chait, C. Y. Han, J. F. Oram, and J. W. Heinecke Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease? J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2005; 46(3): 389 - 403. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. F. Teiber, D. I. Draganov, and B. N. La Du Purified human serum PON1 does not protect LDL against oxidation in the in vitro assays initiated with copper or AAPH J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2004; 45(12): 2260 - 2268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Gouedard, R. Barouki, and Y. Morel Induction of the Paraoxonase-1 Gene Expression by Resveratrol Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, December 1, 2004; 24(12): 2378 - 2383. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. J. Barter, S. Nicholls, K.-A. Rye, G.M. Anantharamaiah, M. Navab, and A. M. Fogelman Antiinflammatory Properties of HDL Circ. Res., October 15, 2004; 95(8): 764 - 772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Lusis, A. M. Fogelman, and G. C. Fonarow Genetic Basis of Atherosclerosis: Part I: New Genes and Pathways Circulation, September 28, 2004; 110(13): 1868 - 1873. [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Li, K.-Y. Chyu, J. R. F. Neto, J. Yano, N. Nathwani, C. Ferreira, P. C. Dimayuga, B. Cercek, S. Kaul, and P. K. Shah Differential Effects of Apolipoprotein A-I-Mimetic Peptide on Evolving and Established Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Null Mice Circulation, September 21, 2004; 110(12): 1701 - 1705. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Gouedard, R. Barouki, and Y. Morel Dietary Polyphenols Increase Paraoxonase 1 Gene Expression by an Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent Mechanism Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2004; 24(12): 5209 - 5222. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Navab, G. M. Ananthramaiah, S. T. Reddy, B. J. Van Lenten, B. J. Ansell, G. C. Fonarow, K. Vahabzadeh, S. Hama, G. Hough, N. Kamranpour, et al. Thematic review series: The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis The oxidation hypothesis of atherogenesis: the role of oxidized phospholipids and HDL J. Lipid Res., June 1, 2004; 45(6): 993 - 1007. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Lie, R. de Crom, T. van Gent, R. van Haperen, L. Scheek, F. Sadeghi-Niaraki, and A. van Tol Elevation of plasma phospholipid transfer protein increases the risk of atherosclerosis despite lower apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins J. Lipid Res., May 1, 2004; 45(5): 805 - 811. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. W. Connelly, G. F. Maguire, and D. I. Draganov Separation and quantitative recovery of mouse serum arylesterase and carboxylesterase activity J. Lipid Res., March 1, 2004; 45(3): 561 - 566. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kontush, E. C. de Faria, S. Chantepie, and M. J. Chapman Antioxidative Activity of HDL Particle Subspecies Is Impaired in Hyperalphalipoproteinemia: Relevance of Enzymatic and Physicochemical Properties Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2004; 24(3): 526 - 533. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Rosenblat, T. Hayek, K. Hussein, and M. Aviram Decreased Macrophage Paraoxonase 2 Expression in Patients With Hypercholesterolemia Is the Result of Their Increased Cellular Cholesterol Content: Effect of Atorvastatin Therapy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2004; 24(1): 175 - 180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Deakin, I. Leviev, S. Guernier, and R. W. James Simvastatin Modulates Expression of the PON1 Gene and Increases Serum Paraoxonase: A Role for Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-2 Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2003; 23(11): 2083 - 2089. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. G. Cabana, C. A. Reardon, N. Feng, S. Neath, J. Lukens, and G. S. Getz Serum paraoxonase: effect of the apolipoprotein composition of HDL and the acute phase response J. Lipid Res., April 1, 2003; 44(4): 780 - 792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Rosenblat, D. Draganov, C. E. Watson, C. L. Bisgaier, B. N. La Du, and M. Aviram Mouse Macrophage Paraoxonase 2 Activity Is Increased Whereas Cellular Paraoxonase 3 Activity Is Decreased Under Oxidative Stress Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2003; 23(3): 468 - 474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Rozenberg, D. M. Shih, and M. Aviram Human Serum Paraoxonase 1 Decreases Macrophage Cholesterol Biosynthesis: Possible Role for Its Phospholipase-A2-Like Activity and Lysophosphatidylcholine Formation Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2003; 23(3): 461 - 467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. K. Marathe, G. A. Zimmerman, and T. M. McIntyre Platelet-activating Factor Acetylhydrolase, and Not Paraoxonase-1, Is the Oxidized Phospholipid Hydrolase of High Density Lipoprotein Particles J. Biol. Chem., January 31, 2003; 278(6): 3937 - 3947. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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