Published online before print November 25, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000043022.44032.77
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2002;106:3051.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Coronary Flow Velocity Pattern Immediately After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention as a Predictor of Complications and In-Hospital Survival After Acute Myocardial Infarction
From the Division of Cardiology, Kobe General Hospital, Kobe, Japan, and Division of Cardiology, Kawasaki Medical School (T.A.), Kurashiki, Japan.
Correspondence to Atsushi Yamamuro, MD, Minatojima-nakamachi 4-6, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0046, Japan. E-mail minakozk{at}gold.ocn.ne.jp
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— Recently, it was reported that the degree of microvascular injury and left ventricular functional recovery during the chronic period can be predicted after treatment of the infarct-related artery based on the coronary flow velocity (CFV) pattern assessed using a Doppler guidewire. The aim of this prospective study was to examine whether the CFV pattern may predict complications and in-hospital survival after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
Methods and Results— The study population consisted of 169 consecutive patients with a first anterior AMI successfully treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We examined the CFV pattern immediately after PCI using a Doppler guidewire. In accordance with previous findings, we defined severe microvascular injury as a diastolic deceleration time 
600 ms and the presence of systolic flow reversal. Patients were divided into two groups: those without severe microvascular injury (n=118; group 1) and those with severe microvascular injury (n=51; group 2). All of the patients who had cardiac rupture were in group 2. Congestive heart failure (CHF) was observed more frequently in group 2 than in group 1 (53% versus 8%, P<0.001). The in-hospital cardiac mortality rate was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (18% versus 0%, P<0.001). Nine patients in group 2 died, 5 patients because of CHF and 4 patients because of cardiac rupture.
Conclusions— These findings suggest that the CFV pattern is an accurate predictor of the presence or absence of complications and of in-hospital survival after AMI.
Key Words: myocardial infarction • prognosis • microcirculation • reperfusion • ultrasonics
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The Western Washington Intracoronary Streptokinase Randomized Trial demonstrated that achieving arterial patency was the main factor in the prognostic benefit of thrombolytic agents after acute myocardial infarction (AMI).1 Since then, numerous trials have validated this open-artery hypothesis.2–4 However, the continuing problem is that myocardial tissue perfusion cannot be achieved in some patients despite recanalization of the infarct-related artery.5–7 The failure to achieve adequate tissue perfusion is referred to as the no-reflow phenomenon, which occurs as a result of microvascular damage or intramyocardial edema induced by ischemia.8,9 On angiograms, the no-reflow phenomenon is defined as substantial coronary antegrade flow reduction (less than Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction [TIMI] flow grade 3) without epicardial mechanical obstruction.10 Recent studies have shown that angiographic contrast velocity after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), as defined by the TIMI criteria, predicts poor left ventricular (LV) functional recovery and a higher risk of cardiac mortality.11,12 Although TIMI flow grading seems to segregate effective from ineffective flow, this analysis is only a qualitative measure that is subject to interoperator bias and interlaboratory variability.13 Furthermore, because angiographic contrast velocity alone is not sufficient to assess microvascular damage, refinements in the quantification of the degree of microvascular injury have led to improvements in the prognostic value of this measurement. Our recent studies have demonstrated that microvascular injury can be assessed more quantitatively from coronary flow velocity (CFV) patterns obtained with a Doppler guidewire.14,15 Although the relation between the CFV pattern and clinical outcome has not been described in detail, we hypothesized that, against this background, the CFV pattern may be a predictor of prognostic implications. To investigate this hypothesis, we prospectively compared the CFV patterns immediately after primary PCI, complications, and in-hospital survival in 169 consecutive patients with a reperfused anterior-wall AMI.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Study Population
Between January 1997 and October 2001, 236 consecutive patients who were admitted to the coronary care unit (CCU) of Kobe General Hospital for their first MI of the anterior wall were considered for the study population. The diagnosis of AMI was defined as (1) continuous chest pain lasting >30 minutes, (2) ST elevation >2.0 mm in
2 contiguous precordial ECG leads, and (3) an increase in serum creatine phosphokinase >3-fold the normal value. Sixty-seven patients were excluded from analysis because of transfer in a state of cardiac arrest attributable to AMI (5 patients), referral from another hospital attributable to cardiac rupture complicating AMI (4 patients), chronic terminal renal failure (5 patients), coronary stenosis >90% in another coronary artery (24 patients), culprit lesion in the left main trunk (17 patients), inadequate coronary interventions (7 patients), inadequate Doppler recordings (3 patients), or atrial fibrillation at the time of CFV determination (2 patients). Therefore, this study was based on the remaining 169 patients (124 males, 45 females; mean±SD age, 62±10 years). All patients underwent primary PCI (with or without rescue stenting) of the culprit lesion and achieved successful coronary reflow (50% residual stenosis angiographically with TIMI grade 2 or 3) within 24 hours after the onset of chest pain. Of 169 patients who underwent PCI, thrombolytic therapy was administered to only 3. The study protocol was approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research at Kobe General Hospital.
Study Protocol
Coronary angiography was performed following the standard femoral approach. All patients received an intravenous injection of 4000 U of heparin and an intracoronary injection of 2 mg of isosorbide dinitrate before angiography. After the diagnostic angiography, PCI was performed in the usual manner with balloon catheters and a 0.014-inch, 15-MHz, Doppler-tipped angioplasty guidewire (Flo-Wire, Cardiometrics).16,17 This was performed after the administration of additional heparin to maintain the activated clotting time at >300 seconds. 12-lead ECGs were recorded during and after PCI. Additional ST-segment elevation (>2 mm) immediately after ballooning or stenting and in the absence of mechanical obstruction was defined as ST reelevation. Serum creatine kinase (CK) was measured serially every 3 hours after recanalization until the peak value was obtained. The LV ejection fraction calculated with Simpson’s biplane formula was determined on the contrast left ventriculogram recorded immediately after PCI. After the PCI, heparin was continuously injected for 48 hours and was adjusted to maintain the activated clotting time at >180 seconds. The stented patients were maintained on a regimen of aspirin or ticlopidine and Coumadin. Patients received conventional drug therapy based on individual needs, as determined by the attending physician.
A lead V5-equivalent ECG was recorded continuously for a mean of 7 days after the infarction to detect arrhythmias. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed before coronary reflow and on days 2, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the infarction with a commercially available electrical sector scanner (SONOS 5500, Philips, carrier frequency of 2.5 or 3.75 MHz). The presence or absence of complications was also evaluated.
Coronary Flow Velocity Recordings
Coronary flow velocities were recorded in the mid-left anterior descending coronary artery, distal to the culprit lesion, using the Doppler guidewire and a velocimeter (FloMap, Cardiometrics) immediately after PCI and according to previously described methods.16–21 The systolic peak velocity (cm/s; SPV) and deceleration time of diastolic velocity (ms: DDT) were measured from phasic CFV recordings. Retrograde flow was calculated as a negative value. A line was drawn from the peak diastolic velocity along the fall in initial velocity and extrapolated to the baseline. The DDT was measured from the peak diastolic velocity to the point when the extrapolated line intersected the baseline. In accordance with previous findings on the CFV pattern, we defined severe microvascular injury as a DDT 600 ms and the presence of systolic flow reversal.14,15 Patients were divided into two groups, those without severe microvascular injury (group 1) and those with severe microvascular injury (group 2).
In-Hospital Data Collection
The patients were followed up for the occurrence of complications until hospital discharge. Data on clinically relevant in-hospital events (death from any cause and reinfarction) were carefully collected in the study forms. Another investigator also reviewed data on these patients. The type and frequency of ventricular arrhythmia were evaluated by Holter monitoring on the day of the infarction, and ECGs were recorded continuously until at least 5 days after the infarction. Malignant arrhythmia (including reperfusion arrhythmia) was defined as ventricular tachycardia (a minimum of 3 consecutive beats of ventricular origin at a rate of >100 bpm), and patients were monitored for the development of ventricular fibrillation, all the time during hospitalization.6 Left ventricular heart failure was defined as the presence of clinical congestive heart failure (the presence of a third heart sound, Killip class 2, Forrester subset of 2 or 4, dyspnea, or evidence of pulmonary congestion on chest radiographs).6 Patients were evaluated for the occurrence of cardiac rupture as well as for the presence of pericardial effusion and LV thrombi by two observers using echocardiography, as previously described.22–24
Statistical Analysis
Continuous baseline and outcome variables are expressed as mean±SD, whereas discrete variables are given as absolute values, percentages, or both. Continuous variables were compared with Student’s two-tailed t test. For comparison of rates of discrete outcome variables, 
2 test or Fisher’s exact test was used. The contribution of factors resulting in complications and in-hospital death was evaluated by multivariate regression analysis. The stepwise selection method was used with inclusion criteria of P<0.05 to identify the variables remaining as independent risk factors for complications and in-hospital death. The variables examined included age 70 years, sex, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking, culprit lesion, multivessel disease, rescue stenting, time from onset of symptoms and treatment 6 hours, serum peak CK levels 4000 IU/L, LV ejection fraction 50%, collateral flow (Rentrop grade 1), TIMI flow grade 2, and CFV pattern of severe microvascular injury. The odds ratio and relative risk with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Data analyses were performed using SAS Release 8.1 for Windows (SAS Institute Inc, 1999 to 2000). P<0.05 was considered significant.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patient Characteristics
One hundred eighteen patients did not have severe microvascular injury (group 1), and 51 had severe microvascular injury (group 2) (Figure). Patients with a TIMI 2 flow after PCI were observed more frequently in group 2 than in group 1. Patients with ST reelevation were observed more frequently in group 2 than in group 1. Hemodynamics on day 1 after the infarction was significantly poorer in group 2 than in group 1. The LV ejection fraction was significantly lower in group 2 than in group 1. Peak CK levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (Table 1).
|
|
Complications and In-Hospital Prognosis
Table 2 summarizes the in-hospital complications and cases of cardiac death in the two groups. We observed more cardiac complications in group 2 than in group 1. The period of hemodynamic subset II or greater was significantly longer in group 2 than in group 1. Patients in group 2 stayed in the CCU significantly longer compared with group 1. The in-hospital cardiac mortality rate was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1. In the group of patients without severe microvascular injury, there was no case of in-hospital death, whereas 9 patients in the group with severe microvascular injury died during hospitalization, 5 patients (10%) because of congestive heart failure and 4 patients (8%) because of cardiac rupture.
|
Multiple regression analysis showed that severe microvascular injury as assessed based on the CFV pattern and multivessel disease were significant determinants of congestive heart failure. Similarly, severe microvascular injury was a significant independent predictor of cardiac rupture. Moreover, severe microvascular injury was also a significant independent predictor of in-hospital cardiac death as well as age and multivessel disease (Table 3). The odds ratios for cardiac rupture and severe microvascular injury are not shown, because cardiac rupture or cardiac death did not complicate myocardial infarction in any of the patients without severe microvascular injury. Tables 1 and 3 clearly show that although patients developing severe microvascular injury after recanalization of the infarct-related artery frequently demonstrated TIMI flow grade 2 angiographic contrast velocity, the CFV pattern rather than TIMI flow grade was an independent predictor of complications of myocardial infarction and in-hospital death.
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The TIMI Study Group grading scale25 has been widely accepted as a semiquantitative measure of coronary perfusion. However, it has become increasingly apparent that angiographic contrast velocity alone does not adequately define the degree of microvascular perfusion or predict the extent of restoration of myocardial function after PCI.7,13–15 Recently, it was reported that the degree of microvascular injury and LV functional recovery during the chronic period could be predicted by evaluating the CFV pattern after treatment of the infarct-related artery.14,15,26 The findings of the present study revealed that AMI is often complicated by congestive heart failure when microvascular injury is severe and that severe microvascular injury is always present when cardiac rupture occurs after recanalization. Probably for this reason, in-hospital death could be predicted more accurately from the CFV pattern, which allows a more quantitative assessment of microvascular injury, than from the angiographic contrast velocity.
Coronary Flow Velocity Pattern and Complications
To determine the therapeutic strategy is important to be able to predict the severity and duration of left ventricular dysfunction during the early stage after an AMI. The hemodynamics on day 1 after the infarction were significantly poorer in the group of patients with marked microvascular injury. Those patients stayed in the CCU significantly longer. These findings suggest that severe microvascular injury as assessed based on the CFV pattern is associated with poor hemodynamics even after successful PCI, resulting in a prolonged hospitalization period in the CCU. There is a study in which microvascular injury was evaluated by myocardial contrast echocardiography to investigate complications in patients with AMI.6 The authors reported that marked microvascular injury was associated with an increased incidence of congestive heart failure, and that this disorder was protracted. They divided patients into two groups, the group with marked microvascular injury and the group with less marked microvascular injury, and found no significant difference in hemodynamic findings. The difference between their findings and ours may be attributable to the difference in measurement time points.
Pericardial effusion was frequently observed in patients with severe microvascular injury. The transmurality of MI probably contributes to the occurrence of pericarditis, because Q-wave MI subsequently developed in all patients with severe microvascular injury, whereas 30% of patients without severe microvascular injury manifested non–Q-wave infarction. Pericarditis was observed more frequently in patients with Q-wave MI than in those with non–Q-wave MI.6 In all patients with a cardiac rupture, the CFV pattern of severe microvascular injury was present, with 2 patients with blow-out type, 1 patient with ventricular septal perforation, and 8 patients with oozing rupture. The 3 patients with acute cardiac rupture, consisting of 2 with blow-out type and 1 with ventricular septal perforation, fell into a sudden cardiac shock, could not be subjected to emergency cardiac surgery, and died. Regarding the 8 patients with oozing rupture, all of them displayed hemodynamics and echocardiographic findings of cardiac tamponade. Bloody effusion could be aspirated by pericardial drainage in all patients with oozing rupture. Only 1 of the 8 patients with oozing rupture died despite successful pericardial drainage. The extensive and transmural myocardial damage in cases of severe microvascular injury may contribute to the occurrence of blow-out type, ventricular septal perforation, or oozing rupture.
Microvascular Injury and Coronary Flow Velocity Pattern
Myocardial contrast echocardiography was suggested to be the only method available for the assessment of microvascular integrity. In patients showing no-reflow phenomenon by myocardial contrast echocardiography, the CFV pattern, as assessed using a Doppler guidewire, is characterized by the appearance of systolic retrograde flow, diminished systolic antegrade flow, and rapid deceleration of diastolic flow.21 We have reported the association between CFV patterns and LV functional recovery.14,15 In addition, the present study showed an association between this particular flow pattern and a poorer prognosis in terms of adverse events, especially congestive heart failure, cardiac rupture, and cardiac death. All of these adverse events are associated with more extensive and transmural myocardial infarction. In patients with severer larger transmural myocardial infarction, the microvasculature shows loss of its anatomic integrity,8,27 which may markedly affect the CFV pattern. There may be some patients in whom the CFV pattern has already been determined by the size of the myocardial infarct before reperfusion therapy. However, it was reported that reperfusion therapy resulted in insufficient coronary microcirculation attributable to reperfusion injury, such as oxygen-free radical injury,28,29 calcium overload, microvascular spasm,10 neutrophil plugging of the microvessels,30 and tissue edema8 or embolization of the coronary microvasculature attributable to dissemination of thrombi and the contents of the disintegrated atheroma in the lesion to distal parts of the coronary vasculature.31,32 In the present study, in 75% of the patients with severe microvascular injury, an ST-segment reelevation was observed in the absence of epicardial mechanical obstruction immediately after PCI. Therefore, microvascular injury is not only determined by the size of the infarction associated with myocardial ischemia but also by reperfusion injury and intervention-induced release of the thrombi and the contents of the disintegrated atheroma. In the patients without ST segment reelevation showing the coronary flow velocity pattern with severe microvascular injury, the microvasculature disorder caused by myocardial ischemia before reperfusion therapy may have been severe. Considering modern reperfusion therapy, patients with microvascular injury accompanied by an ST-segment reelevation may require microvascular preservation.
Limitations of the Study
The study population represented only 73% of the patients treated for anterior wall AMI at our center during the study period. Many of the excluded patients had stenosis of another coronary artery (>90%) or a culprit lesion in the left main trunk. These complications themselves profoundly influence the occurrence of in-hospital deaths. Patients referred from another hospital because of cardiac rupture complicating AMI were also excluded because their CFV patterns had not been obtained. Second, only patients with first anterior AMI were enrolled in this study. Therefore, the prediction of clinical outcome by CFV has not been established in patients with inferior or posterior AMI. Third, the factors influencing CFV patterns should be considered. In patients with aortic valve stenosis with a significant pressure gradient or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with marked myocardial hypertrophy, the CFV pattern shows systolic flow reversal.33,34 In the present study, none of the patients had the above disorders. However, patients with the above disorders should be excluded. In addition, cardiac arrhythmias may affect the CFV. Therefore, we excluded patients with a nonsinus rhythm. Finally, the high incidence of cardiac ruptures observed in this study was expected because many patients with single vessel disease and without previous cardiac disease were included.
Clinical Implications
In previous studies, we reported an association between phasic CFV patterns and improvement in LV function as a factor indicative of a good prognosis after AMI. The present study clarified the CFV pattern indicative of severe microvascular injury as an important predictor of various complications of AMI in many patients, namely of a poor prognosis. Among these complications, congestive heart failure, cardiac rupture, and cardiac death were closely associated with more extensive and transmural myocardial infarction. These high-risk patients can be detected by Doppler flowmetry during an earlier stage of AMI. In the modern era of reperfusion therapy, Doppler flowmetry is expected to additionally improve the evaluation and outcome of myocardial infarction patients by moving past angiographic flow to microvascular preservation.
Received July 30, 2002; revision received September 24, 2002; accepted September 26, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Kennedy JW, Ritchie JJ, Davis KB, et al. Western Washington randomized trial of intracoronary streptokinase in acute infarction. N Engl J Med. 1983; 390: 1477–1482.
2. Puma JA, Sketch MH Jr, Thompson TD, et al. Support for the open-artery hypothesis in survivors of acute myocardial infarction: analysis of 11228 patients treated with thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 482–487.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. White HD, Cross DB, Elliott JM, et al. Long-term prognostic importance of patency of the infarct-related coronary artery after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994; 89: 61–67.
4. Brodie BR, Stuckey TD, Kisslling G, et al. Importance of infarct-related artery patency for recovery of left ventricular function and late survival after primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28: 319–325.[Abstract]
5. Ito H, Tomooka T, Sakai N, et al. Lack of myocardial perfusion immediately after successful thrombolysis: a predictor of poor recovery of left ventricular function in anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1992; 85: 1699–1705.
6. Ito H, Masuyama T, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the "no reflow" phenomenon: a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996; 93: 223–228.
7. Ito H, Okamura A, Iwakura K, et al. Myocardial perfusion patterns related to thrombolysis in myocardial infarction perfusion grades after coronary angioplasty in patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996; 93: 1993–1999.
8. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The "no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest. 1974; 54: 1496–1508.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Kloner RA, Rude RE, Carlson N, et al. Ultrastructural evidence of microvascular damage and myocardial cell injury after coronary artery occlusion: which comes first? Circulation. 1980; 62: 945–952.
10. Piana RN, Paik GY, Moscucci M, et al. Incidence and treatment of "no-reflow" after percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 1994; 89: 2514–2518.
11. Morishima I, Sone T, Mokuno S, et al. Clinical significance of no-reflow phenomenon observed on angiography after successful treatment of acute myocardial infarction with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J. 1995; 130: 239–243.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Morishima I, Sone T, Okumura K, et al. Angiographic no-reflow phenomenon as a predictor of adverse long-term outcome in patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty for first acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 36: 1202–1209.
13. Bowers TR, O’Neill WW. Beyond TIMI III flow. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2332–2334.
14. Kawamoto T, Yoshida K, Akasaka T, et al. Can coronary blood flow velocity pattern after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty predict recovery of regional left ventricular function in patients with acute myocardial infarction? Circulation. 1999; 100: 339–345.
15. Akasaka T, Yoshida K, Kawamoto T, et al. Relation of phasic coronary flow velocity characteristics with TIMI perfusion grade and myocardial recovery after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and rescue stenting. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2361–2367.
16. Segal J, Kern MJ, Scott NA, et al. Alterations of phasic coronary artery flow velocity in human during percutaneous coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 20: 276–286.[Abstract]
17. Doucette JW, Corl PD, Payne HM, et al. Validation of a Doppler guide wire for intravascular measurement of coronary artery flow velocity. Circulation. 1992; 85: 1899–1911.
18. Ofili EO, Kern MJ, Labovitz AJ, et al. Analysis of coronary blood flow velocity dynamics in angiographically normal and stenosed arteries before and after endolumen enlargement by angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 21: 308–316.[Abstract]
19. Ofili EO, Labovitz AJ, Kern MJ. Coronary flow velocity dynamics in normal and diseased arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71: 3D–9D.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
20. Kern MJ, Moore JA, Aguirre FV, et al. Determination of angiographic (TIMI grade) blood flow by intracoronary Doppler flow velocity during acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996; 94: 1545–1552.
21. Iwakura K, Ito H, Takiuchi S, et al. Alternation in the coronary blood flow velocity pattern in patients with no reflow and reperfused acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996; 94: 1269–1275.
22. Pierard LA, Albert A, Henrard L, et al. Incidence and significance of pericardial effusion in acute myocardial infarction as determined by two-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986; 8: 517–520.[Abstract]
23. Lopez-Sendon J, Gonzalez A, Lopez de Sa E, et al. Diagnosis of subacute ventricular wall rupture after acute myocardial infarction: sensitivity and specificity of clinical hemodynamic and echocardiographic criteria. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992; 19: 1145–1153.[Abstract]
24. Stratton JR, Lighty G Jr, Pearlman AS, et al. Detection of left ventricular thrombus by two-dimensional echocardiography: sensitivity, specificity, and causes of uncertainty. Circulation. 1982; 66: 156–166.
25. Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, et al. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial, phase I: a comparison between intravenous plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Circulation. 1987; 76: 142–154.
26. Wakatsuki T, Nakamura M, Tsunoda T, et al. Coronary flow velocity immediately after primary coronary stenting as a predictor of ventricular wall motion recovery in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1835–1841.
27. Van’t Hof AWJ, Liem A, Suryapranata H, et al. Angiographic assessment of myocardial reperfusion in patients treated with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: myocardial blush grade. Circulation. 1998; 97: 2302–2306.
28. Kloner RA, Przylenk K, Wittaker P. Deleterious effect of oxygen radicals in ischemic/reperfusion: resolved and unsolved issues. Circulation. 1989; 80: 1115–1127.
29. Grech ED, Dodd NJF, Jackson MJ, et al. Evidence for free radical generation after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty recanalization in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1996; 77: 122–127.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
30. Meisel SR, Shapiro H, Radnay J, et al. Increased expression of neutrophil and monocyte adhesion molecules LFA-1 and Mac-1 and their ligand ICAM-1 and VLA-4 throughout the acute phase of myocardial infarction: possible implications for leukocyte aggregation and microvascular plugging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 31: 120–125.
31. Antoniucci D, Valenti R, Migliorini A, et al. Direct infarct artery stenting without predilation and no-reflow in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 2001; 142: 684–690.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
32. Tanaka A, Kawarabayashi T, Nishibori Y, et al. No-reflow phenomenon and lesion morphology in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2002; 105: 2148–2152.
33. Yoshikawa J, Akasaka T, Yoshida K, et al. Systolic coronary flow reversal and abnormal diastolic flow patterns in patients with aortic stenosis: assessment with an intracoronary Doppler catheter. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1993; 6: 516–524.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
34. Akasaka T, Yoshikawa J, Yoshida K, et al. Phasic coronary flow characteristics in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1994; 7: 9–19.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J.-e. Obata, T. Nakamura, Y. Kitta, Y. Kodama, K. Sano, K.-I. Kawabata, Y. Saitoh, D. Fujioka, T. Kobayashi, T. Yano, et al. Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction With Sirolimus-Eluting Stents Results in Chronic Endothelial Dysfunction in the Infarct-Related Coronary Artery Circ Cardiovasc Interv, October 1, 2009; 2(5): 384 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kitabata, T. Imanishi, T. Kubo, S. Takarada, M. Kashiwagi, H. Matsumoto, H. Tsujioka, H. Ikejima, Y. Arita, K. Okochi, et al. Coronary Microvascular Resistance Index Immediately After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention as a Predictor of the Transmural Extent of Infarction in Patients With ST-Segment Elevation Anterior Acute Myocardial Infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., March 1, 2009; 2(3): 263 - 272. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hirsch, R. Nijveldt, J. D.E. Haeck, A. M. Beek, K. T. Koch, J. P.S. Henriques, R. J. van der Schaaf, M. M. Vis, J. Baan Jr, R. J. de Winter, et al. Relation between the assessment of microvascular injury by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and coronary Doppler flow velocity measurements in patients with acute anterior wall myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 10, 2008; 51(23): 2230 - 2238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Ikonomidis, J. T. Parissis, I. Paraskevaidis, K. Kourea, V. Bistola, J. Lekakis, G. Filippatos, and D. Th. Kremastinos Effects of levosimendan on coronary artery flow and cardiac performance in patients with advanced heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2007; 9(12): 1172 - 1177. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kawamoto, H. Okura, Y. Koyama, I. Toda, H. Taguchi, K. Tamita, A. Yamamuro, Y. Yoshimura, Y. Neishi, E. Toyota, et al. The Relationship Between Coronary Plaque Characteristics and Small Embolic Particles During Coronary Stent Implantation J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 23, 2007; 50(17): 1635 - 1640. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.-e. Obata, Y. Kitta, H. Takano, Y. Kodama, T. Nakamura, A. Mende, K.-i. Kawabata, Y. Saitoh, D. Fujioka, T. Kobayashi, et al. Sirolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation Aggravates Endothelial Vasomotor Dysfunction in the Infarct-Related Coronary Artery in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 2, 2007; 50(14): 1305 - 1309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Sorajja, B. J. Gersh, D. A. Cox, M. G. McLaughlin, P. Zimetbaum, C. Costantini, T. Stuckey, J. E. Tcheng, R. Mehran, A. J. Lansky, et al. Impact of multivessel disease on reperfusion success and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2007; 28(14): 1709 - 1716. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Westerhof, C. Boer, R. R. Lamberts, and P. Sipkema Cross-talk between cardiac muscle and coronary vasculature. Physiol Rev, October 1, 2006; 86(4): 1263 - 1308. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y Ohara, Y Hiasa, T Takahashi, K Yamaguchi, R Ogura, T Ogata, K Yuba, K Kusunoki, S Hosokawa, K Kishi, et al. Relation between the TIMI frame count and the degree of microvascular injury after primary coronary angioplasty in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction Heart, January 1, 2005; 91(1): 64 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. P. Furber, F. Prunier, H. C. P. Nguyen, S. Boulet, S. Delepine, and P. Geslin Coronary Blood Flow Assessment After Successful Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction Predicts the Risk of Long-Term Cardiac Events Circulation, December 7, 2004; 110(23): 3527 - 3533. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Voci, F. Pizzuto, and F. Romeo Coronary flow: a new asset for the echo lab? Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2004; 25(21): 1867 - 1879. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. Gibson, J. Karha, S. A. Murphy, J. A. de Lemos, D. A. Morrow, R. P. Giugliano, M. T. Roe, R. A. Harrington, C. P. Cannon, E. M. Antman, et al. Association of a pulsatile blood flow pattern on coronary arteriography and short-term clinical outcomes in acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1170 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Bax, R. J. de Winter, C. E. Schotborgh, K. T. Koch, M. Meuwissen, M. Voskuil, R. Adams, K. J. J. Mulder, J. G. P. Tijssen, and J. J. Piek Short- and Long-Term recovery of left ventricular function predicted at the time of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in anterior myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 534 - 541. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kaul and H. Ito Microvasculature in Acute Myocardial Ischemia: Part II: Evolving Concepts in Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Circulation, January 27, 2004; 109(3): 310 - 315. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Garot Prognostic significance of coronary blood flow velocity patterns in patients with reperfused acute myocardial infarction and TIMI-2 flow J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 2, 2003; 42(1): 182 - 182. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||