This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 106/4/454    most recent 01.CIR.0000022845.80802.9Dv1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gietzen, F. H. Articles by Kuhn, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gietzen, F. H. Articles by Kuhn, H. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Cardiomyopathy Related Collections Myocardial cardiomyopathy disease Catheter-based coronary and valvular interventions: other

(Circulation. 2002;106:454.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Role of Transcoronary Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy in Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, New York Heart Association Functional Class III or IV, and Outflow Obstruction Only Under Provocable Conditions

Frank H. Gietzen, MD; Christian J. Leuner, MD; Ludger Obergassel, MD; Claudia Strunk-Mueller, MD; Horst Kuhn, MD

From the Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, The Bielefeld Hospital, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Muenster, Bielefeld, Germany.

Correspondence to Dr Frank H. Gietzen, Medizinische Klinik II, Staedtische Kliniken Bielefeld-Mitte, Teutoburgerstr. 50, D-33604 Bielefeld, Germany. E-mail Gietzen{at}t-online.de

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Background— Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy seems to be an effective alternative to surgical myectomy. It remains a point of debate whether an outflow obstruction at rest is a necessary criterion for interventional therapy.

Methods and Results— TASH was compared in 45 consecutive patients with no resting gradient and a provocable gradient of 30 mm Hg (group I) and in 84 consecutive patients with a resting gradient of 30 mm Hg (80±33 mm Hg) (group II). At baseline, all patients were in NYHA functional class (FC) III or IV, unresponsive to medical treatment. Patients in group I were older (63±12 versus 55±17 years, P=0.005) and had a lower postextrasystolic gradient (110±44 versus 171±40 mm Hg, P<0.001). The groups were similar with respect to NYHA FC (3.1±0.3 versus 3.1±0.3), basal septal thickness (22±4 versus 23±3 mm), maximal oxygen consumption (13.1±4.6 versus 14.5±5.0 mL/kg per minute), and pulmonary artery mean pressure at workload (42±9 versus 42±10 mm Hg) (P>0.05). Median follow-up was 7 months after TASH. The 2 groups showed a significant and similar improvement in provocable obstruction (to 24±24 and 56±51 mm Hg, respectively), basal septal thickness (to 12±3 and 12±4 mm, respectively), NYHA FC (to 1.7±0.6 and 1.5±0.6, respectively), maximal oxygen consumption (to 16.0±5.3 and 16.6±6.0 mL/kg per minute, respectively), and pulmonary artery mean pressure at workload (to 36±9 and 34±9 mm Hg, respectively) (P>0.05).

Conclusions— TASH seems to have beneficial clinical and hemodynamic effects in patients with either provocable or resting outflow obstruction.

Key Words: cardiomyopathy • hypertrophy • catheter ablation • alcohol • hemodynamics

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and an outflow tract gradient (HOCM) who have severe symptoms of heart failure unresponsive to medical treatment are candidates for interventional therapy.^1–4 The therapy most widely applied is surgical myectomy by removing a small amount of muscle from the basal interventricular septum.^5–9 Surgery substantially reduces the subaortic outflow gradient in >90% of patients and results in persistent symptomatic improvement in 70% to 90%.^{1–2,4,7–10} In recent years, transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) by selective transcatheter septal branch injection of ethanol has been shown to substantially reduce outflow obstruction in 80% to 90% and symptoms in 84% to 90% of patients.^11–17 Therefore, TASH may be an effective alternative to surgery.^18–21 It remains a point of debate whether in patients with severe symptoms a provocable outflow gradient is sufficient to justify interventional therapy.^4,22–24

The purpose of the present study was to compare the results of TASH in consecutive patients with HCM, drug-refractory severe symptoms (NYHA functional class [FC] III or IV), and an outflow gradient under basal conditions and in patients with a similar clinical profile but an outflow gradient only under provocation.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Study Population
The study comprises 129 consecutive patients (56 males) with HCM who were treated by TASH at our institution between October 1995 and November 1999. The average age was 56±16 years. All patients had HCM with subaortic obstruction according to typical clinical, echocardiographic, and angiocardiographic findings. Entry criteria included severe symptoms during daily activity or at rest, asymmetrical septal hypertrophy 15 mm, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, and an intraventricular pressure gradient of 30 mm Hg after provocation by a single premature ventricular beat or in basal conditions. Despite maximal tolerated doses of medical treatment with verapamil or ß-blockers in all patients and diuretics in 35 patients (for at least 3 months before hospitalization), 12 patients were in NYHA FC IV and 117 in NYHA FC III. Permanent atrioventricular sequential pacing had failed to reduce symptoms in 13 patients. The septal thickness was 22±4 mm, the invasively measured resting gradient was 59±43 mm Hg, the postextrasystolic gradient was 150±51 mm Hg, and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 20±6 mm Hg.

The 129 study patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I included 45 patients with an intraventricular pressure gradient of <30 mm Hg at rest and 30 mm Hg after provocation by a single premature beat. These patients represent our study group with provocable outflow obstruction. Group II included 84 patients with a gradient of 30 mm Hg at rest and represents the study group with outflow obstruction under basal conditions (Table 1).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Baseline Characteristics*

The institutional review committee approved the study. All patients gave written informed consent.

Investigations
Clinical evaluation of the severity of symptoms, transthoracic echocardiography, and left and exercise right heart catheterization were performed before TASH and at a median follow-up of 7 months (range, 6 to 51) after the procedure. Exercise Doppler echocardiography substituted the invasive strategy for reevaluation of the left ventricular outflow tract gradient in the last 32 consecutive patients.²⁵ Patients’ self-perception of overall improvement was evaluated with a questionnaire that categorizes the subjective feeling of well-being as improved, unchanged, or deteriorated.¹³

Echocardiography was performed on a Hewlett Packard Sonos 1500 ultrasound machine and recorded on S-VHS video to allow serial review and side-by-side comparison. Basal interventricular septum thickness was derived from an integrated analysis of M-mode and 2-dimensional echocardiograms. Measurements were made according to the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.²⁶ Magnitude of the peak instantaneous left ventricular outflow tract gradient under basal conditions and during exercise was estimated with continuous-wave Doppler.²⁵

Exercise right heart catheterization was performed using a 5F Swan-Ganz catheter and a calibrated Statham P23ID strain-gauge manometer. The catheter remained in the pulmonary artery for continuous monitoring of pulmonary artery pressures and to obtain blood samples for the calculation of cardiac output by the direct Fick method. Oxygen uptake was measured using a V_max system 29c (SensorMedics). Supine bicycle exercise was performed from a workload of 25 watts to maximum capacity with increases by 25 watts every 3 minutes.

Coronary angiography and biplane ventriculography (30-degree right anterior oblique and left lateral projections) were performed using standard techniques. Quantitative calculation of left ventricular ejection fraction was based on a single-plane 30-degree right anterior oblique view.

TASH was based on an "over-the-wire" percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) technique and has previously been described in detail.^13,14 A PTCA guiding catheter (6F to 7F), a guidewire (0.014 inch), and a PTCA balloon catheter (1.5 to 2.5/20 mm) were used for the catheterization of a small septal branch supplying the area of obstruction. The target vessel was identified by a functional approach that relies on the ischemia-induced decrease of the outflow gradient immediately after balloon inflation (300 to 800 kPa, also to prevent reflux of ethanol) followed by an injection of radiographic contrast agent (via the balloon catheter) to augment ischemia and to visualize the area going to be ablated. This functional approach directs the infusion of ethanol (3.4±2.2 mL) in a myocardial area that contributes to the outflow obstruction.²⁴ Pressure recordings were performed continuously between a pigtail catheter at the apex of the left ventricle and the PTCA-guiding catheter placed in the ostium of the left coronary artery to record the outflow gradient (peak to peak) at rest and after provocation by stimulated premature ventricular beats (fixed coupling interval, 370 ms). A right ventricular stimulation catheter was inserted to facilitate reproducible measurement of the postextrasystolic gradient and to treat high-grade atrioventricular block that may develop during ethanol infusion.^13,16,24 Postprocedural management included a right ventricular stimulation catheter and continuous ECG monitoring in the coronary care unit for up to 4 days. Creatine phosphokinase activity was determined at hourly intervals during the first 24 hours. Heparin was administered by continuous intravenous infusion to reduce the risk of thrombus formation at the septal ablation site. Medical therapy with verapamil or ß-blockers was continued during follow-up in the initial 50 patients but was individualized (to treat supraventricular arrhythmias) thereafter.^13,24

Statistics
Statistical analyses were performed using commercial software (SPSS Inc, release 6.0.1) with the Pearson ² test for unordered categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test for ordered categorical variables. The Student’s t test for paired and independent samples was used for normally distributed continuous variables and the Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test for not normally distributed continuous variables. P<0.05 (2-tailed) was considered statistically significant. Values are expressed as mean±SD.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Baseline Characteristics
Group I patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction only under provocable conditions (n=45) were significantly older than group II patients with outflow obstruction at rest (n=84) (Table 1). The groups were similar with regard to sex, concomitant moderate hypertension, NYHA FC (class IV in 9% versus 10%, P=0.906), basal interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction, incidence of prior syncope, and dual-chamber pacemaker therapy for HOCM. A significantly lower postextrasystolic gradient was measured invasively in group I. Even in this group, 67% of patients had a postextrasystolic gradient of 100 mm Hg and 87% of 50 mm Hg. Exercise right heart catheterization was performed in 44 of the patients in group I and in 80 of those in group II. The groups were similar with regard to exercise capacity, maximal oxygen consumption, cardiac index at peak exercise, and pulmonary artery mean pressure at workload.

Transcoronary Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy
The amount of ethanol 96% injected, the peak creatine kinase activity values, and the proportion of reintervention (4% versus 18%, P=0.032) was significantly lower in group I (Table 2). However, in both groups, the number of septal vessels occluded per patient was similar. No significant difference was identified for the risk of a TASH-related persistent total atrioventricular block 2 weeks after intervention and the proportion of pacemakers implanted for atrioventricular conduction disturbances 48 hours after TASH.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Transcoronary Ablation of Septal Hypertrophy

Complications
The procedure-related in-hospital mortality was 0% in group I and 4.8% in group II (P=0.137); 4 patients with basal obstruction and severe comorbidity died during the first 2 weeks after TASH (Figure). Three of these patients were treated with this new technique before September 1997. Causes of death were sudden total atrioventricular block (n=1), progressive right heart failure (n=1), penetration of a pacing lead with acute pericardial effusion (n=1), and ventricular fibrillation (n=1). Other major complications (0% in group I, 6.0% in group II, P=0.095) were ischemic stroke (n=1), recurrent successfully terminated ventricular fibrillation (n=1), severe but reversible spasm²⁷ of the left coronary artery (n=2), and successful myectomy with mitral valve replacement after failure of TASH (n=1).

View larger version (23K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Changes in NYHA FC and mortality at a median follow-up of 7 months. NYHA FC improved from 3.1±0.3 to 1.7±0.6 (P<0.001) in 45 patients enrolled with no resting gradient and a provocable gradient of 30 mm Hg (A) and from 3.1±0.2 to 1.5±0.6 (P<0.001) in 84 patients enrolled with a resting gradient of 30 mm Hg (B). Cardiac and total mortality (in-hospital and during follow-up) were 0% and 6.7% in patients with provocable vs 4.8% and 7.1% in patients with resting obstruction.

Late Death
At a median follow-up of 7 months (mean, 10±8 months; range, 6 to 51 months) and a total of 95 patient years, late cardiac mortality was 0% in patients with provocable as well as in patients with resting obstruction. Three patients in group I (6.7%) and 2 in group II (2.4%) died from noncardiac causes (carcinoma in 2, pulmonary embolism, liver cirrhosis, and suicide), reflecting the high number of patients enrolled despite severe comorbidity (Figure).

Effect of TASH
A median of 7 months (mean, 10±8 months; range, 6 to 51 months) after TASH, clinical evaluation (100% complete follow-up in all patients remaining alive [n=120] excluding 1 patient with myectomy [n=119]) was obtained in 42 patients (100%) with provocable obstruction and in 77 patients (100%) with resting obstruction. The groups were not significantly different with regard to the magnitude of the improvement in NYHA FC and the reported overall subjective improvement of symptoms (Table 3). In group I, 39 patients (93%) improved to class I (n=17) or II (n=22), whereas 3 patients remained in class III (Figure, A). In group II, 72 patients (94%) improved to class I (n=41) or II (n=31), whereas 5 patients remained in class III (Figure, B).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. Effects of TASH at a Median Follow-Up of 7 Months

A median of 7 months (mean, 7±3 months; range, 6 to 26 months) after TASH, hemodynamics at rest (87% complete follow-up) were evaluated invasively (n=72) or by exercise Doppler echocardiography (n=32) in 38 patients (90%) with provocable obstruction and in 66 patients (86%) with resting obstruction. The groups were not significantly different with regard to the proportional reduction of the provocable gradient, the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and the left ventricular ejection fraction (Table 3). In groups I and II, a similar and significant decrease of the provocable gradient and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was found. The left ventricular ejection fraction did not change significantly from the preinterventional values. By echocardiography the proportional reduction of the mean basal interventricular septal thickness was similar and significant in both groups.

A median of 7 months after TASH (mean, 7±3 months; range, 6 to 26 months), exercise right heart catheterization (76% complete follow-up) was performed in 33 patients (79%) with provocable obstruction and in 58 patients (75%) with resting obstruction. The groups were not significantly different with regard to the proportional improvement in exercise capacity, maximal oxygen consumption, pulmonary artery mean pressure at workload, and cardiac index at peak exercise (Table 3). In groups I and II, a significant improvement in exercise capacity, maximal oxygen consumption, and pulmonary artery mean pressure at workload was identified. In addition, group II showed a significant increase in cardiac index at peak exercise.

Patients with (76%) and without (24%) reevaluation of exercise right heart catheterization (because of severe comorbidity, age, or lack of informed consent) reported on a similar and significant improvement in NYHA FC (-1.5±0.6 versus -1.4±0.7, P=0.384).

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
On the basis of the results of recent studies, TASH leads to a reduction in basal interventricular septal thickness, a substantial and sustained decrease in outflow obstruction, a decrease in left ventricular filling pressures at rest and during exercise, and a marked clinical improvement.^13–17 Therefore, TASH may be an effective alternative to surgical myectomy in patients with the obstructive form of HCM and drug-refractory severe symptoms.^18–21 However, it remains a point of debate whether interventional therapy is indicated in patients with outflow obstruction only under provocable conditions.^4,22–24 In 1995, Cecchi et al²⁸ described the clinical course and outcome of HCM in an unselected regional population and compared 40 patients with basal outflow obstruction of 30 mm Hg with 162 patients who had gradients of <30 mm Hg. Follow-up was up to 15 years. Cox regression analysis showed no relation between the presence of basal outflow obstruction and cardiovascular death (P=0.19). In 1996, Robbins and Stinson⁹ reported on 31 of 158 patients (20%) who were referred to surgery with resting gradients <20 mm Hg. Actuarial survival curves and the extent of functional benefit in these patients did not differ significantly from those in patients with higher gradients at rest. These considerations, and the increasing number of patients treated by catheter intervention, justify a reevaluation of the selection criteria used for interventional therapy in general and TASH in particular. The present study compares the effects of TASH in patients with HCM, drug-refractory NYHA FC III or IV symptoms, and resting obstruction and in patients with a similar clinical profile but an outflow gradient only under provocation.

At baseline, patients with provocable obstruction were significantly older, but with regard to symptoms and exercise hemodynamics, they were similar to the group of patients with resting obstruction. Identical selection criteria used for TASH in patients with and without resting obstruction (NYHA FC III or IV unresponsive to medical treatment including diuretics) avoided less severe symptoms in patients with provocable obstruction.²⁹

In patients with provocable obstruction, a lower amount of ethanol and fewer reinterventions led to a smaller ablation area indicated by lower creatine phosphokinase values.¹⁴ Compared with patients with basal obstruction, this was accompanied by a tendency to a lower rate of persistent total atrioventricular block and by fewer complications. But also in patients with basal obstruction, a reduction in the amount of ethanol contributed to a decrease in complications. Until December 2001, our overall experience increased to 333 patients treated by TASH with an in-hospital mortality of 1.8% (0.4% excluding patients with severe comorbidity) (Kuhn et al, unpublished data, 2002). Also, the arrhythmogenic risk of TASH might depend on lesion size and the amount of ethanol injected.^30,32 However, the potential long-term consequences of the myocardial scar produced by septal ablation remain to be determined at a longer follow-up.¹³

Our results support the use of similar treatment strategies for patients with provocable outflow obstruction and patients with gradients under basal conditions.³¹ In both subsets, 93% of the patients reported a subjective improvement that was accompanied by a significant decrease in NYHA FC. This confirms similar observations made for myotomy-myectomy^5–7,9 since the first description by Morrow et al⁵ of an effective surgical therapy in 13 patients without resting obstruction. Moreover, this indicates the special impact of provocable obstruction on the genesis of symptoms during exercise in HCM. Indeed, the relief of provocable obstruction during exercise (and the associated mitral regurgitation) seems to be of critical importance for the improvement in dyspnea on exertion. This is validated by objective substantiation of the perceived decrease in severe symptoms, because exercise right heart catheterization showed a significant improvement in exercise capacity, pulmonary artery mean pressure at workload, and maximal oxygen consumption in obstructed as well as in provocable obstructed patients without any significant difference in treatment efficacy between the groups.

Patients were accepted for intervention because of severe symptoms with a substantial subgroup in NYHA FC IV (9.3%) despite intensive medical treatment, including diuretics. Therefore, the results of our study should not be used as a justification to perform TASH in patients with provocable outflow obstruction and mild symptoms.

	Conclusions

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Previous surgical experience^5–7,9 and our present results with TASH suggest that similar treatment strategies are justified in severely symptomatic patients with HCM and provocable left ventricular outflow obstruction as in patients with outflow obstruction under basal conditions.

	Acknowledgments

 
We are indebted to Paolo Spirito, MD, for his constructive comments and helpful revision of the manuscript.

Received March 14, 2002; revision received May 9, 2002; accepted May 9, 2002.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 

1. Loogen F, Kuhn H, Gietzen F, et al. Clinical course and prognosis of patients with typical and atypical hypertrophic obstructive and with hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 1983; 4 (suppl F): 145–153.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
2. Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Cannon RO, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: interrelations of clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, and therapy. N Engl J Med. 1987; 316: 780–789, 844–852.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
3. Wigle ED, Rakowski H, Kimball BP, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical spectrum and treatment. Circulation. 1995; 92: 1680–1692.[Free Full Text]
   
4. Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, et al. The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 775–785.[Free Full Text]
   
5. Morrow AG, Reitz BA, Epstein SE, et al. Operative treatment in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis: techniques and the results of pre and postoperative assessments in 83 patients. Circulation. 1975; 52: 88–102.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
6. Maron BJ, Merrill WH, Freier PA, et al. Long term clinical course and symptomatic status of patients after operation for hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Circulation. 1978; 57: 1205–1213.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
7. Schulte HD, Birks WH, Loesse B, et al. Prognosis of patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy after transaortic myectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1993; 106: 709–717.[Abstract]
   
8. Schulte HD, Borisov K, Gams E, et al. Management of symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: long-term results after surgical therapy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1999; 47: 213–218.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
9. Robbins RC, Stinson EB. Long-Term results of left ventricular myotomy and myectomy for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996; 111: 586–594.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
10. Lösse B, Loogen F, Schulte HD. Hemodynamic long-term results after medical and surgical therapy of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Z Kardiol. 1987; 76 (suppl 3): 119–130.
    
11. Kuhn H, Gietzen F, Leuner Ch, et al. Induction of subaortic septal ischaemia to reduce obstruction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: studies to develop a new catheter-based concept of treatment. Eur Heart J. 1997; 18: 846–851.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
12. Sigwart U. Non-surgical myocardial reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 1995; 346: 211–214.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
13. Gietzen FH, Leuner CJ, Raute-Kreinsen U, et al. Acute and long-term results after transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH): catheter interventional treatment for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 1342–1354.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
14. Kuhn H, Gietzen FH, Schäfers M, et al. Changes in the left ventricular outflow tract after transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH) for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy as assessed by transoesophageal echocardiography and by measuring myocardial glucose utilization and perfusion. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 1808–1817.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
15. Knight Ch, Kurbaan AS, Seggewiss H, et al. Nonsurgical septal reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: outcome in the first series of patients. Circulation. 1997; 95: 2075–2081.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
16. Faber L, Seggewiss H, Gleichmann U. Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: results with respect to intraprocedural myocardial contrast echocardiography. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2415–2421.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
17. Lakkis NM, Nagueh SF, Kleimann NS, et al. Echocardiography-guided ethanol septal reduction for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1998; 98: 1750–1755.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
18. Braunwald E. A new treatment for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy? Eur Heart J. 1997; 18: 709–710.[Free Full Text]
    
19. Braunwald E. Induced septal infarction: a new therapeutic strategy for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1997; 95: 1981–1982.[Free Full Text]
    
20. Fananapazir L, McAreavey D. Therapeutic options in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and severe drug-refractory symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 259–264.[Free Full Text]
    
21. Kuhn H, Gietzen F. Transkoronare Ablation der Septumhypertrophie (TASH): Ersetzt sie die Operation (Myektomie)? Herz. 1999; 24: 647–651.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
22. Spirito P, Maron BJ. Perspectives on the role of new treatment strategies in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1071–1075.[Free Full Text]
    
23. Maron BJ. New interventions for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: promise and prudence. Eur Heart J. 1999; 20: 1292–1294.[Free Full Text]
    
24. Gietzen FH, Leuner CJ, Hegselmann J, et al. Acute and long-term results after TASH. Letter. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 590–595.[Free Full Text]
    
25. Panza JA, Petrone RK, Fananapazir L, et al. Utility of continuous wave Doppler echocardiography in noninvasive assessment of the left ventricular outflow tract pressure gradient in patients with HCM. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 19: 91–99.[Abstract]
    
26. Sahn DJ, De Maria A, Kisslo J, et al. Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation. 1978; 58: 1072–1083.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
27. Kuhn H, Gietzen F, Leuner C. "The abrupt no-flow": a no-reflow like phenomenon in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [letter]. Eur Heart J. 2002; 23: 91–93.[Free Full Text]
    
28. Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Montereggi A, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in Tuscany: clinical course and outcome in an unselected regional population. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995; 26: 1529–1536.[Abstract]
    
29. Wigle ED, Sasson Z, Henderson MA, et al. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: the importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985; 28: 1–83.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
30. Boekstegers P, Steinbigler P, Molnar A, et al. Pressure-guided nonsurgical myocardial reduction induced by small septal infarctions in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 846–853.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
31. Lakkis N, Plana JC, Nagueh S, et al. Efficacy of nonsurgical septal reduction therapy in symptomatic patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and provocable gradients. Am J Cardiol. 2001; 88: 583–586.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
32. Kuhn H, Gietzen FH, Leuner C, et al. Transcoronary ablation of septal hypertrophy (TASH): a new treatment option for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Z Kardiol. 2000; 89: IV41–IV54.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    

This article has been cited by other articles:

				P. Sorajja, U. Valeti, R. A. Nishimura, S. R. Ommen, C. S. Rihal, B. J. Gersh, D. O. Hodge, H. V. Schaff, and D. R. Holmes Jr Outcome of Alcohol Septal Ablation for Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, July 8, 2008; 118(2): 131 - 139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Fifer and G. J. Vlahakes Management of Symptoms in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, January 22, 2008; 117(3): 429 - 439. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. A. Fifer Most Fully Informed Patients Choose Septal Ablation Over Septal Myectomy Circulation, July 10, 2007; 116(2): 207 - 216. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. S. Maron, I. Olivotto, A. G. Zenovich, M. S. Link, N. G. Pandian, J. T. Kuvin, S. Nistri, F. Cecchi, J. E. Udelson, and B. J. Maron Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Is Predominantly a Disease of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction Circulation, November 21, 2006; 114(21): 2232 - 2239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. S. Jassal, T. G. Neilan, M. A. Fifer, I. F. Palacios, P. A. Lowry, G. J. Vlahakes, M. H. Picard, and D. M. Yoerger Sustained improvement in left ventricular diastolic function after alcohol septal ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Eur. Heart J., August 1, 2006; 27(15): 1805 - 1810. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Watkins and W. J. McKenna The Prognostic Impact of Septal Myectomy in Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 2, 2005; 46(3): 477 - 479. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Maron Surgery for Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Alive and Quite Well Circulation, April 26, 2005; 111(16): 2016 - 2018. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S C Agarwal, I F Purcell, and S S Furniss Apical myocardial injury caused by collateralisation of a septal artery during ethanol septal ablation Heart, January 1, 2005; 91(1): e2 - e2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Maron, J. A. Dearani, S. R. Ommen, M. S. Maron, H. V. Schaff, B. J. Gersh, and R. A. Nishimura The case for surgery in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 16, 2004; 44(10): 2044 - 2053. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Faber, H. Seggewiss, D. Welge, D. Fassbender, H. K. Schmidt, U. Gleichmann, and D. Horstkotte Echo-guided percutaneous septal ablation for symptomatic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: 7 years of experience Eur J Echocardiogr, October 1, 2004; 5(5): 347 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. D. Kimmelstiel and B. J. Maron Role of Percutaneous Septal Ablation in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Circulation, February 3, 2004; 109(4): 452 - 456. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Rovner, R. Smith, N. L. Greenberg, E. M. Tuzcu, N. Smedira, H. M. Lever, J. D. Thomas, and M. J. Garcia Improvement in diastolic intraventricular pressure gradients in patients with HOCM after ethanol septal reduction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2492 - H2499. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. J. Maron, W. J. McKenna, G. K. Danielson, L. J. Kappenberger, H. J. Kuhn, C. E. Seidman, P. M. Shah, W. H. Spencer III, P. Spirito, F. J. Ten Cate, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 5, 2003; 42(9): 1687 - 1713. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Writing Committee Members, B. J. Maron, W. J. McKenna, G. K. Danielson, L. J. Kappenberger, H. J. Kuhn, C. E. Seidman, P. M. Shah, W. H. Spencer III, P. Spirito, et al. American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2003; 24(21): 1965 - 1991. [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 106/4/454    most recent 01.CIR.0000022845.80802.9Dv1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Gietzen, F. H. Articles by Kuhn, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Gietzen, F. H. Articles by Kuhn, H. Pubmed/NCBI databases Medline Plus Health Information Cardiomyopathy Related Collections Myocardial cardiomyopathy disease Catheter-based coronary and valvular interventions: other