This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 106/2/202    most recent 01.CIR.0000021921.14653.28v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Wong, G. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Wong, G. C. Related Collections Coronary imaging: angiography/ultrasound/Doppler/CC Acute coronary syndromes

(Circulation. 2002;106:202.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Elevations in Troponin T and I Are Associated With Abnormal Tissue Level Perfusion

A TACTICS-TIMI 18 Substudy

Graham C. Wong, MD; David A. Morrow, MD, MPH; Sabina Murphy, MPH; Nicole Kraimer, MS; Rupal Pai, BS; David James, BA; Debbie H. Robertson, RD, MS; Laura A. Demopoulos, MD; Peter DiBattiste, MD; Christopher P. Cannon, MD; C. Michael Gibson, MS, MD, for the TACTICS-TIMI 18 Study Group

From the TIMI Study Group, Boston, Mass (S.M., N.K., R.P., D.J., C.M.G.); Merck and Co, Inc, West Point, Pa (D.H.R., L.A.D., P.D.); and the Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (G.C.W., D.A.M., C.P.C.).

Reprint requests to C. Michael Gibson, MS, MD, Director TIMI Data Coordinating Center, 333 Longwood Ave, Suite 402, Boston, MA 02115. E-mail mgibson{at}perfuse.org

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Background— Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and I elevations are associated with a higher risk of adverse events, a higher incidence of multivessel disease, complex lesions, and visible thrombus in the setting of non-ST elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Other pathophysiological mechanisms underlying troponin elevation remain unclear.

Methods and Results— We evaluated the relationship between troponin elevation and tissue level perfusion using the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG) in 310 patients with NSTE-ACS in the Treat Angina with Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TACTICS-TIMI) 18 trial. TMPG 0/1 ("closed" microvasculature) was observed more frequently in cTnT-positive patients both before (58.1% versus 42.1%; P=0.007) and after percutaneous coronary intervention (55.4% versus 35.6%; P=0.004). cTnT levels were higher among patients with TMPG 0/1 versus patients with TMPG 2/3 (0.50 versus 0.31 ng/mL; P=0.006). cTnT-positive patients were more likely to have thrombus (42.5% versus 29.3%), tighter stenoses (72.0% versus 64.8%), and higher rates of TIMI flow grade 0/1 (15.6% versus 7.0%; all P<0.05). TMPG 0/1 remained independently associated with cTnT elevation (odds ratio, 1.81; P=0.02), even after adjusting for epicardial TIMI flow grade, presence of thrombus, and prior myocardial infarction. TMPG 0/1 flow both before and after intervention was associated with increased risk of death or myocardial infarction at 6 months.

Conclusions— Similar to what has been observed in the setting of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, abnormal tissue level perfusion is also associated with adverse outcomes in the NSTE-ACS setting. Independent of the presence of thrombus and abnormal flow in the epicardial artery, impaired tissue level perfusion is associated with a 1.8-fold increased risk of cTnT elevation.

Key Words: angina • perfusion • troponin • angiography • thrombosis

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Cardiac troponins I and T (cTnI and cTnT) are sensitive and specific biomarkers for myocardial injury. Their elevation is associated with a higher risk of death and reinfarction among patients presenting with non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes (NSTE-ACS).^1–4 In the setting of NSTE-ACS, troponin elevations are also associated with a higher incidence of multivessel disease, complex lesions, and visible thrombus.^5–10 cTnT elevations have also been associated with abnormal coronary flow reserve after coronary intervention¹¹ and worse angiographic outcomes after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (MI).^5,12

The aim of this study was to extend previous angiographic observations by examining the relationship between elevations of troponin and tissue level perfusion as assessed using the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG)¹³ in a large cohort of NSTE-ACS patients. We hypothesized that elevated troponin levels would be associated with abnormal tissue level perfusion.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Study Population
The data were drawn from 310 angiographically evaluable patients randomized to the early invasive arm in the Treat Angina with Aggrastat and Determine Cost of Therapy with an Invasive or Conservative Strategy– Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TACTICS-TIMI 18) trial, which has been described elsewhere.¹⁴ Briefly, TACTICS-TIMI 18 was a randomized controlled trial of patients with NSTE-ACS (unstable angina or NSTE-MI) that was designed to determine if an early invasive management strategy was superior to conservative (medical) treatment after treatment with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. Of the 2200 patients enrolled in TACTICS-TIMI 18, 1114 were randomized to the early invasive arm. All 165 centers in TACTICS-TIMI 18 were invited to participate in the angiographic substudy; there were no prespecified criteria for entry. Overall, 94 centers chose to participate. The current study population was comprised of the 310 patients in the invasive arm (28%) who participated in the angiographic substudy and had full available biomarker data and evaluable angiographic data. Patients randomized to the early invasive strategy were required to undergo coronary angiography within 4 to 48 hours of randomization with revascularization as appropriate. The conservative strategy allowed for coronary angiography only in patients who demonstrated objective evidence of recurrent ischemia, hemodynamic instability, or an abnormal discharge stress test (with or without imaging) after appropriate medical stabilization.

Troponin Testing
A baseline blood sample for cardiac markers was obtained, and serum was stored at -20°C or colder at the enrolling site until shipped to the TIMI Biomarker Core Laboratory at Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Boston, Mass), where samples were stored at -80°C. Samples were later analyzed in batch after a single thaw. cTnT was measured on the Elecsys 10/10 (Roche Diagnostics). The manufacturer has reported the minimal detectable concentration as 0.01 ng/mL and a coefficient of variation of 10% at 0.05 ng/mL. cTnI was measured using the ACS:180 Chemiluminescence cTnI Immunoassay (Bayer Diagnostics). The ACS:180 assay for cTnI is an automated system using a 2-site sandwich immunoassay and direct chemiluminometric technology. The manufacturer reports the minimum detectable concentration as 0.03 ng/mL. The total imprecision determined in the core laboratory was characterized by a coefficient of variation of 10% at 0.4 ng/mL, 15% at 0.2 ng/mL, and 20% at 0.1 ng/mL.¹⁵ The thresholds used to define a positive cTnT or cTnI test were 0.01 ng/mL and 0.1 ng/mL, respectively as per previously established criteria.⁴ The median time from enrollment to blood sample draw was 3 minutes (25th and 75th percentiles, 28 and 47 minutes).

Angiographic Analysis
All coronary angiograms were evaluated at the TIMI Angiographic Core Laboratory without knowledge of clinical or troponin status. Flow in the epicardial arteries was assessed for TIMI flow grade¹⁶ and corrected TIMI frame count¹⁷ using previously described methods. The TMPG was used to assess myocardial tissue level perfusion.¹³ TMPG was previously defined as follows: grade 0, no angiographic blush; grade 1, stain or prolonged persistence of dye on next contrast injection; grade 2, slow dye transit, dye bright at the end of injection, gone by next injection; and grade 3, normal ground glass appearance of blush. A "closed" microvasculature was defined as either TMPG 0 or 1, with TMPG 2 or 3 representative of an "open" microvasculature. TMPG was assessed only in the area supplied by the culprit vessel. The culprit vessel was identified by the on-site operator; interventions were performed on the vessel when judged clinically appropriate given the patient’s angiographic, ECG, and clinical data.

Statistical Analysis
Continuous variable values were reported as the mean±SD. ANOVA or the Wilcoxon rank sum test were used to analyze continuous variables. The corrected TIMI frame count was analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank sum test with a frame count of 100 given to patients with an occluded vessel. Other categorical variables were compared using the ² test. The primary analysis in this study was based on the dichotomous comparison of patients with positive or negative troponin results using the cut points of 0.1 ng/mL and 0.01 ng/mL for cTnI and cTnT, respectively.⁴ Multivariable evaluation of the association between TMPG and cTnT and cTnI was performed using logistic regression. All analyses were performed using Stata version 7.0.¹⁸

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Baseline Clinical Characteristics
Clinical and angiographic characteristics of the 310 evaluable patients according to baseline cTnT and cTnI are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. There was no difference in the duration of tirofiban therapy before angiography between troponin-positive and troponin-negative patients. Troponin-positive patients were more often male and were less likely to have a history of MI, percutaneous coronary transluminal angiography, and angina before enrollment. ST segment depression at presentation was observed more frequently among troponin-positive patients. Patients enrolled in the angiographic substudy had clinical and electrocardiographic characteristics similar to other patients in the TACTICS-TIMI 18 trial (Table 3), although patients in the substudy were more likely to have elevated cTnT and cTnI.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Clinical and Angiographic Characteristics According to cTnT Status

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 3. Comparison Between Patients in Angiographic Substudy and Remaining Patients in TACTICS Trial

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Clinical and Angiographic Characteristics According to cTnI Status

Angiographic Findings and Troponin Levels
A total of 258 of the 310 patients (83.2%) underwent PCI, and 226 patients (87.6%) had TIMI 3 flow after PCI. cTnT-positive patients were less likely to have patent (TIMI 2/3) epicardial arteries before intervention (84.4% versus 93.0%; P=0.026) or normal epicardial (TIMI 3) flow (62.0% versus 74.8%; P=0.021) compared with cTnT-negative patients (Figure 1). cTnT-positive patients also had a higher incidence of thrombus (42.5%; [82 of 193] versus 29.3% [34 of 116]; P=0.021); tighter percent stenoses (72.0±16.3% versus 64.8±17.1%; P=0.0003), and higher rates of vessel occlusion (TIMI epicardial grade 0/1 flow: 15.6% [30 of 192] versus 7.0% [8 of 115]; P= 0.026) compared with cTnT-negative patients (Figure 2). Similar findings were observed in relation to cTnI (Figure 3). cTnI-positive patients were also significantly more likely than cTnI-negative patients to have angiographically evident thrombus (41.5% versus 29.8%; P=0.046), tighter percent epicardial stenoses (72.2±15.8% versus 63.4±17.7%; P<0.0001), and a trend toward higher rates of TIMI flow grade 0/1 flow (14.7% versus 6.8%; P=0.08).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Pre-PCI epicardial flow characteristics stratified by cTnT and cTnI status. Patients with elevated cTnT and cTnI had lower rates of both TIMI 2/3 and TIMI 3 grade flow.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Rate of angiographically evident thrombus, percent stenosis of the disease-related epicardial artery, and the rate of TIMI 0/1 epicardial flow before PCI stratified by cTnT status. CTnT-positive patients had more severe epicardial disease than cTnT-negative patients.

View larger version (16K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Percent stenosis of the disease-related epicardial artery and rates of angiographically evident thrombus and TIMI 0/1 epicardial flow before PCI stratified by cTnI status. CTnI-positive patients had more severe epicardial disease than cTnI-negative patients.

cTnT-positive patients were more likely to have a closed microvasculature (TMPG 0/1 perfusion) before intervention than cTnT-negative patients (58.1% [111 of 191] versus 42.1% [48 of 114]; P=0.007) (Figure 4). TMPG 0/1 perfusion was also observed more frequently among cTnI-positive patients compared with cTnI-negative patients (56.4% [114 of 202] versus 43.7% [45 of 103]; P=0.035) (Figure 4). After successful PCI (the achievement of TIMI 3 flow), patients who were troponin-positive were at higher risk for having a closed myocardium (TMPG 0/1) after the procedure (cTnT: 55.4% versus 35.6%, P=0.004; cTnI: 54.1% versus 36.7%, P=0.013) (Figure 5). Quantitatively, cTnT levels were significantly higher in patients with TMPG 0/1 perfusion (mean, 0.50; median, 0.14) compared with those with TMPG 2/3 perfusion (mean, 0.31; median, 0.03; P=0.006) (Figure 6). A similar association was observed with cTnI.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Rate of pre-PCI TMPG 0/1 flow, stratified by cTnT and cTnI status. Abnormal tissue level perfusion before PCI was more frequent among patients with elevated cTnT and cTnI.

View larger version (11K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Rate of TMPG 0/1 flow among patients with TIMI flow grade 3 after PCI, stratified by cTnT and cTnI status. Abnormal tissue level perfusion after successful PCI was more frequent among patients with elevated troponins.

View larger version (14K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 6. Peak cTnT and cTnI levels stratified by TMPG status. Patients with abnormal tissue level perfusion had higher levels of cTnT and cTnI compared with patients with normal tissue level perfusion.

Patients with TMPG 0/1 flow before and after successful PCI were at increased risk of death or MI at 6 months (P=0.026) compared with patients with TMPG 2/3 flow at either time (Figure 7). A multivariate model demonstrated that the presence of a closed microvasculature (TMPG 0/1) was independently associated with cTnT elevation >0.01 ng/mL (odds ratio, 1.81; P=0.02) after adjusting for epicardial TIMI flow grade (P=0.19), thrombus (P=0.25), and prior MI (P<0.001). A similar trend was also seen for cTnI (odds ratio, 1.56; P=0.082) after adjusting for TIMI flow grade (P=0.34), presence of thrombus (P=0.27), and prior MI (P<0.001).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 7. Event-free survival (death or MI) through 6 months of follow-up, stratified by TMPG flow. The presence of TMPG 0/1 flow before and after successful PCI (n=93) was associated with higher rates of death or MI through 6 months compared with patients without TMPG 0/1 flow before or after PCI (n=145).

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Elevations in cardiac troponins identify a high-risk subgroup of patients who present with unstable angina or MI without ST elevation.^1–3 These patients have more extensive coronary artery disease, more complex and severe coronary lesions, and a greater burden of intracoronary thrombus^5–10 on coronary arteriography.

The present report is consistent with these previous observations: a greater impairment of epicardial flow and a greater thrombus burden was present among cTnT- and cTnI-positive patients. However, these data also demonstrate that elevations in troponin are associated with angiographically abnormal tissue level perfusion, which persisted even after controlling for epicardial flow grade and presence of thrombus. Thus, these data extend previous observations relating troponin elevations to disease in the epicardial arteries to demonstrate an additional impairment in tissue level perfusion on diagnostic angiography. Abnormal tissue perfusion before and after successful PCI was in turn associated with a higher incidence of death or MI at 6 months.

The findings relating abnormal tissue level perfusion on diagnostic angiography extend our recent report regarding the release of creatine kinase (CK)-MB after PCI in the Enhanced Suppression of the Platelet IIb/IIIa Receptor With Integrillin Therapy (ESPRIT) substudy.¹⁹ The post-PCI release of CK-MB was not explained by TIMI grade 3 flow, because 100% of patients had TIMI grade 3 flow at the completion of PCI. In contrast, tissue level perfusion using TMPG was related to postintervention CK-MB release: only 4.2% of patients with normal tissue level perfusion had CK-MB leak >2 times the upper limit of normal, compared with 41.2% of patients with impaired tissue level perfusion (P=0.002). Thus, abnormalities in tissue level perfusion rather than epicardial artery perfusion seem to explain the release of CK-MB after PCI. Taken together, these 2 studies indicate that troponin elevation on presentation is related to impaired tissue level perfusion on the diagnostic angiogram and, after PCI, impaired tissue level perfusion is related to the release of CK-MB. In both studies, impaired tissue level perfusion was related to long-term clinical outcomes.

The principal mechanism underlying the pathophysiology of impaired myocardial perfusion in the setting of ACS remains unclear. Impaired myocardial perfusion may be explained by embolization of platelet aggregates to the microvasculature.²⁰ Supportive evidence of platelet-dependent microembolization of thrombi has come from both animal²¹ and human necropsy studies.²² Insofar as the relationship of troponin release to tissue level perfusion was independent of other angiographic features such as thrombus and epicardial flow, mechanisms other than mechanical embolization, such as capillary edema, inflammation, and vasospasm mediated by the release of vasoconstrictors, may play at least some role. Release of vasoactive products such as serotonin, thromboxane, and endothelin from activated platelets may be associated with microcirculatory spasm, continued thrombosis, and further deterioration of microvascular flow.²³ Significant impairment of myocardial flow may eventually lead to irreversible myocardial necrosis, which is detectable with serum biomarkers such as troponin.

Alternatively, impaired myocardial flow may result from reperfusion injury. Coronary occlusion that is associated with significant myocardial damage may also be associated with disruption of the surrounding microvascular integrity.^24,25 A complex process involving platelets, neutrophils, oxygen radicals, complement, and other inflammatory mediators may then result in localized inflammation and worsening of microvascular obstruction.²³ The inflammatory consequences of microvascular dysfunction may then further limit the extent of blood flow at the tissue level after epicardial reperfusion, leading to further myocardial necrosis. Accordingly, the no-reflow phenomenon has been associated with more extensive necrosis and is associated with regional and global ventricular dysfunction.^25,26

Limitations
This data were drawn from a substudy of a randomized trial, and the analysis of tissue level perfusion was performed retrospectively because this parameter of perfusion was developed after the initiation of the trial. Analyses pertaining to epicardial flow and troponin release were, however, prospectively defined. Troponin data were available at baseline only. It is not known if patients who were troponin negative initially may have had troponin elevation at a later time point.

	Conclusions

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
Independent of the presence of thrombus and abnormal flow in the epicardial artery, impaired tissue level perfusion is associated with a 1.8-fold increased risk of cTnT elevation. Impaired tissue level perfusion before and persisting after successful PCI was associated with an increased risk of death or MI at 6 months. Future studies into strategies to reduce troponin elevation and improve myocardial perfusion in the setting of NSTE-ACS are warranted.

	Acknowledgments

 
Supported in part by grants from Merck & Co., Blue Bell, Pa, and Bayer Diagnostics, Tarrytown, NY.

Received March 8, 2002; revision received May 1, 2002; accepted May 1, 2002.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion Conclusions References

 
1. Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, et al. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1342–1349.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2. Ohman EM, Armstrong PW, Christenson RH, et al. Cardiac troponin T levels for risk stratification in acute myocardial ischemia: GUSTO IIA Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335: 1333–1341.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

3. Newby LK, Christenson RH, Ohman EM, et al. Value of serial troponin T measures for early and late risk stratification in patients with acute coronary syndromes: The GUSTO-IIa Investigators. Circulation. 1998; 98: 1853–1859.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

4. Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Rifai N, et al. Ability of minor elevations of troponins I and T to predict benefit from an early invasive strategy in patients with unstable angina and non-ST elevation myocardial infarction: results from a randomized trial. JAMA. 2001; 286: 2405–2412.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

5. Frey N, Dietz A, Kurowski V, et al. Angiographic correlates of a positive troponin T test in patients with unstable angina. Crit Care Med. 2001; 29: 1130–1136.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

6. Lindahl B, Diderholm E, Lagerqvist B, et al. Mechanisms behind the prognostic value of troponin T in unstable coronary artery disease: a FRISC II substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 979–986.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

7. Jurlander B, Farhi ER, Banas JJ, Jr, et al. Coronary angiographic findings and troponin T in patients with unstable angina pectoris. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85: 810–814.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

8. deFilippi CR, Tocchi M, Parmar RJ, et al. Cardiac troponin T in chest pain unit patients without ischemic electrocardiographic changes: angiographic correlates and long-term clinical outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000; 35: 1827–1834.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Benamer H, Steg PG, Benessiano J, et al. Elevated cardiac troponin I predicts a high-risk angiographic anatomy of the culprit lesion in unstable angina. Am Heart J. 1999; 137: 815–820.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

10. Heeschen C, van Den Brand MJ, Hamm CW, et al. Angiographic findings in patients with refractory unstable angina according to troponin T status. Circulation. 1999; 100: 1509–1514.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

11. Herrmann J, Haude M, Lerman A, et al. Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after coronary intervention is associated with cardiac marker elevation. Circulation. 2001; 103: 2339–2345.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

12. Giannitsis E, Muller-Bardorff M, Lehrke S, et al. Admission troponin T level predicts clinical outcomes, TIMI flow, and myocardial tissue perfusion after primary percutaneous intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2001; 104: 630–635.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, et al. Relationship of TIMI myocardial perfusion grade to mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs. Circulation. 2000; 101: 125–130.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, et al. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 1879–1887.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

15. Morrow DA, Rifai N, Tanasijevic MJ, et al. Clinical efficacy of three assays for cardiac troponin I for risk stratification in acute coronary syndromes: a Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 11B Substudy. Clin Chem. 2000; 46: 453–460.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Group TTS. The Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial: phase I findings: TIMI Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 932–936.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

17. Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, et al. TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation. 1996; 93: 879–888.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

18. StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software Release 7.0. College Station, Tex: Stata Corporation; 2000.

19. Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Marble SJ, et al. Relationship of creatine kinase-myocardial band release to Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction perfusion grade after intracoronary stent placement: an ESPRIT substudy. Am Heart J. 2002; 143: 106–110.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

20. Topol EJ, Yadav JS. Recognition of the importance of embolization in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Circulation. 2000; 101: 570–580.[Free Full Text]

21. Minamino T, Kitakaze M, Asanuma H, et al. Endogenous adenosine inhibits P-selectin-dependent formation of coronary thromboemboli during hypoperfusion in dogs. J Clin Invest. 1998; 101: 1643–1653.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

22. Kiyak JH, Zerbino DD. Pathogenesis and morphogenesis of microcirculatory disorders in myocardial infarction: clinical and ultrastructural examination. Pol J Pathol. 1996; 47: 27–32.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Michaels AD, Gibson CM, Barron HV. Microvascular dysfunction in acute myocardial infarction: focus on the roles of platelet and inflammatory mediators in the no-reflow phenomenon. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85: 50B–60B.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

24. Kloner RA, Ganote CE, Jennings RB. The " no-reflow" phenomenon after temporary coronary occlusion in the dog. J Clin Invest. 1974; 54: 1496–1508.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

25. Iliceto S, Marangelli V, Marchese A, et al. Myocardial contrast echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Pathophysiological background and clinical applications. Eur Heart J. 1996; 17: 344–353.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

26. Ito H, Maruyama A, Iwakura K, et al. Clinical implications of the ‘no reflow’ phenomenon: a predictor of complications and left ventricular remodeling in reperfused anterior wall myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1996; 93: 223–228.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				F. S. Apple, S. W. Smith, L. A. Pearce, and M. M. Murakami Assessment of the Multiple-Biomarker Approach for Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction in Patients Presenting with Symptoms Suggestive of Acute Coronary Syndrome Clin. Chem., January 1, 2009; 55(1): 93 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Jeremias, N. S. Kleiman, D. Nassif, W.-H. Hsieh, M. Pencina, K. Maresh, M. Parikh, D. E. Cutlip, R. Waksman, S. Goldberg, et al. Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of Preprocedural Cardiac Troponin Elevation Among Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Results From the Evaluation of Drug Eluting Stents and Ischemic Events Registry Circulation, August 5, 2008; 118(6): 632 - 638. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. S. Apple, S. W. Smith, L. A. Pearce, R. Ler, and M. M. Murakami Use of the Centaur TnI-Ultra Assay for Detection of Myocardial Infarction and Adverse Events in Patients Presenting With Symptoms Suggestive of Acute Coronary Syndrome Clin. Chem., April 1, 2008; 54(4): 723 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				NACB WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, R. L. Jesse, L. K. Newby, J. Ravkilde, A. B. Storrow, A. H.B. Wu, and R. H. Christenson National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, April 3, 2007; 115(13): e356 - e375. [Full Text] [PDF]

				NACB WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, R. L. Jesse, L. K. Newby, J. Ravkilde, A. B. Storrow, A. H.B. Wu, R. H. Christenson, NACB COMMITTEE MEMBERS, et al. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory Medicine Practice Guidelines: Clinical Characteristics and Utilization of Biochemical Markers in Acute Coronary Syndromes Clin. Chem., April 1, 2007; 53(4): 552 - 574. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. J. Kirtane, J. J. Vafai, S. A. Murphy, J. M. Aroesty, M. S. Sabatine, C. P. Cannon, C. M. Gibson, and for the TIMI Study Group Angiographically evident thrombus following fibrinolytic therapy is associated with impaired myocardial perfusion in STEMI: a CLARITY-TIMI 28 substudy Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2006; 27(17): 2040 - 2045. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Jaffe, L. Babuin, and F. S. Apple Biomarkers in Acute Cardiac Disease: The Present and the Future J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 4, 2006; 48(1): 1 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. L. Miller, K. N. Garratt, M. F. Burritt, R. J. Lennon, G. S. Reeder, and A. S. Jaffe Baseline troponin level: key to understanding the importance of post-PCI troponin elevations Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2006; 27(9): 1061 - 1069. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Babuin and A. S. Jaffe Troponin: the biomarker of choice for the detection of cardiac injury Can. Med. Assoc. J., November 8, 2005; 173(10): 1191 - 1202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Bolognese, G. Falsini, F. Liistro, and P. Angioli Myocardial damage during percutaneous interventions for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J. Suppl., October 1, 2005; 7(suppl_K): K15 - K18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Roe, E. D. Peterson, Y. Li, C. V. Pollack Jr, R. H. Christenson, W. F. Peacock, F. M. Fesmire, L. K. Newby, R. L. Jesse, J. W. Hoekstra, et al. Relationship Between Risk Stratification by Cardiac Troponin Level and Adherence to Guidelines for Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Arch Intern Med, September 12, 2005; 165(16): 1870 - 1876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Jeremias and C. M. Gibson Narrative Review: Alternative Causes for Elevated Cardiac Troponin Levels when Acute Coronary Syndromes Are Excluded Ann Intern Med, May 3, 2005; 142(9): 786 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Dokainish, M. Pillai, S. A. Murphy, P. M. DiBattiste, M. J. Schweiger, A. Lotfi, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, E. Braunwald, N. Lakkis, et al. Prognostic implications of elevated troponin in patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome but no critical epicardial coronary disease: A TACTICS-TIMI-18 substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 4, 2005; 45(1): 19 - 24. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. F. Salamonsen, H.-G. Schneider, M. Bailey, and A. J. Taylor Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations, but Not Electrocardiographic Results, Predict an Extended Hospital Stay after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Clin. Chem., January 1, 2005; 51(1): 40 - 46. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Bolognese, K. Ducci, P. Angioli, G. Falsini, F. Liistro, S. Baldassarre, and A. Burali Elevations in Troponin I After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Are Associated With Abnormal Tissue-Level Perfusion in High-Risk Patients With Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, September 21, 2004; 110(12): 1592 - 1597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Gibson and A. Schomig Coronary and Myocardial Angiography: Angiographic Assessment of Both Epicardial and Myocardial Perfusion Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3096 - 3105. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Baldus, C. Heeschen, T. Meinertz, A. M. Zeiher, J. P. Eiserich, T. Munzel, M. L. Simoons, C. W. Hamm, and on behalf of the CAPTURE Investigators Myeloperoxidase Serum Levels Predict Risk in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, September 23, 2003; 108(12): 1440 - 1445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Schulz-Menger, M. Gross, D. Messroghli, F. Uhlich, R. Dietz, and M. G. Friedrich Cardiovascular magnetic resonance ofacute myocardial infarction at a very early stage J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 6, 2003; 42(3): 513 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Gibson Has My Patient Achieved Adequate Myocardial Reperfusion? Circulation, August 5, 2003; 108(5): 504 - 507. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. A. Morrow and E. Braunwald Future of Biomarkers in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Moving Toward a Multimarker Strategy Circulation, July 22, 2003; 108(3): 250 - 252. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. P.S. Henriques, F. Zijlstra, A. W.J. van 't Hof, M.-J. de Boer, J.-H. E. Dambrink, M. Gosselink, J. C.A. Hoorntje, and H. Suryapranata Angiographic Assessment of Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction by Myocardial Blush Grade Circulation, April 29, 2003; 107(16): 2115 - 2119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. P. Cannon Small molecule glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors as upstream therapy in acute coronary syndromes: Insights from the TACTICS TIMI-18 trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 43S - 48S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 106/2/202    most recent 01.CIR.0000021921.14653.28v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Wong, G. C. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Wong, G. C. Related Collections Coronary imaging: angiography/ultrasound/Doppler/CC Acute coronary syndromes