Published online before print November 4, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000039105.49749.6F
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2002;106:3068.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Lifetime Risk for Developing Congestive Heart Failure
The Framingham Heart Study
From the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Framingham Heart Study, National Institutes of Health (NIH/NHLBI contract N01-HC-25195; D.M.L.-J., M.G.L., W.B.K., J.M.M., R.S.V., E.J.B., D.L.); Cardiology Division (D.M.L.-J.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (D.M.L.-J., M.G.L., R.B.D., W.B.K., E.J.B., R.S.V., D.L.), Cardiology Department (R.S.V., E.J.B.), and Section of General Internal Medicine (J.M.M.), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass; and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (E.P.L., A.B., R.B.D.), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to Donald M. Lloyd-Jones, MD, Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt Wayte Ave, Framingham, MA 01702. E-mail don{at}fram.nhlbi.nih.gov
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— Congestive heart failure (CHF) is an increasing public health problem.
Methods and Results— Among Framingham Heart Study subjects who were free of CHF at baseline, we determined the lifetime risk for developing overt CHF at selected index ages. We followed 3757 men and 4472 women from 1971 to 1996 for 124 262 person-years; 583 subjects developed CHF and 2002 died without prior CHF. At age 40 years, the lifetime risk for CHF was 21.0% (95% CI 18.7% to 23.2%) for men and 20.3% (95% CI 18.2% to 22.5%) for women. Remaining lifetime risk did not change with advancing index age because of rapidly increasing CHF incidence rates. At age 80 years, the lifetime risk was 20.2% (95% CI 16.1% to 24.2%) for men and 19.3% (95% CI 16.5% to 22.2%) for women. Lifetime risk for CHF doubled for subjects with blood pressure 
160/100 versus <140/90 mm Hg. In a secondary analysis, we only considered those who developed CHF without an antecedent myocardial infarction; at age 40 years, the lifetime risk for CHF was 11.4% (95% CI 9.6% to 13.2%) for men and 15.4% (95% CI 13.5% to 17.3%) for women.
Conclusions— When established clinical criteria are used to define overt CHF, the lifetime risk for CHF is 1 in 5 for both men and women. For CHF occurring in the absence of myocardial infarction, the lifetime risk is 1 in 9 for men and 1 in 6 for women, which highlights the risk of CHF that is largely attributable to hypertension. These results should assist in predicting the population burden of CHF and placing greater emphasis on prevention of CHF through hypertension control and prevention of myocardial infarction.
Key Words: heart failure • risk factors • hypertension • myocardial infarction
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
In the past 2 decades, congestive heart failure (CHF) has become an increasingly important public health problem. CHF affects 4.8 million Americans, and it is the leading cause of hospitalization for people aged 65 years and over in the United States. From 1979 to 1999, hospitalizations for CHF rose 155%, to 962 000 per year.1 With the aging of the population and improved survival after acute myocardial infarction (MI), these trends are likely to continue. Although CHF has been described as an emerging epidemic in cardiovascular disease,2 there have been no studies to date of the lifetime risk for developing CHF.
See p 2997
The concept of lifetime risk allows consideration of the absolute cumulative risk of an individual developing a given disease during his or her remaining lifetime. Lifetime risk estimates account for the risk of developing the disease of interest and the risk of competing causes of death. Lifetime risks may be more easily understood by the lay public than relative risks, because they answer the question, what is the absolute risk of developing this disease during the remaining life span? The Framingham Heart Study, with its long-term follow-up and careful documentation of risk factors and events, provides a unique opportunity to estimate the lifetime risk for CHF and to explore factors that may modify remaining lifetime risk in men and women at different ages.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Subjects
The Framingham Heart Study was established in 1948, when 5209 residents of Framingham, Mass, aged 28 to 62 years, were enrolled in a prospective epidemiologic cohort study. In 1971, an additional 5124 subjects (offspring of original cohort subjects and offspring spouses) were enrolled in the Framingham Offspring Study. Study design and entry criteria for both cohorts have been detailed elsewhere.3,4 For the present analysis, all subjects who participated in an examination between 1971 and 1996 were eligible provided that they were examined at least once between the ages of 40 and 94 years and that they had follow-up after the earliest eligible examination. Subjects with a history of CHF before age 40 years or before their index examination were excluded (n=91).
Case Ascertainment
Interim cardiovascular events were ascertained from medical histories, physical examinations, ECGs, and review of interim medical records, including hospital and attending physicians’ records and chest radiograph reports, of those who appeared and those who failed to appear for scheduled study examinations. All suspected cardiovascular events were reviewed by a panel of 3 physicians who applied established criteria for such events.5 Methods for defining the occurrence of overt CHF in the Framingham Heart Study have been described in detail elsewhere.6
Statistical Analysis
All statistical analyses were performed with SAS statistical software.7 For calculation of the lifetime risk for CHF, a modified technique of survival analysis was used, as described previously.8,9 Because few subjects survived past age 94 years, lifetime risk estimates were calculated only through age 94. Each subject in the study sample was followed up from entry through 1996 until either the year of a first CHF event, the year of death, or attainment of age 95 years. Remaining lifetime risk was calculated separately for men and women at index ages of 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 years.
We also examined the lifetime risk for CHF according to blood pressure strata. For each index age, we stratified subjects according to the blood pressure measurement at the examination most closely preceding the index age and not more than 6 years before it. Subjects were stratified into the following 3 groups according to blood pressure: systolic <140 and diastolic <90 mm Hg; systolic 140 to 159 or diastolic 90 to 99 mm Hg; and systolic 160 or diastolic 100 mm Hg. In separate analyses, we included subjects who were receiving antihypertensive therapy at the index age in the highest blood pressure stratum and then repeated the analysis assigning blood pressure stratum regardless of treatment status.
We performed a secondary analysis to examine the remaining lifetime risk for CHF attributable to causes other than MI. In this analysis, we excluded subjects with a history of recognized or unrecognized MI before or at the index examination and only considered those who developed CHF without an intervening MI during follow-up.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
There were 3757 men and 4472 women in the study sample. These subjects were followed up from 1971 through 1996 for a total of 124 262 person-years. The baseline characteristics of the study sample at the index examination are shown in Table 1. During follow-up, 583 subjects developed CHF and 2002 died without prior CHF.
|
Lifetime Risk for CHF
The remaining lifetime risk for CHF for men and women at selected index ages is shown in Table 2 (top). The lifetime risk for CHF was 1 in 5 for both men and women, regardless of the index age. Remaining lifetime risk did not change across index ages because of rapidly increasing CHF incidence rates with advancing age (Figure).
|
|
Lifetime Risk for CHF by Blood Pressure Strata
For this analysis, data were available for 3433 men and 4199 women. The lifetime risks for CHF by blood pressure strata at selected index ages are shown in Table 3. At almost all index ages in men and women, there was a 2-fold gradient in remaining lifetime risk for CHF from the lowest to highest blood pressure. When we assigned blood pressure stratum using the average of all blood pressure measurements obtained at study clinic visits in the 6 years before each index age, we obtained substantially the same results (data not shown).
|
Comparison of Short-Term Risk Versus Lifetime Risk for CHF
Table 4 demonstrates the utility of considering absolute lifetime risk compared with shorter-term risks. For younger subjects, the short-term risk is exceedingly low, whereas the lifetime risk is high. For older subjects, short-term risks accumulate more rapidly, as also indicated by the slopes of the curves in the Figure.
|
Lifetime Risk for CHF Without Antecedent MI
There were 3571 men and 4416 women without a history of MI (or CHF) at the index examination. During follow-up of 117 849 person-years, 374 subjects developed CHF without an antecedent MI, whereas 2251 subjects died or had an incident MI before the development of CHF. At age 40 years, the lifetime risk for CHF without antecedent MI was 1 in 9 for men and 1 in 6 for women (Table 2, bottom).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Principal Findings
The lifetime risk for CHF is 1 in 5 for men and women. At all ages, the remaining lifetime risk for CHF is as high for women as for men. However, our data suggest differing degrees of importance for hypertension versus MI as risk factors for CHF in women and men. Comparison of the lifetime risk for CHF without antecedent MI (Table 2, bottom) with the overall lifetime risk for CHF (Table 2, top) provides insight into the differing causes of CHF. The lifetime risk for CHF for women free of MI was 1 in 6 compared with 1 in 5 for all women, which indicates that factors other than MI play a relatively greater role. In contrast, the lifetime risk was approximately half as great in men free of MI (1 in 9) compared with all men (1 in 5), which indicates the importance of antecedent MI in men.
These data provide new insights into the long-term risk for CHF and the effect of known risk factors. In general, the present study supports prior findings10 from shorter-term studies and estimates of population-attributable risks for the development of CHF associated with different risk factors.11 In the latter study, hypertension accounted for 59% of the population-attributable risk of CHF in women compared with 39% in men. The present study highlights the significant association between hypertension and long-term risk for CHF in both men and women. The lifetime risk is doubled for men and women with blood pressure 160/100 compared with <140/90 mm Hg.
Public Health Implications
Compared with a lifetime risk for CHF of 1 in 5, a woman at age 40 years has a remaining lifetime risk for breast cancer of 1 in 8,12 and the lifetime risk for coronary heart disease at age 40 years is 1 in 2 for men and 1 in 3 for women.8 At age 50 years, the lifetime risks for hip fracture, a major cause of morbidity in older persons, are 1 in 6 for white women and 1 in 20 for white men.13
With the aging of the population, the concomitant increase in the number of hypertensive individuals, and improved post-MI survival, CHF has become a major public health concern.2 However, despite the growing epidemic of CHF, community-based epidemiologic investigations of heart failure have been difficult to perform because of difficulty defining the diagnosis.14 Other investigators have relied on the Framingham criteria to study CHF in community populations.15,16 National health statistics regarding CHF may be significantly flawed because of the current reliance on death certificate data.17 Goldberg and Konstam14 have therefore urged that more population-based studies be performed to understand the risks, incidence, and prognosis of CHF. The present study addresses some of the deficiencies in knowledge about the epidemiology of CHF.
The lifetime risk estimates presented here are useful for researchers and policy makers in predicting the population burden of CHF. In addition, lifetime risk data may be compared between different diseases to allow appropriate allocation of resources for competing causes of morbidity and mortality. Given that CHF is already the leading cause of hospitalization in the elderly, significant public health efforts should be aimed at reducing the incidence of CHF.
Clinical Implications
The present data also may be useful in developing cost-effective strategies for the primary prevention of CHF. In younger individuals with low short-term risk (Table 4), the high lifetime risk might be more useful in motivating long-term lifestyle modification efforts aimed at prevention of hypertension or MI. In older individuals with hypertension, the rapidly accumulating risk of CHF, even in the context of high risk of death from other causes, indicates the importance of immediate intervention. A lower number of hypertensive subjects and shorter duration of treatment would be required to prevent 1 CHF event among older hypertensive patients.
The present observational study design cannot predict the effect of antihypertensive therapy on reducing lifetime risk for CHF; only randomized clinical trials can do so. The known benefit of antihypertensive therapy may not be readily observed (Table 3), because current methods of lifetime risk estimation do not allow for updating of covariates over time. Nonetheless, our estimates of lifetime risk for CHF by blood pressure strata, combined with results from clinical trials, may help guide clinicians and patients in decision-making regarding prevention of CHF through antihypertensive therapy.
Clinical trials have demonstrated 
50% reductions in CHF incidence with active treatment of hypertension in older individuals.18,19 Thus, effective therapies exist for major reductions in CHF incidence if awareness of the problem, identification of high-risk patients, and treatment and control of hypertension can be achieved more widely in clinical practice. In addition, prevention of MI and increased use of proven therapies after MI would be expected to further reduce the incidence of CHF.
Potential Limitations
The Framingham Heart Study cohort is composed almost exclusively of white individuals, which may limit the generalizability of our findings to other ethnic groups, in whom the risks of CHF and contributing roles of predisposing conditions may differ. It is possible that because of their participation in periodic examinations, Framingham subjects may have been motivated to modify risk factors and reduce their lifetime risk for CHF. Furthermore, we used clinical criteria to identify overt cases of CHF, which may have led to an underestimation of the true lifetime risk for CHF.
With many diseases, lifetime risk decreases at older index ages, because older subjects have a shorter remaining life span, and depletion of susceptible individuals occurs at younger ages. However, with CHF, which is overwhelmingly a disease of the elderly, the increasing incidence with advancing age outpaces the increasing mortality from competing causes. We estimated the cumulative lifetime risk for CHF rather than the Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence, which tends to overestimate the risk for disease when the competing risk of death is high. For example, for men at age 40 years, the lifetime risk for CHF is 21.0% compared with a Kaplan-Meier cumulative incidence of 52.4%. Thus, lifetime risk estimates more accurately reflect the population burden of disease.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
Dr Lloyd-Jones is supported by grant K23 HL04253 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
Received July 19, 2002; revision received September 10, 2002; accepted September 10, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. American Heart Association. 2002 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association; 2001.
2. Braunwald E. Shattuck Lecture: cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 1360–1369.
3. Dawber TR, Kannel WB, Lyell LP. An approach to longitudinal studies in a community: the Framingham study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1963; 107: 539–556.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Kannel WB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, et al. An investigation of coronary heart disease in families: the Framingham offspring study. Am J Epidemiol. 1979; 110: 281–290.
5. Abbott RD, McGee DL. The Framingham Study: An Epidemiological Investigation of Cardiovascular Disease, Section 37. Bethesda, MD: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 1987.
6. Kannel WB, D’Agostino RB, Silbershatz H, et al. Profile for estimating risk of heart failure. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 1197–1204.
7. SAS Institute. SAS/STAT Software: Changes and Enhancements Through Release 6.11. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc; 1996.
8. Lloyd-Jones DM, Larson MG, Beiser A, et al. Lifetime risk of developing coronary heart disease. Lancet. 1999; 353: 89–92.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Vasan RS, Beiser A, Seshadri S, et al. Residual lifetime risk for developing hypertension in middle-aged women and men. JAMA. 2002; 287: 1003–1010.
10. Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in subjects with normal versus reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 33: 1948–1955.
11. Levy D, Larson MG, Vasan RS, et al. The progression from hypertension to congestive heart failure. JAMA. 1996; 275: 1557–1562.
12. Feuer EJ, Wung L, Boring CC, et al. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993; 85: 892–897.
13. Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM. Lifetime risks of hip, Colles’, or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med. 1989; 149: 2445–2448.
14. Goldberg RJ, Konstam MA. Assessing the population burden from heart failure: need for sentinel population-based surveillance systems. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 15–17.
15. Senni M, Triboiuilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: a study of all incident cases in Olmsted County, Minnesota, in 1991. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2282–2289.
16. Senni M, Triboiuilloy CM, Rodeheffer RJ, et al. Congestive heart failure in the community: trends in incidence and survival in a 10-year period. Arch Intern Med. 1999; 159: 29–34.
17. Lloyd-Jones DM, Martin DO, Larson MG, et al. Accuracy of death certificates for coding coronary heart disease as the cause of death. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 1020–1026.
18. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA. 1997; 278: 212–216.
19. Moser M, Hebert PR. Prevention of disease progression, left ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure in hypertension treatment trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 27: 1214–1218.[Abstract]
Related Article:
Circulation 2002 106: 2997-2998.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  P. M. Pullicino, L. A. McClure, V. G. Wadley, A. Ahmed, V. J. Howard, G. Howard, and M. M. Safford Blood Pressure and Stroke in Heart Failure in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study Stroke, December 1, 2009; 40(12): 3706 - 3710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Q. Liu, M. A. Sargent, A. J. York, and J. D. Molkentin ASK1 Regulates Cardiomyocyte Death but Not Hypertrophy in Transgenic Mice Circ. Res., November 20, 2009; 105(11): 1110 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Franz, A. Berndt, A. Altendorf-Hofmann, N. Fiedler, P. Richter, J. Schumm, M. Fritzenwanger, H. R. Figulla, and B. R. Brehm Serum levels of large tenascin-C variants, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases in concentric versus eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy Eur J Heart Fail, November 1, 2009; 11(11): 1057 - 1062. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Lenaerts, V. Bito, F. R. Heinzel, R. B. Driesen, P. Holemans, J. D'hooge, H. Heidbuchel, K. R. Sipido, and R. Willems Ultrastructural and Functional Remodeling of the Coupling Between Ca2+ Influx and Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+ Release in Right Atrial Myocytes From Experimental Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Circ. Res., October 23, 2009; 105(9): 876 - 885. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Kontrogianni-Konstantopoulos, M. A. Ackermann, A. L. Bowman, S. V. Yap, and R. J. Bloch Muscle Giants: Molecular Scaffolds in Sarcomerogenesis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2009; 89(4): 1217 - 1267. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Ghanbari, G. Dalloul, R. Hasan, M. Daccarett, S. Saba, S. David, and C. Machado Effectiveness of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators for the Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death in Women With Advanced Heart Failure: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Arch Intern Med, September 14, 2009; 169(16): 1500 - 1506. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Djousse, J. A. Driver, and J. M. Gaziano Relation Between Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Lifetime Risk of Heart Failure JAMA, July 22, 2009; 302(4): 394 - 400. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. H Zai, K. M Farr, R. W Grant, E. Mort, T. G Ferris, and H. C Chueh Queuing Theory to Guide the Implementation of a Heart Failure Inpatient Registry Program JAMIA, July 1, 2009; 16(4): 516 - 523. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. J. Pencina, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, M. G. Larson, J. M. Massaro, and R. S. Vasan Predicting the 30-Year Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, June 23, 2009; 119(24): 3078 - 3084. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Krum, S. P. Curtis, A. Kaur, H. Wang, S. S. Smugar, M. R. Weir, L. Laine, D. C. Brater, and C. P. Cannon Baseline factors associated with congestive heart failure in patients receiving etoricoxib or diclofenac: multivariate analysis of the MEDAL program Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2009; 11(6): 542 - 550. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Agricola, A. Ielasi, M. Oppizzi, P. Faggiano, L. Ferri, A. Calabrese, E. Vizzardi, O. Alfieri, and A. Margonato Long-term prognosis of medically treated patients with functional mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2009; 11(6): 581 - 587. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. R.J. van Kimmenade and J. L. Januzzi Jr Whose heart will get broken? Troponin testing and future heart failure Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2009; 30(7): 755 - 756. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Bibbins-Domingo, M. J. Pletcher, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, J. M. Gardin, A. Arynchyn, C. E. Lewis, O. D. Williams, and S. B. Hulley Racial Differences in Incident Heart Failure among Young Adults N. Engl. J. Med., March 19, 2009; 360(12): 1179 - 1190. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Mogelvang, P. Sogaard, S. A. Pedersen, N. T. Olsen, P. Schnohr, and J. S. Jensen Tissue Doppler echocardiography in persons with hypertension, diabetes, or ischaemic heart disease: the Copenhagen City Heart Study Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2009; 30(6): 731 - 739. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. Lloyd-Jones, R. Adams, M. Carnethon, G. De Simone, T. B. Ferguson, K. Flegal, E. Ford, K. Furie, A. Go, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2009 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 27, 2009; 119(3): e21 - e181. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Bradshaw, C. F. Baicu, T. J. Rentz, A. O. Van Laer, J. Boggs, J. M. Lacy, and M. R. Zile Pressure Overload-Induced Alterations in Fibrillar Collagen Content and Myocardial Diastolic Function: Role of Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) in Post-Synthetic Procollagen Processing Circulation, January 20, 2009; 119(2): 269 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. R. Folsom, K. Yamagishi, A. Hozawa, L. E. Chambless, and for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Absolute and Attributable Risks of Heart Failure Incidence in Relation to Optimal Risk Factors Circ Heart Fail, January 1, 2009; 2(1): 11 - 17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. McMurray, M. Petrie, K. Swedberg, M. Komajda, S. Anker, and R. Gardner CHAPTER 23 Heart Failure ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A Driver, L. Djousse, G. Logroscino, J M. Gaziano, and T. Kurth Incidence of cardiovascular disease and cancer in advanced age: prospective cohort study BMJ, December 9, 2008; 337(dec09_1): a2467 - a2467. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. H. Curtis, M. A. Greiner, B. G. Hammill, J. M. Kramer, D. J. Whellan, K. A. Schulman, and A. F. Hernandez Early and Long-term Outcomes of Heart Failure in Elderly Persons, 2001-2005 Arch Intern Med, December 8, 2008; 168(22): 2481 - 2488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Stork, H. W. Hense, C. Zentgraf, I. Uebelacker, R. Jahns, G. Ertl, and C. E. Angermann Pharmacotherapy according to treatment guidelines is associated with lower mortality in a community-based sample of patients with chronic heart failure A prospective cohort study Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2008; 10(12): 1236 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. C. Wu Molecular Imaging: Antidote to Cardiac Stem Cell Controversy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 11, 2008; 52(20): 1661 - 1664. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Frankenstein, A. Remppis, M. Nelles, B. Schaelling, D. Schellberg, H. Katus, and C. Zugck Relation of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels and their prognostic power in chronic stable heart failure to obesity status Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2008; 29(21): 2634 - 2640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Bahrami, R. Kronmal, D. A. Bluemke, J. Olson, S. Shea, K. Liu, G. L. Burke, and J. A. C. Lima Differences in the Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure by Ethnicity: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis Arch Intern Med, October 27, 2008; 168(19): 2138 - 2145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Djousse, T. Rudich, and J M. Gaziano Nut consumption and risk of heart failure in the Physicians' Health Study I Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2008; 88(4): 930 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Authors/Task Force Members, K. Dickstein, A. Cohen-Solal, G. Filippatos, J. J.V. McMurray, P. Ponikowski, P. A. Poole-Wilson, A. Stromberg, D. J. van Veldhuisen, D. Atar, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2008; 29(19): 2388 - 2442. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Dickstein, A. Cohen-Solal, G. Filippatos, J. J.V. McMurray, P. Ponikowski, P. A. Poole-Wilson, A. Stromberg, D. J. van Veldhuisen, D. Atar, A. W. Hoes, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) Eur J Heart Fail, October 1, 2008; 10(10): 933 - 989. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Bourajjaj, A.-S. Armand, P. A. da Costa Martins, B. Weijts, R. van der Nagel, S. Heeneman, X. H. Wehrens, and L. J. De Windt NFATc2 Is a Necessary Mediator of Calcineurin-dependent Cardiac Hypertrophy and Heart Failure J. Biol. Chem., August 8, 2008; 283(32): 22295 - 22303. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Fang, G. A. Mensah, J. B. Croft, and N. L. Keenan Heart Failure-Related Hospitalization in the U.S., 1979 to 2004 J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 5, 2008; 52(6): 428 - 434. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Butler, A. Kalogeropoulos, V. Georgiopoulou, R. Belue, N. Rodondi, M. Garcia, D. C. Bauer, S. Satterfield, A. L. Smith, V. Vaccarino, et al. Incident Heart Failure Prediction in the Elderly: The Health ABC Heart Failure Score Circ Heart Fail, July 1, 2008; 1(2): 125 - 133. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J Epstein Efficacy and Safety of Darusentan: A Novel Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Ann. Pharmacother., July 1, 2008; 42(7): 1060 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Garcia-Touchard, V. K. Somers, L. J. Olson, and S. M. Caples Central Sleep Apnea: Implications for Congestive Heart Failure Chest, June 1, 2008; 133(6): 1495 - 1504. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. D. Schocken, E. J. Benjamin, G. C. Fonarow, H. M. Krumholz, D. Levy, G. A. Mensah, J. Narula, E. S. Shor, J. B. Young, and Y. Hong Prevention of Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Clinical Cardiology, Cardiovascular Nursing, and High Blood Pressure Research; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research Interdisciplinary Working Group; and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Group Circulation, May 13, 2008; 117(19): 2544 - 2565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. S. Anand, T. S. Rector, M. Kuskowski, S. Thomas, N.J. Holwerda, and J. N. Cohn Effect of Baseline and Changes in Systolic Blood Pressure Over Time on the Effectiveness of Valsartan in the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Circ Heart Fail, May 1, 2008; 1(1): 34 - 42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. O. Ventura and M. Reddy The eye as an indicator of heart failure in diabetic patients. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 22, 2008; 51(16): 1579 - 1580. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Torabi, J. G.F. Cleland, N. K. Khan, P. H. Loh, A. L. Clark, F. Alamgir, J. L. Caplin, A. S. Rigby, and K. Goode The timing of development and subsequent clinical course of heart failure after a myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2008; 29(7): 859 - 870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Konhilas What makes a dead cell attractive? J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2008; 104(3): 573 - 574. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Writing Group Members, W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, S. M. Hailpern, M. Ho, V. Howard, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2008 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, January 29, 2008; 117(4): e25 - e146. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Witteles and M. B. Fowler Insulin-Resistant Cardiomyopathy: Clinical Evidence, Mechanisms, and Treatment Options J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 15, 2008; 51(2): 93 - 102. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Muller, A. Kazakov, A. Semenov, M. Bohm, and U. Laufs Pressure-induced cardiac overload induces upregulation of endothelial and myocardial progenitor cells Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2008; 77(1): 151 - 159. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Thune, J. Signorovitch, L. Kober, E. J. Velazquez, J. J.V. McMurray, R. M. Califf, A. P. Maggioni, J. L. Rouleau, J. Howlett, S. Zelenkofske, et al. Effect of Antecedent Hypertension and Follow-Up Blood Pressure on Outcomes After High-Risk Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, January 1, 2008; 51(1): 48 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. S. Lee, J. M. Massaro, T. J. Wang, W. B. Kannel, E. J. Benjamin, S. Kenchaiah, D. Levy, R. B. D'Agostino Sr, and R. S. Vasan Antecedent Blood Pressure, Body Mass Index, and the Risk of Incident Heart Failure in Later Life Hypertension, November 1, 2007; 50(5): 869 - 876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Djousse and J. M. Gaziano Breakfast Cereals and Risk of Heart Failure in the Physicians' Health Study I Arch Intern Med, October 22, 2007; 167(19): 2080 - 2085. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. M. Okin, R. B. Devereux, K. E. Harris, S. Jern, S. E. Kjeldsen, S. Julius, J. M. Edelman, B. Dahlof, and for the LIFE Study Investigators Regression of Electrocardiographic Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Is Associated with Less Hospitalization for Heart Failure in Hypertensive Patients Ann Intern Med, September 4, 2007; 147(5): 311 - 319. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Atallah, J.-B. Durand, H. Kantarjian, and J. Cortes Congestive heart failure is a rare event in patients receiving imatinib therapy Blood, August 15, 2007; 110(4): 1233 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Oka, J. Xu, R. A. Kaiser, J. Melendez, M. Hambleton, M. A. Sargent, A. Lorts, E. W. Brunskill, G. W. Dorn II, S. J. Conway, et al. Genetic Manipulation of Periostin Expression Reveals a Role in Cardiac Hypertrophy and Ventricular Remodeling Circ. Res., August 3, 2007; 101(3): 313 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. N. Kirkpatrick, M. A. Vannan, J. Narula, and R. M. Lang Echocardiography in Heart Failure: Applications, Utility, and New Horizons J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 31, 2007; 50(5): 381 - 396. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Ingelsson, J. Sundstrom, L. Lind, U. Riserus, A. Larsson, S. Basu, and J. Arnlov Low-grade albuminuria and the incidence of heart failure in a community-based cohort of elderly men Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2007; 28(14): 1739 - 1745. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hudson, E. Rahme, H. Behlouli, R. Sheppard, and L. Pilote Sex differences in the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in patients with congestive heart failure -- A population study Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2007; 9(6-7): 602 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Cronquist Christensen and D. Remler Information and Communications Technology in Chronic Disease Care: What Are the Implications for Payment? Med Care Res Rev, April 1, 2007; 64(2): 123 - 147. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. Rosamond, K. Flegal, G. Friday, K. Furie, A. Go, K. Greenlund, N. Haase, M. Ho, V. Howard, B. Kissela, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2007 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 6, 2007; 115(5): e69 - e171. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. Djousse and J. M. Gaziano Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Heart Failure in the Physicians' Health Study I Circulation, January 2, 2007; 115(1): 34 - 39. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. E. Merten, Y. Jiang, W. Feng, and Y. J. Kang Calcineurin Activation Is Not Necessary for Doxorubicin-Induced Hypertrophy in H9c2 Embryonic Rat Cardiac Cells: Involvement of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Akt Pathway J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., November 1, 2006; 319(2): 934 - 940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. R. van Kimmenade, J. L. Januzzi Jr, P. T. Ellinor, U. C. Sharma, J. A. Bakker, A. F. Low, A. Martinez, H. J. Crijns, C. A. MacRae, P. P. Menheere, et al. Utility of Amino-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide, Galectin-3, and Apelin for the Evaluation of Patients With Acute Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 19, 2006; 48(6): 1217 - 1224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Gheorghiade, G. Sopko, L. De Luca, E. J. Velazquez, J. D. Parker, P. F. Binkley, Z. Sadowski, K. S. Golba, D. L. Prior, J. L. Rouleau, et al. Navigating the Crossroads of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure Circulation, September 12, 2006; 114(11): 1202 - 1213. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. L. Bryson, K. J. Mukamal, M. A. Mittleman, L. P. Fried, C. H. Hirsch, D. W. Kitzman, and D. S. Siscovick The Association of Alcohol Consumption and Incident Heart Failure: The Cardiovascular Health Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 18, 2006; 48(2): 305 - 311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, R. Querejeta, M. Larman, and J. Diez Alterations in the Pattern of Collagen Deposition May Contribute to the Deterioration of Systolic Function in Hypertensive Patients With Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 4, 2006; 48(1): 89 - 96. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Nishikawa, M. Yoshida, M. Kusuhara, N. Ishigami, K. Isoda, K. Miyazaki, and F. Ohsuzu Left ventricular hypertrophy in mice with a cardiac-specific overexpression of interleukin-1 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H176 - H183. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. A Meredith and J. Ostergren Review: From Hypertension to Heart Failure -- Are There Better Primary Prevention Strategies? Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, June 1, 2006; 7(2): 64 - 73. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Battaglia, D. Pewsner, P. Juni, M. Egger, H. C. Bucher, and L. M. Bachmann Accuracy of B-type natriuretic Peptide tests to exclude congestive heart failure: systematic review of test accuracy studies. Arch Intern Med, May 22, 2006; 166(10): 1073 - 1080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. H. Ahmed, L. L. Clark, W. R. Pennington, C. S. Webb, D. D. Bonnema, A. H. Leonardi, C. D. McClure, F. G. Spinale, and M. R. Zile Matrix Metalloproteinases/Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases: Relationship Between Changes in Proteolytic Determinants of Matrix Composition and Structural, Functional, and Clinical Manifestations of Hypertensive Heart Disease Circulation, May 2, 2006; 113(17): 2089 - 2096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. P. B.-L. Rocca, J. Capraro, and W. Kiowski Compliance by Referring Physicians With Recommendations on Heart Failure Therapy from a Tertiary Center Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, March 1, 2006; 11(1): 85 - 92. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. E. Gilbert, K. Connelly, D. J. Kelly, C. A. Pollock, and H. Krum Heart Failure and Nephropathy: Catastrophic and Interrelated Complications of Diabetes Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., March 1, 2006; 1(2): 193 - 208. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Xu, T. R. Kimball, J. N. Lorenz, D. A. Brown, A. R. Bauskin, R. Klevitsky, T. E. Hewett, S. N. Breit, and J. D. Molkentin GDF15/MIC-1 Functions As a Protective and Antihypertrophic Factor Released From the Myocardium in Association With SMAD Protein Activation Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 342 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Thom, N. Haase, W. Rosamond, V. J. Howard, J. Rumsfeld, T. Manolio, Z.-J. Zheng, K. Flegal, C. O'Donnell, S. Kittner, et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics--2006 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): e85 - e151. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, E. P. Leip, M. G. Larson, R. B. D'Agostino, A. Beiser, P. W.F. Wilson, P. A. Wolf, and D. Levy Prediction of Lifetime Risk for Cardiovascular Disease by Risk Factor Burden at 50 Years of Age Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 791 - 798. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. S. Aronow Drug Treatment of Systolic and of Diastolic Heart Failure in Elderly Persons J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., December 1, 2005; 60(12): 1597 - 1605. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. J. Remme, J. J.V. McMurray, B. Rauch, F. Zannad, K. Keukelaar, A. Cohen-Solal, J. Lopez-Sendon, F.D. R. Hobbs, D. E. Grobbee, A. Boccanelli, et al. Public awareness of heart failure in Europe: first results from SHAPE Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2005; 26(22): 2413 - 2421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Schuchert and On behalf of the BISEX Investigators (Appendix A) Effects of bisoprolol treatment for chronic heart failure initiated and followed up by primary care physicians Eur J Heart Fail, June 1, 2005; 7(4): 604 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G.F. Cleland, A. A. Louis, A. S. Rigby, U. Janssens, A. H.M.M. Balk, and TEN-HMS Investigators Noninvasive Home Telemonitoring for Patients With Heart Failure at High Risk of Recurrent Admission and Death: The Trans-European Network-Home-Care Management System (TEN-HMS) study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 17, 2005; 45(10): 1654 - 1664. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Nielson and T. Lange Blood Glucose and Heart Failure in Nondiabetic Patients Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 607 - 611. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. J. Campbell, M. Woodward, J. P. Chalmers, S. A. Colman, A. J. Jenkins, B. E. Kemp, B. C. Neal, A. Patel, and S. W. MacMahon Prediction of Heart Failure by Amino Terminal-pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide and C-Reactive Protein in Subjects With Cerebrovascular Disease Hypertension, January 1, 2005; 45(1): 69 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. D. Sosin, G. S. Bhatia, R. C. Davis, and G. Y.H. Lip Heart failure--the importance of ethnicity Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2004; 6(7): 831 - 843. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bibbins-Domingo, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, E. Barrett-Connor, D. Grady, and M. G. Shlipak Renal insufficiency as an independent predictor of mortality among women with heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 19, 2004; 44(8): 1593 - 1600. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bibbins-Domingo, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, E. Barrett-Connor, S. B. Hulley, D. Grady, and M. G. Shlipak Predictors of Heart Failure Among Women With Coronary Disease Circulation, September 14, 2004; 110(11): 1424 - 1430. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. McAlister, J. A. Ezekowitz, N. Wiebe, B. Rowe, C. Spooner, E. Crumley, L. Hartling, T. Klassen, and W. Abraham Systematic Review: Cardiac Resynchronization in Patients with Symptomatic Heart Failure Ann Intern Med, September 7, 2004; 141(5): 381 - 390. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, J. L. Martinez Ubago, and J. Diez Increased Collagen Type I Synthesis in Patients With Heart Failure of Hypertensive Origin: Relation to Myocardial Fibrosis Circulation, September 7, 2004; 110(10): 1263 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. S. Bleumink, A. M. Knetsch, M. C.J.M. Sturkenboom, S. M.J.M. Straus, A. Hofman, J. W. Deckers, J. C.M. Witteman, and B. H.Ch. Stricker Quantifying the heart failure epidemic: prevalence, incidence rate, lifetime risk and prognosis of heart failure: The Rotterdam Study Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2004; 25(18): 1614 - 1619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. M. Lloyd-Jones, T. J. Wang, E. P. Leip, M. G. Larson, D. Levy, R. S. Vasan, R. B. D'Agostino, J. M. Massaro, A. Beiser, P. A. Wolf, et al. Lifetime Risk for Development of Atrial Fibrillation: The Framingham Heart Study Circulation, August 31, 2004; 110(9): 1042 - 1046. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. A. Nichols, C. M. Gullion, C. E. Koro, S. A. Ephross, and J. B. Brown The Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure in Type 2 Diabetes: An update Diabetes Care, August 1, 2004; 27(8): 1879 - 1884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Sanbe, H. Osinska, J. E. Saffitz, C. G. Glabe, R. Kayed, A. Maloyan, and J. Robbins Desmin-related cardiomyopathy in transgenic mice: A cardiac amyloidosis PNAS, July 6, 2004; 101(27): 10132 - 10136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. I. Barzilay, R. A. Kronmal, J. S. Gottdiener, N. L. Smith, G. L. Burke, R. Tracy, P. J. Savage, and M. Carlson The association of fasting glucose levels with congestive heart failure in diabetic adults >=65 years: The Cardiovascular Health Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12): 2236 - 2241. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Zile, C. F. Baicu, and W. H. Gaasch Diastolic Heart Failure -- Abnormalities in Active Relaxation and Passive Stiffness of the Left Ventricle N. Engl. J. Med., May 6, 2004; 350(19): 1953 - 1959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. McAlister, J. Ezekowitz, M. Tonelli, and P. W. Armstrong Renal Insufficiency and Heart Failure: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications From a Prospective Cohort Study Circulation, March 2, 2004; 109(8): 1004 - 1009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||