Published online before print June 24, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000022687.18568.2A
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(Circulation. 2002;106:319.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Assessment of Survival in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
Importance of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
From the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Germany (R.W., M.H., R.H.); Franz-Volhard-Klinik (Charité, Campus Berlin-Buch) at Max-Delbrück-Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany (R.W., S.D.A.); Department of Cardiology, DRK-Kliniken Westend, Berlin, Germany (C.F.O.); Department of Clinical Cardiology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK (S.D.A., R.S.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Universitätsklinik Leipzig, Germany (J.W.); Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Universitätsklinik Dresden, Germany (G.H.); Department of Internal Medicine, Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin, Germany (F.X.K.); and Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Germany (R.E.).
Correspondence to Dr Roland Wensel, MD, Clinical Cardiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney St, London, SW3 6NP, UK. E-mail r.wensel{at}ic.ac.uk
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Abstract |
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Background— Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a life-threatening disease. Prognostic assessment is an important factor in determining medical treatment and lung transplantation. Whether cardiopulmonary exercise testing data predict survival has not been reported previously.
Methods and Results— We studied 86 patients with PPH (58 female, age 46±2 years, median NYHA class III) between 1996 and 2001 who were followed up in a tertiary referral center. Right heart catheterization was performed and serum uric acid levels were measured in all patients. Seventy patients were able to undergo exercise testing. At the start of the study, the average pulmonary artery pressure was 60±2 mm Hg, average pulmonary vascular resistance was 1664±81 dyne · s · cm-5, average serum uric acid level was 7.5±0.35 mg/dL, and average peak oxygen uptake during exercise (peak 
O2) was 11.2±0.5 mL · kg-1 · min-1. During follow-up (mean: 567±48 days), 28 patients died and 16 underwent lung transplantation (1-year cumulative event-free survival: 68%; 95% CI 58 to 78). The strongest predictors of impaired survival were low peak O2 (P<0.0001) and low systolic blood pressure at peak exercise (peak SBP; P<0.0001). In a multivariable analysis, serum uric acid levels (all P<0.005) and diastolic blood pressure at peak exercise independently predicted survival (P<0.05). Patients with peak O2 
10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 and peak SBP 120 mm Hg (ie, 2 risk factors) had poor survival rates at 12 months (23%), whereas patients with 1 or none of these risk factors had better survival rates (79% and 97%, respectively).
Conclusions— Peak O2 and peak SBP are independent and strong predictors of survival in PPH patients. Hemodynamic parameters, although also accurate predictors, provide no independent prognostic information.
Key Words: exercise • risk factors • prognosis • pulmonary heart disease
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Introduction |
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Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a life-threatening disease with a median survival rate of 2.8 years.1,2 Prognostic assessment is important, particularly in the context of evaluation for lung transplantation, and is currently based on hemodynamic and clinical data. Exercise limitation, mainly caused by dyspnea, is the major symptom in these patients. Exercise capacity, as measured by the 6-minute walk test, is an independent prognostic marker among noninvasive parameters.3 Furthermore, serum uric acid levels correlate with exercise capacity and severity of PPH and independently relate to prognosis.4
The prognostic relevance of peak oxygen uptake (peak O2) and of the slope of the linear regression of the ventilation to carbon dioxide production during exercise (E/CO2 slope) as a measure of ventilatory efficiency have not been investigated so far. These parameters, obtained from a symptom-limited exercise test, are the most powerful prognostic markers in chronic heart failure.5–7 In patients with PPH, it is well established that peak O2 is decreased and that the E/CO2 slope is increased compared with normal controls and that both parameters improve with prostaglandin treatment.8–10 In the present study, we sought to determine the prognostic value of peak O2, E/CO2 slope, and serum uric acid levels in comparison with clinical and hemodynamic parameters.
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Methods |
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Patients
We prospectively recruited all consecutive patients who were referred to our center with the diagnosis of PPH (n=86; 58 female; mean age 46±2 years) between May 1996 and May 2001. The diagnosis was established according to the National Institutes of Health criteria.11 A patent foramen ovale (PFO) was diagnosed in 29 patients. The median New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class was III (20 patients class II, 56 patients class III, and 10 patients class IV). PPH was diagnosed on average 22±4 months before admission to our institution. At the first visit (ie, at baseline), medications included calcium channel blockers (n=29), oral anticoagulants (n=49), nasal oxygen supplementation (n=16), and iloprost inhalation (n=2) in varying combinations. During follow-up, iloprost inhalation was started in 55 patients, and 25 of these patients were later switched to intravenous iloprost treatment because of progressive right heart failure. Eleven patients were primarily started on intravenous iloprost, and 5 patients were subsequently treated with oral beraprost. The local ethics committee approved the study, and all patients gave written informed consent.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
Of the 86 patients in the study, 16 did not undergo exercise testing (10 because of clinical instability and 6 because of patient refusal). A symptom-limited exercise test was performed, with 53 patients using a treadmill and 17 patients using a cycle ergometer. The modified Naughton protocol for treadmill exercise testing was used. Exercise testing with the use of a cycle ergometer (ER900; Jäger) was started at 20 W, with a stepwise increment of 16 W/min. Oxygen uptake (O2), carbon dioxide output (CO2), instantaneous expiratory gas concentrations throughout the respiratory cycle, and minute ventilation (E) were measured continuously on a breath-by-breath basis (CPX/D, MedGraphics).
Peak O2 was defined as the highest 30-second average of oxygen uptake in the last minute of exercise. Pulmonary gas exchange was assessed with the E/CO2 slope,7,10 the end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) at rest, and percutaneous oxygen saturation. Heart rate and blood pressure (by sphygmomanometer) were measured at rest, during each stage of exercise, and at peak exercise.
Hemodynamic Studies
At baseline, all patients underwent right heart catheterization, which was performed within 24 (n=59) to 48 hours (n=11) after the exercise test. This was performed via the right internal jugular or the right subclavian veins with an 8F Swan-Ganz catheter (Baxter Swan Ganz IntelliCath). We monitored arterial blood pressure and arterial blood gases with an arterial line (Vygon leader cath 20G) inserted into the radial artery. Cardiac output (Fick method), arterial blood pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, mean right atrial pressure (RAP), and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure were measured. Systemic vascular resistance and pulmonary vascular resistance were calculated according to the standard formula. In the patients with a PFO, pulmonary blood flow was calculated by the Fick method, assuming a pulmonary venous oxygen saturation of 98% at room air and of 100% during oxygen supplementation. Accordingly, pulmonary blood flow was used for the calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance.
Pulmonary Function Test
Spirometry and body plethysmography were performed with the use of a constant volume body plethysmograph (Master Laboratory, Jäger). Vital capacity, forced vital capacity, the ratio of forced expiratory 1-second volume to forced vital capacity, peak expiratory flow, midexpiratory flow when 25%, 50%, or 75% of forced vital capacity remains in the lung, airway resistance, total lung capacity, and the ratio of residual volume to total lung capacity were used for the final analysis. The single-breath technique using carbon monoxide (CO) was used for the measurement of diffusion capacity. For final analysis, lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO) and the carbon monoxide transfer coefficient (KCO, as transfer factor for CO/alveolar volume [VA]; TLCO/VA) in mmol · min-1 · kPa-1 (1 kPa=7.502 mm Hg) were selected. All measurements were done according to the guidelines of the European Community for Steel and Coal and for each individual value were also expressed in percent of predicted values derived from age- and sex-matched healthy controls.12
Uric Acid
Serum uric acid levels were measured from a standard venous blood sample taken in the morning to avoid any confounding effects of previous exercise.
Statistical Analysis
All data are expressed as mean±SEM. The end point of the study was defined as all-cause mortality and urgent lung or heart/lung transplantation, with the remaining cases designated as event-free survival. The decision for urgent lung or heart/lung transplantation was not based on the baseline measurements obtained from exercise testing in this study. Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed using baseline values to assess the association between variables and the combined end point of all-cause mortality and urgent lung or heart/lung transplantation. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for risk factors, as well as levels for 
2 test, are given, and Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival plots were constructed using StatView 5 software (Abacus Concepts). Receiver-operating characteristic curves for independent parameters were drawn and the areas under the curves calculated (MedCalc 5.0, MedCalc Inc). For a specific parameter, the cutoff level that resulted in the highest product of sensitivity and specificity was considered the optimal cutoff for prognostication.
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Results |
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The demographic and hemodynamic data and serum uric acid levels of the patients are summarized in Table 1. No adverse events occurred during or after the exercise test. The performance- limiting symptom was intolerable shortness of breath in all patients. No patient reported retrosternal pressure, pain, or burning. No ischemic ECG changes were observed during exercise. There was a marked reduction in peak
O2 and a pronounced increase in the resting E/CO2 ratio and the E/CO2 slope (Table 2). The lung function test (Table 2) revealed some degree of peripheral obstruction and a reduced diffusion capacity. There was a marked degree of hypocapnia with moderate hypoxemia.
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Survival
Of the 86 patients who were followed up (mean: 567±48 days), 28 died and 16 underwent double lung (n=8) or heart/lung transplantation after 5 to 1061 days (mean: 343±41). The mean follow-up period of the 42 survivors was 801±73 days (range 68 to 1943). The cumulative event-free survival rate of all patients was 84% at 6 months (95% CI: 76 to 91) and 68% at 1 year (95% CI: 58 to 78).
Cox Proportional Hazards Analyses
In the 70 patients in whom exercise test data were available, systolic blood pressure at peak exercise (peak SBP), peak O2, exercise duration, PETCO2 at rest, E/CO2 slope, diastolic blood pressure at peak exercise (peak DBP), and heart rate at peak exercise predicted survival (Table 3). Among hemodynamic variables, mixed venous oxygen saturation (SvO2), arteriovenous difference of oxygen content (avDO2), RAP, cardiac index, pulmonary vascular resistance, heart rate, and cardiac output were predictive for survival (Table 3). In addition to these exercise-related and hemodynamic parameters, NYHA class and serum uric acid levels predicted survival. Treatment (inhaled, intravenous, or oral prostaglandin versus conventional medical therapy) did not predict survival (P=0.6). The presence of a PFO was not a predictor of survival (P=0.7). Patients with a PFO had a 64.6% (95% CI: 47.0 to 82.0) 1-year event-free survival rate (without PFO: 70.7%; 95% CI: 58.5 to 82.8%).
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Multivariable forward stepwise Cox proportional hazards analysis was performed including all parameters significant at univariate analysis apart from the E/CO2 slope, arteriovenous difference of oxygen content, and cardiac index. E/CO2 slope had been removed from the analysis because it would have limited the analysis to the patients without a PFO (n=47). Arteriovenous oxygen difference and cardiac index were highly collinear with cardiac output. This multivariable model showed that peak SBP, serum uric acid levels, peak O2 (all P<0.005), and peak DBP (P<0.05) were independent predictors of prognosis (Table 4). Backward stepwise analysis showed the same results. Hemodynamic parameters were not independently predictive of survival.
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A forward stepwise multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis of cardiac output, SvO2, pulmonary vascular resistance, and RAP showed that only RAP (HR: 1.076, P<0.05) and SvO2 (HR: 0.963, P<0.05) were independent predictors of survival.
Receiver-Operating Characteristics
Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves for 12 months were plotted for peak SBP, peak DBP, serum uric acid levels, peak O2, RAP, and SvO2 (Table 5). Peak SBP and peak O2 were found to be highly accurate predictors of 1-year survival.
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Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis
From the ROC curves, the optimal cutoffs were determined (120 mm Hg and 10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 for peak SBP and peak O2, respectively). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that patients with a peak SBP >120 mm Hg had a significantly better prognosis (P<0.001) at 1 year (cumulative survival 93%; 95% CI: 86 to 100) than those with a peak SBP 120 mm Hg (cumulative survival 34%; 95% CI: 15 to 53; Figure 1). Patients with a peak O2 >10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 had a significantly better 1-year survival rate than patients with a peak O2 10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 (91%, 95% CI: 82 to 97 versus 50%; 95% CI: 40 to 67, P<0.001). Peak SBP 120 mm Hg and peak O2 10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 were independent predictors of survival in bivariate Cox analysis (HR 5.9, P<0.0001, and HR 2.6, P<0.05, respectively). In Kaplan-Meier survival analysis (Figure 2), the absence peak SBP of 120 mm Hg and peak O2 10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 predicted excellent prognosis at 1 year (survival 97%; 95% CI: 90 to 100). The 19 patients with both of these risk factors had a 1-year survival rate of 23% (95% CI: 3 to 42). The 21 patients with only 1 of these risk factors had an intermediate 1-year survival rate (79%; 95% CI: 61 to 98).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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In the present study, we show for the first time that peak
O2 and peak SBP obtained during a standardized exercise test are independent and highly accurate predictors of survival in patients with PPH. Furthermore, apart from serum uric acid levels and peak DBP, all other clinical and hemodynamic variables measured in this study did not provide additional independent prognostic information. Exercise testing yields invaluable prognostic information in a variety of cardiovascular disorders.3,5 Measurement of exercise capacity as duration of exercise or distance walked in finite time interval (ie, the 6-minute walk test) correlates with severity, treatment used, and prognosis in PPH.3,13
In patients with PPH, peak O2 is reduced compared with normal controls.8,14 The integral information on the primary hemodynamic disorder and the adaptive peripheral changes renders peak O2 one of the most powerful prognosticators in chronic heart failure,5–7,15 and our data strongly suggest that the same applies for patients with PPH. Patients with and without a PFO did not differ with regard to peak O2 (P=0.13). The prognostic information of peak O2 was not changed when the patients with a PFO were excluded. There was no prognostic interference between PFO and peak O2. Therefore, the high prevalence of a PFO in our study population (34%) compared with other populations (19% to 26%)16,17 is unlikely to have affected the prognostic value of peak O2. In contrast to other studies,18 a PFO was not a predictor of survival in our study.
The E/CO2 slope was predictive of survival in univariate analysis. Dantzker et al19 showed that in patients with PPH, an abnormal pulmonary gas exchange results from a small percentage of pulmonary blood flow distributed to units with (1) a very low /;
ratio, (2) shunt, and (3) from low mixed venous oxygen saturation, whereas only mild impairments in /; matching have been found. The major determinant of a worsening gas exchange during exercise was a widening arterial-venous oxygen difference.20 The E/CO2 slope could be determined only in patients without a PFO (n=47) because the presence of a right/left shunt results in typical gas exchange abnormalities during exercise,21 which lead to an exponential shape of the E/CO2 plot. Thus, the fitting of a linear slope becomes somewhat arbitrary. Therefore, the prognostic value of this variable is limited by the fact that it can only be obtained in patients without a right/left shunt during exercise.
The SBP during exercise was the most powerful predictor of survival in our patient population. Similar results have been reported for patients with chronic heart failure, where peak SBP was the most powerful prognostic marker in patients with a peak O2<14 mL · kg-1 · min-1.22
In PPH, the presence of a high right ventricular pressure renders coronary perfusion more vulnerable to a low SBP, which can lead to right ventricular ischemia. Recently, Gomez et al23 showed a direct correlation between right ventricular ischemia and right ventricular dysfunction in patients with PPH. The prognostic consequence of a low SBP could therefore be explained by more severe right ventricular dysfunction as a result of ischemia. No patient reported retrosternal pressure, pain, or burning. No ischemic ECG changes were observed during exercise. Some patients, however, did describe their shortness of breath as chest or throat tightness, which may have reflected ischemia. The prognostic value of serum uric acid levels in PPH has been reported previously,4 and it is speculated that this association reflects the effects of impaired oxidative metabolism on prognosis of these patients. Our data show that serum uric acid level was an independent predictor of survival. The ROC analysis, however, showed little prognostic power.
Excellent risk stratification could be obtained using the cutoff values of peak SBP and peak O2 as calculated by ROC curves (Figure 1). A peak SBP 120 mm Hg and a peak O2 10.4 mL · kg-1 · min-1 were both found to be independent risk factors. Risk stratification according to these parameters allowed clearer subgrouping of high-risk versus medium- and low-risk patients.
Several studies have shown a prognostic relevance of hemodynamic variables in patients with PPH.24,25,26 Our data confirm this observation insofar as hemodynamic parameters were predictive of survival in univariate analysis with good prognostic accuracy. None of these variables, however, was an independent predictor of prognosis in multivariable analysis. This implies that even though resting hemodynamic data do have prognostic value, they do not add further prognostic information to the data obtained from peak O2 and SBP during exercise. In the subgroup of patients who are too sick to exercise, they can serve as prognostic markers.
Treatment did not predict survival in our population, which most likely reflects the fact that prostaglandins have been given to the sicker patients and the proven (for intravenous)13 or potential (for oral and inhaled) beneficial effect of this treatment compensated for that.
A limitation of our study is that some patients (18.6%) did not undergo cardiopulmonary exercise testing. This was in part because of the poor clinical status of those patients, which ruled out exercise testing. We feel, however, that it is important to evaluate the data on those patients who did not undergo exercise testing because this group includes patients with more severe disease.
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Conclusions |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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Low peak
O2 and peak SBP are strong predictors of impaired survival in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension, eclipsing all hemodynamic parameters. The combined use of these 2 parameters allows for accurate risk stratification in these patients, which in the future may help to determine the therapeutic strategy.
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Acknowledgments |
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We thank Dr Abdissa Negassa (Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, New York) for helping with parts of the statistical analysis.
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Footnotes |
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*The first 2 authors contributed equally to this study.
Received March 20, 2002; revision received May 3, 2002; accepted May 3, 2002.
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References |
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M. Kurzyna and A. Torbicki Neurohormonal modulation in right ventricular failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_H): H35 - H40. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Fijalkowska and A. Torbicki Role of cardiac biomarkers in assessment of RV function and prognosis in chronic pulmonary hypertension Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_H): H41 - H47. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-L. Vachiery and A. Pavelescu Exercise echocardiography in pulmonary hypertension Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_H): H48 - H53. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.-P. Diller, K. Dimopoulos, H. Kafka, S. Y. Ho, and M. A. Gatzoulis Model of chronic adaptation: right ventricular function in Eisenmenger syndrome Eur. Heart J. Suppl., December 1, 2007; 9(suppl_H): H54 - H60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Hoeper, M. W. Pletz, H. Golpon, and T. Welte Prognostic value of blood gas analyses in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2007; 29(5): 944 - 950. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G.-P. Diller and M. A. Gatzoulis Pulmonary Vascular Disease in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease Circulation, February 27, 2007; 115(8): 1039 - 1050. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. V. McLaughlin and M. D. McGoon Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Circulation, September 26, 2006; 114(13): 1417 - 1431. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Fijalkowska, M. Kurzyna, A. Torbicki, G. Szewczyk, M. Florczyk, P. Pruszczyk, and M. Szturmowicz Serum N-Terminal Brain Natriuretic Peptide as a Prognostic Parameter in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension Chest, May 1, 2006; 129(5): 1313 - 1321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S.-c. Zhang, S. Hironaka, A. Ohtsu, S. Yoshida, T. Hasebe, M. Fukayama, and A. Ochiai Computer-assisted analysis of biopsy specimen microvessels predicts the outcome of esophageal cancers treated with chemoradiotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2006; 12(6): 1735 - 1742. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Mahapatra, R. A. Nishimura, P. Sorajja, S. Cha, and M. D. McGoon Relationship of Pulmonary Arterial Capacitance and Mortality in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 21, 2006; 47(4): 799 - 803. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Hoeper, I. Markevych, E. Spiekerkoetter, T. Welte, and J. Niedermeyer Goal-oriented treatment and combination therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2005; 26(5): 858 - 863. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. F. Opitz, R. Wensel, J. Winkler, M. Halank, L. Bruch, F.-X. Kleber, G. Hoffken, S. D. Anker, A. Negassa, S. B. Felix, et al. Clinical efficacy and survival with first-line inhaled iloprost therapy in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2005; 26(18): 1895 - 1902. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Yasunobu, R. J. Oudiz, X.-G. Sun, J. E. Hansen, and K. Wasserman End-tidal PCO2 Abnormality and Exercise Limitation in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Chest, May 1, 2005; 127(5): 1637 - 1646. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Naeije Breathing more with weaker respiratory muscles in pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 6 - 8. [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. J. Meyer, D. Lossnitzer, A. V. Kristen, A. M. Schoene, W. Kubler, H. A. Katus, and M. M. Borst Respiratory muscle dysfunction in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 125 - 130. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Kluge, H. Barthel, H. Pankau, A. Seese, J. Schauer, H. Wirtz, H.-J. Seyfarth, J. Steinbach, O. Sabri, and J. Winkler Different Mechanisms for Changes in Glucose Uptake of the Right and Left Ventricular Myocardium in Pulmonary Hypertension J. Nucl. Med., January 1, 2005; 46(1): 25 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Task Force members, N. Galie, A. Torbicki, R. Barst, P. Dartevelle, S. Haworth, T. Higenbottam, H. Olschewski, A. Peacock, G. Pietra, et al. Guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension: The Task Force on Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., December 2, 2004; 25(24): 2243 - 2278. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.M. Hoeper, C. Faulenbach, H. Golpon, J. Winkler, T. Welte, and J. Niedermeyer Combination therapy with bosentan and sildenafil in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension Eur. Respir. J., December 1, 2004; 24(6): 1007 - 1010. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sofia, M. Maniscalco, P. Carratu, and O. Resta End points for pulmonary arterial hypertension: a way backward Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2004; 24(5): 890 - 891. [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. V. McLaughlin, K. W. Presberg, R. L. Doyle, S. H. Abman, D. C. McCrory, T. Fortin, and G. Ahearn Prognosis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension*: ACCP Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines Chest, July 1, 2004; 126(1_suppl): 78S - 92S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Hoeper, R. J. Oudiz, A. Peacock, V. F. Tapson, S. G. Haworth, A. E. Frost, and A. Torbicki End points and clinical trial designs in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Clinical and regulatory perspectives J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12_Suppl_S): 48S - 55S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. Klepetko, E. Mayer, J. Sandoval, E. P. Trulock, J.-L. Vachiery, P. Dartevelle, J. Pepke-Zaba, S. W. Jamieson, I. Lang, and P. Corris Interventional and surgical modalities of treatment for pulmonary arterial hypertension J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12_Suppl_S): 73S - 80S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Peacock, R. Naeije, N. Galie, and J.T. Reeves End points in pulmonary arterial hypertension: the way forward Eur. Respir. J., June 1, 2004; 23(6): 947 - 953. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Deboeck, G. Niset, M. Lamotte, J-L. Vachiery, and R. Naeije Exercise testing in pulmonary arterial hypertension and in chronic heart failure Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2004; 23(5): 747 - 751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. W Mikhail, S. K Prasad, W. Li, P. Rogers, A. H Chester, S. Bayne, D. Stephens, M. Khan, J.S.R Gibbs, T. W Evans, et al. Clinical and haemodynamic effects of sildenafil in pulmonary hypertension: acute and mid-term effects Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2004; 25(5): 431 - 436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Barst, D. Langleben, A. Frost, E. M. Horn, R. Oudiz, S. Shapiro, V. McLaughlin, N. Hill, V. F. Tapson, I. M. Robbins, et al. Sitaxsentan Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 15, 2004; 169(4): 441 - 447. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nagaya, S. Kyotani, M. Uematsu, K. Ueno, H. Oya, N. Nakanishi, M. Shirai, H. Mori, K. Miyatake, and K. Kangawa Effects of Adrenomedullin Inhalation on Hemodynamics and Exercise Capacity in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Circulation, January 27, 2004; 109(3): 351 - 356. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Torbicki, M. Kurzyna, P. Kuca, A. Fijalkowska, J. Sikora, M. Florczyk, P. Pruszczyk, J. Burakowski, and L. Wawrzynska Detectable Serum Cardiac Troponin T as a Marker of Poor Prognosis Among Patients With Chronic Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension Circulation, August 19, 2003; 108(7): 844 - 848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.M. Hoeper, N. Taha, A. Bekjarova, R. Gatzke, and E. Spiekerkoetter Bosentan treatment in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension receiving nonparenteral prostanoids Eur. Respir. J., August 1, 2003; 22(2): 330 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Chemla, V. Castelain, P. Herve, Y. Lecarpentier, and S. Brimioulle Haemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2002; 20(5): 1314 - 1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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