Published online before print November 4, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000041626.38101.DB
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(Circulation. 2002;106:2647.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
Lack of Association Between Serum Immunoreactivity and Chlamydia pneumoniae Detection in the Human Aortic Wall
From the Centro Cardiologico, Monzino Foundation, IRCCS, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Milan, Italy; and Fleming Research, Institute of Molecular Biology (D.S.), Milan, Italy.
Correspondence to Massimo Porqueddu, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Milan, Centro Cardiologico, I. Monzino Foundation IRCCS, Via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy. E-mail massimo.porqueddu{at}cardiologicomonzino.it
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Abstract |
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Background— Only a few studies have focused the attention on the relation between elevated anti–Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) antibodies and the detection of CP in the arterial wall. The aim of our study is thus to investigate the relationship between immune response to CP and detection of CP in the aortic walls of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Methods and Results— A specimen of aortic wall was obtained from 102 consecutive patients who underwent abdominal aneurysm repair. The possible presence of CP was studied by polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by nonradioactive DNA hybridization. Antibody response to CP was studied (IgG, IgA titers). We found 33 patients (32.4%) with CP DNA+. No correlation between CP DNA detection and antibody titers was found (IgG P=0.52, IgA P=0.66). High correlation between IgG and IgA titer was observed (P<0.01). Endovascular presence of CP and antibody titers was not related to the age of the patient.
Conclusions— CP antibody titers are not associated with the presence of CP in the aortic wall of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Key Words: atherosclerosis • aorta • infection • coronary disease
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Seroepidemiological studies have shown an association between ischemic heart disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae (CP) infection. Moreover, increasing evidence exists that CP might play a role in atherosclerosis, as well. Most of the studies concerning the relationship between CP infection and atherosclerosis are based on serology, but the correlation between endovascular infection with CP and antibody titers is still unclear.1,2,3
The aim of our study was thus to investigate the relationship between immune response to CP and detection of CP in the aortic wall of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.
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Methods |
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Between June 1999 and June 2000, 102 consecutive patients underwent abdominal aortic aneurysm repair at our hospital. A specimen from the aortic aneurysm was obtained from each patient, and the possible presence of CP was studied by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Sera were tested for CP-specific antibodies.
PCR
Aortic tissue was cut into 0.2-cm segments. Genomic CP DNA was detected by a nested PCR protocol (AMS, Clonit). For confirmation, nonradioactive DNA hybridization was performed with oligonucleotide HM-1 to 3' labeled with digoxigenin-ddUTP (Boehringer).
Serology
A separate determination of IgG, IgA with the indirect immunofluorescent method, was performed. An anti-CP titer 
16 was considered significant for previous CP infection (BIOS TestKit 42060).
Variables are reported as mean and relative frequencies or mean±SD. For comparison between groups, Student’s t test or Fisher’s exact test were used as appropriate.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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CP DNA was detected in abdominal aortic wall of 33 of 102 patients (32.4%). There was no evidence of a difference between patients with CP DNA+ and CP DNA- with regard to conventional risk factors for atherosclerosis (age, sex, smoking history, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes).
IgG titer 1/16 was present in 60 of 102 patients (61%). IgA titer 1/16 was present in 41 patients. No relationship between serology to CP and presence of CP in the abdominal aortic wall was observed (Table). A high correlation between IgG and IgA serology was found (P<0.01). Endovascular presence of CP and antibody rates were not related to the age of the patients (P=0.30, P=0.40).
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Discussion |
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To our knowledge, this is one of the largest series of patients who underwent abdominal aneurysm repair to be investigated for CP detection in the aortic wall. Interestingly, our study did not identify an association between CP presence in the aortic wall and antibody response to CP. Previous studies reported different prevalence of CP by PCR in specimens obtained from abdominal aortic aneurysm, ranging from 20% to 49%.4,5,6,7 Therefore our positivity rates are within the expected range. In our study, an optimized DNA extraction protocol to reduce any underestimation of CP prevalence was used, and our data were confirmed by nonradioactive DNA hybridization to enhance specificity.
Only a few studies have focused the attention on the relation between elevated anti-CP antibodies and the detection of CP in the arterial wall. Bartels8 and Campbell9 reported that CP antibody titer is not associated with the endovascular presence of CP in patients with coronary artery disease. In contrast to these observations, Blasi et al10 reported a significant relationship between anti-CP antibodies and CP detection in aortic wall specimens obtained from abdominal aortic aneurysm.
In the past, the relationship between CP infection and atherosclerotic disease was based on seropositivity.11 However, Ericson et al12 reported that the degree of immune response is not a predictor of the degree of infection or the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, but rather intracellular infection with CP may relate to the severity of the disease. These observations are consistent with our data that show that the immune response to CP is not a predictor of CP infection of the abdominal aorta.
If data reporting a lack of association between endovascular presence of CP and antibody response will be confirmed, the value of the seroepidemiological approach to investigating CP induced atherosclerosis should be reevaluated.
Received June 27, 2002; revision received September 26, 2002; accepted September 26, 2002.
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References |
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1. Danesh J, Collins R, Peto R. Chronic infections and coronary heart disease: is there a link? Lancet. 1997; 350: 430–436.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Libby P, Egan D, Skarlatos S. Roles of infectious agents in atherosclerosis and restenosis: an assessment of the evidence and need for future research. Circulation. 1997; 96: 4095–4103.
3. Grayston JT. Antibiotic treatment of Chlamydia pneumoniae for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Circulation. 1998; 97: 1669–1670.
4. Maraha B, Den Heijer M, Wullink M, et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA in buffy-coat samples of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001; 20: 111–116.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
5. Karlsson L, Gnarpe J, Naas J, et al. Detection of viable Chlamydia pneumoniae in abdominal aortic aneurysms. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2000; 19: 630–635.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
6. Blasi F, Boman J, Esposito G, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae DNA detection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is predictive of vascular infection. J Infect Dis. 1999; 180: 2074–2076.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Petersen E, Boman J, Persson K, et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae in human abdominal aortic aneurysms. E J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998; 15: 138–142.
8. Bartels C, Maass M, Bein G, et al. Association of serology with the endovascular presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus in coronary artery and vein graft disease. Circulation. 2000; 101: 137–141.
9. Campbell L, O’Brien E, Cappuccio A, et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae TWAR in human coronary atherectomy tissues. J Infect Dis. 1995; 172: 585–588.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10. Blasi F, Denti F, Erba M, et al. Detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori in atherosclerotic plaques of aortic aneurysms. J Clin Microbiol. 1996; 34: 2766–2769.[Abstract]
11. Patel P, Mendall M, Carrington D, et al. Association of Helicobacter Pilory and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors. BMJ. 1995; 311: 711–714.
12. Ericson K, Saldeen TG, Lindquist O, et al. Relationship of Chlamydia pneumoniae infection to severity of human coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2568–2571.
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