Published online before print September 23, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000035037.11968.5C
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(Circulation. 2002;106:1760.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
Systolic Improvement and Mechanical Resynchronization Does Not Require Electrical Synchrony in the Dilated Failing Heart With Left Bundle-Branch Block
From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (C.L., R.T., J.J., R.K., H.H., D.A.K.); National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute/Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (O.F., F.E., E.M.); and Cardiac Pacemakers/Guidant, St Paul, Minneapolis, Minn (J.S.).
Correspondence to David A. Kass, Halsted 500, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287. E-mail dkass{at}jhmi.edu
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Abstract |
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Background— Biventricular (BiV) and left ventricular (LV) pacing similarly augment systolic function in left bundle-branch block (LBBB)-failing hearts despite different electrical activation. We tested whether electrical synchrony is required to achieve mechanical synchronization and functional benefit from pacing.
Methods and Results— Epicardial mapping, tagged MRI, and hemodynamics were obtained in dogs with LBBB-failing hearts during right atrial, LV, and BiV stimulation. BiV and LV both significantly improved chamber hemodynamics (eg, 25% increase in dP/dtmax and aortic pulse pressure) compared with atrial pacing-LBBB, and this improvement correlated with mechanical resynchronization. Electrical dispersion, however, decreased 13% with BiV but increased 23% with LV pacing (P<0.01).
Conclusion— Improved mechanical synchrony and function do not require electrical synchrony. Mechanical coordination plays the dominant role in global systolic improvement with either pacing approach.
Key Words: heart failure • pacing • electrical stimulation • bundle-branch block • ventricles
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Introduction |
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Biventricular (BiV) and left ventricular free-wall (LV) pacing are equally effective for acutely enhancing systolic function in failing human hearts with a left bundle-branch (LBB) type intra-ventricular conduction delay.1–3 Recent studies report positive long-term effects from BiV pacing,4 and LV pacing may achieve similar results.5,6 This has seemed paradoxical, in that LV preexcitation in normal hearts generates dyssynchrony and depresses function.7,8 Although electrical fusion between the LV stimulus and native right bundle conduction might occur, QRS duration remains wide with LV-only pacing2,5,9 and enhances function in patients with atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular (AV)-node ablation, precluding fusion.9 Alternatively, improved mechanical coordination and function maybe inducible in left bundle-branch block (LBBB)-congestive heart failure (CHF) hearts without generating electrical synchrony. The present study addressed this important question by using a novel canine model of cardiac failure combined with LBBB and by obtaining whole heart electrical activation and mechanical strain maps.
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Methods |
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Protocol
Seven adult mongrel dogs underwent LBB radiofrequency-ablation using a 4-mm tipped electrode catheter placed within the LV to record LBB potentials. A right ventricle (RV)-apical endocardial lead was connected to a generator (Medtronic), and animals were rapidly paced (210 to 250 min-1) to into heart failure. Once failure was established, animals were anesthetized (10 to 15 mg/kg thiobarbital, 1% to 2% halothane), their hearts were exposed via median-sternotomy, and magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible pacing electrodes were sutured to the right atrium, LV midlateral wall, and near the RV-anterior groove. Micromanometers were placed in the central aorta and LV. In 3 animals, an additional endocardial lead was placed in the mid-RV septum. A nylon mesh fitted with 128 copper electrodes was placed over the ventricular epicardium. Electrodes were radiofrequency-filtered at the MR-scanner interface, and pacing-leads connected via isolation units to stimulators (Grass Instruments). Six to eight (
4-mm outside diameter) glass beads filled with gadolinium-DTPA (5 mmol/L) were sewn to the sock. BiV and LV pacing were applied at 20 bpm above intrinsic rate while varying the AV delay (0 to 110 ms). The optimal AV delay used in subsequent MR-tagging protocols was that which provided full capture at highest maximal dP/dt (mean 69±17 ms). Tagged cine 3-dimensional LV images10 were obtained (GE Signa 1.5T) with a modified fastcard sequence at 15 ms/frame (30 to 33 frames/beat) during 30-second apneic periods. The scanner was externally triggered to synchronize electrical/mechanical data acquisition. Tagged images were obtained under atrial-LBBB, atrio-BiV, and atrio-LV pacing, in random order. Between each acquisition, unipolar epicardial electrical data were recorded at 1 kHz sampling. Animals were euthanized and their hearts were scanned to locate the gadolinium-DTPA beads. After excision, the heart was filled with vinyl polysiloxane, maintaining end diastolic shape, and electrode, pacing lead, and bead locations were digitized (Microscribe 3DLX). The apex and interventricular septum were also located as anatomic landmarks.
Data Analysis
Electrical signals were averaged over 20 consecutive beats for each pacing mode. Local depolarization at each electrode was at -dV/dtmax referenced to the earliest ventricular activation time. Short- and long-axis tagged images were processed as described,8 with the displacement field modeled by a 4-dimensional B-spline, 11 and circumferential strain (
cc) determined over the entire LV-midwall. LV strain was spatially referenced to electrical maps using the position digitization data.
Mechanical dyssynchrony was indexed by a circumferential uniformity ratio estimate (CURE). cc at 24 circumferentially-distributed locations around each short-axis section was plotted versus spatial-position for each time-frame. The more oscillatory the plot, the more dyssynchrony among segments around the short axis. Plots for 6 midwall short-axis slices (excluding the most apical and basal regions) were subjected to Fourier analysis, and the results were averaged over space and time to yield CURE = (A2o/[A2o+2A21])1/2, where A2o and A21 are the spatial and temporal sum of the zero and first order power terms, respectively. The maximal value for CURE was 1 with all segments contracting synchronously, whereas symmetrically dyssynchronous contractions produced CURE=0.
Data are expressed as mean±SD. Analysis was done by 2-way repeated measures ANOVA, with post-hoc comparisons using a Tukey test.
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Results |
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LBB-ablation widened QRS duration from 54±7.1 to 118±9 ms (P<0.01) without altering PR interval (102±14 versus 100±12 ms). After 3 weeks of pacing, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 33±4%, mean LV end diastolic diameter was 49±5 mm, and estimated pulmonary artery pressure (Doppler) was 37±13 mm Hg.
Both LV and BiV Pacing Enhance Systolic Function
Both LV and BiV stimulation enhanced systolic function (Table). With exception of a slightly greater peak systolic pressure with BiV, responses with both pacing modes were virtually identical. These responses were little altered (±3% of peak), despite varying of the AV delay by ±30 ms from the primary value used.
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Electrical Synchrony Is Reduced With LV-Only but Enhanced by BiV Stimulation
Despite similar global mechanics, there were marked differences in electrical synchrony between pacing modes (Figure 1). With RA-LBBB, electrical activation spread from right to left with a net delay of 97.8±2.1 ms. LV-only pacing reversed this pattern, increasing net delay to 121.5±2.1 ms (P<0.0001 versus RA-pacing), whereas BiV pacing improved electrical synchrony as conduction spread from opposing sides toward the midchamber (85±2.4 ms; P<0.001 versus RA-pacing; P<0.0001 versus LV-pacing). Endocardial septal activation was concordant with epicardial activation-times overlying the same region (Figure 1B). To further rule out electrical fusion with LV-pacing, AV-delay was correlated to atrial (electrical)-LV (mechanical, time at 10% dP/dtmax) delay. This relation has unity slope with full LV capture but a flatter slope if fusion is present. The mean slope was 0.984±0.032 (r2=0.98). Electrical activation with zero AV-delay was virtually identical to that at 70 ms, which was the average value used for mechanical analysis (data not shown).
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red late). With RA pacing (LBBB), electrical activation spread from right to left, whereas LV pacing reversed the pattern but did not reduce conduction delay. BiV pacing, however, showed improved electrical synchrony. B, Short-axis slice demonstrating that activation time at the endocardial septum was similar to that at epicardial electrodes over the same region. C, Group data for electrical activation delay (relative to earliest activation) at various sites for 3 pacing modes. Only BiV pacing reduced the gradient of activation delay.
Both LV and BiV Pacing Improve LV Mechanical Synchrony
Figure 2A shows example 3D strain maps for each pacing-mode at time of mitral valve (MV) closure, mid-systole, and late-systole. Displayed numbers are time intervals between septal and lateral wall electrical activation and the mechanical events. RA-LBBB pacing induced both septal shortening (blue) and lateral-wall stretch (yellow) by MV-closure through to mid-systole. Lateral contraction occurred in late systole. With LV-pacing, contraction started at the lateral pacing site with less marked stretch of the opposite (septal) wall. Note that by mitral valve closure, septal electrical-activation had already occurred. Lateral contraction advanced slowly, with shortening observed most prominently in the septum. These 2 areas then converged more synchronously during remaining systole. BiV activation resulted in less asymmetry at MV-closure, with 2 shortening fronts evident by mid-systole that converged during late systole. Thus, mechanical maps at mid- and late systole were similar between LV and BiV modes, both largely eliminating paradoxic stretch of the opposing wall. Concordant with this example, the CURE synchrony index similarly improved with both modes (P<0.001), correlating with dP/dtmax (adjusted for mean in each animal; r=0.84; Figure 2B). In contrast, dP/dtmax did not correlate with interelectrode maximal electrical dispersion.
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Discussion |
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BiV pacing was first proposed to treat failing hearts with discoordinate contraction, as it seemed the most logical way to achieve resynchronization. To date, most clinical studies have used this method, using simultaneous stimuli and highlighting QRS narrowing.12 LV-only pacing, however, produces similar mechanical and energetic effects as BiV pacing.1–3,5,13 The present study indicates that LV-pacing actually increases electrical dispersion over that from LBBB or BiV pacing, despite improving mechanical function and coordination. Lack of electrical fusion was supported by the electrode-array data, which showed an equal rise in electro-mechanical delay for an increment in AV delay, and the similar mechanical response despite substantially varied AV delays. These results support clinical data showing no correlation between change in QRS duration and mechanical response to LV or BiV pacing.2 Mechanical dyssynchrony rather than electrical dispersion seems to be the more relevant measure.
LV-pacing started with focal lateral-wall contraction that advanced slowly, with more prominent shortening next appearing in the septum. The precise mechanism for the apparent slow progression of antero-lateral wall shortening despite preexcitation remains to be fully resolved. We speculate that early stimulated regions interact with more prestretched (ie, preloaded) distal regions (septum), and that the resulting temporally and spatially varied load yields a nodal zone of apparent less-contracting muscle in the midlateral wall. Reduced and slowed myocardial stiffening, which is typical of failing myocardium, may be important in this regard. Importantly, LV and BiV pacing both generated less early and late systolic stretch of opposing walls versus LBBB, supporting recent clinical data.14 Further studies will be needed to assess the role of septal/RV loading, systemic afterload, pacing site and extent of stimulation, and underlying cardiomyopathy to these observations. At present, we can conclude that mechanical rather than electrical synchrony seems most important for functional improvement with these therapies.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grant P50:HL52307 (Dr Kass) and RO1: HL64795,HL45683 (Dr Halperin) and the French Federation of Cardiology (Dr Leclercq).
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Footnotes |
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*The first 2 authors contributed equally to this work.
Received July 16, 2002; revision received August 10, 2002; accepted August 13, 2002.
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References |
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N. M. Hawkins, M. C. Petrie, M. R. MacDonald, K. J. Hogg, and J. J.V. McMurray Selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy: electrical or mechanical dyssynchrony? Eur. Heart J., June 1, 2006; 27(11): 1270 - 1281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J.M. Westenberg, H. J. Lamb, R. J. van der Geest, G. B. Bleeker, E. R. Holman, M. J. Schalij, A. de Roos, E. E. van der Wall, J. H.C. Reiber, and J. J. Bax Assessment of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Patients With Conduction Delay and Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Head-to-Head Comparison Between Tissue Doppler Imaging and Velocity-Encoded Magnetic Resonance Imaging J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 16, 2006; 47(10): 2042 - 2048. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Donal, C. Leclercq, C. Linde, and J.-C. Daubert Effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on disease progression in chronic heart failure Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2006; 27(9): 1018 - 1025. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Steendijk, S. A. Tulner, J. J. Bax, P. V. Oemrawsingh, G. B. Bleeker, L. van Erven, H. Putter, H. F. Verwey, E. E. van der Wall, and M. J. Schalij Hemodynamic Effects of Long-Term Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy: Analysis by Pressure-Volume Loops Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): 1295 - 1304. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. A. A. M. Verbeek, A. Auricchio, Y. Yu, J. Ding, T. Pochet, K. Vernooy, A. Kramer, J. Spinelli, and F. W. Prinzen Tailoring cardiac resynchronization therapy using interventricular asynchrony. Validation of a simple model Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, March 1, 2006; 290(3): H968 - H977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Kass Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy and Cardiac Reserve: How You Climb a Staircase May Alter Its Steepness Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 923 - 925. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Vollmann, L. Luthje, P. Schott, G. Hasenfuss, and C. Unterberg-Buchwald Biventricular Pacing Improves the Blunted Force-Frequency Relation Present During Univentricular Pacing in Patients With Heart Failure and Conduction Delay Circulation, February 21, 2006; 113(7): 953 - 959. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. A. Helm, L. Younes, M. F. Beg, D. B. Ennis, C. Leclercq, O. P. Faris, E. McVeigh, D. Kass, M. I. Miller, and R. L. Winslow Evidence of Structural Remodeling in the Dyssynchronous Failing Heart Circ. Res., January 6, 2006; 98(1): 125 - 132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Leclercq, G. Ansalone, F. Gadler, G. Boriani, N. Perez-Castellano, N. Grubb, S. Sack, and E. Boulogne Biventricular vs. left univentricular pacing in heart failure: rationale, design, and endpoints of the B-LEFT HF study. Europace, January 1, 2006; 8(1): 76 - 80. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Dilaveris, A. Pantazis, G. Giannopoulos, A. Synetos, J. Gialafos, and C. Stefanadis Upgrade to biventricular pacing in patients with pacing-induced heart failure: can resynchronization do the trick? Europace, January 1, 2006; 8(5): 352 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kashani and S. S. Barold Significance of QRS Complex Duration in Patients With Heart Failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2183 - 2192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Lardo, T. P. Abraham, and D. A. Kass Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment of Ventricular Dyssynchrony: Current and Emerging Concepts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2223 - 2228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Carson, I. Anand, C. O'Connor, B. Jaski, J. Steinberg, A. Lwin, J. Lindenfeld, J. Ghali, J. H. Barnet, A. M. Feldman, et al. Mode of Death in Advanced Heart Failure: The Comparison of Medical, Pacing, and Defibrillation Therapies in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 20, 2005; 46(12): 2329 - 2334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. C. P. Kerckhoffs, O. P. Faris, P. H. M. Bovendeerd, F. W. Prinzen, K. Smits, E. R. McVeigh, and T. Arts Electromechanics of paced left ventricle simulated by straightforward mathematical model: comparison with experiments Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): H1889 - H1897. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Ashikaga, S. R. Mickelsen, D. B. Ennis, I. Rodriguez, P. Kellman, H. Wen, and E. R. McVeigh Electromechanical analysis of infarct border zone in chronic myocardial infarction Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): H1099 - H1105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. D. Spragg, F. G. Akar, R. H. Helm, R. S. Tunin, G. F. Tomaselli, and D. A. Kass Abnormal conduction and repolarization in late-activated myocardium of dyssynchronously contracting hearts Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2005; 67(1): 77 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. H. Helm, C. Leclercq, O. P. Faris, C. Ozturk, E. McVeigh, A. C. Lardo, and D. A. Kass Cardiac Dyssynchrony Analysis Using Circumferential Versus Longitudinal Strain: Implications for Assessing Cardiac Resynchronization Circulation, May 31, 2005; 111(21): 2760 - 2767. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Melenovsky, I. Hay, B. J. Fetics, B. A. Borlaug, A. Kramer, J. M. Pastore, R. Berger, and D. A. Kass Functional impact of rate irregularity in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2005; 26(7): 705 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Tedrow, W. H. Maisel, L. M. Epstein, K. Soejima, and W. G. Stevenson Feasibility of adjusting paced left ventricular activation by manipulating stimulus strength J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 7, 2004; 44(11): 2249 - 2252. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R A Bleasdale and M P Frenneaux Cardiac resynchronisation therapy: when the drugs don't work. Heart, December 1, 2004; 90(suppl_6): vi2 - vi4. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R E Lane, A W C Chow, D Chin, and J Mayet Selection and optimisation of biventricular pacing: the role of echocardiography Heart, December 1, 2004; 90(suppl_6): vi10 - vi16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Hay, V. Melenovsky, B. J. Fetics, D. P. Judge, A. Kramer, J. Spinelli, C. Reister, D. A. Kass, and R. D. Berger Short-Term Effects of Right-Left Heart Sequential Cardiac Resynchronization in Patients With Heart Failure, Chronic Atrial Fibrillation, and Atrioventricular Nodal Block Circulation, November 30, 2004; 110(22): 3404 - 3410. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Faber, B. Lamp, J. Vogt, and D. Horstkotte Tissue Doppler imaging in patients with congestive heart failure and conduction disorders Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2004; 6(suppl_D): D10 - D15. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Steendijk, S. A.F. Tulner, M. Wiemer, R. A. Bleasdale, J. J. Bax, E. E. van der Wall, J. Vogt, and M. J. Schalij Pressure-volume measurements by conductance catheter during cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur. Heart J. Suppl., August 1, 2004; 6(suppl_D): D35 - D42. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. Bax, G. Ansalone, O. A. Breithardt, G. Derumeaux, C. Leclercq, M. J. Schalij, P. Sogaard, M. St. John Sutton, and P. Nihoyannopoulos Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac resynchronization therapy: ready for routine clinical use?: A critical appraisal J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 7, 2004; 44(1): 1 - 9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Turner, R. A. Bleasdale, D. Vinereanu, C. E. Mumford, V. Paul, A. G. Fraser, and M. P. Frenneaux Electrical and Mechanical Components of Dyssynchrony in Heart Failure Patients With Normal QRS Duration and Left Bundle-Branch Block: Impact of Left and Biventricular Pacing Circulation, June 1, 2004; 109(21): 2544 - 2549. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A Auricchio and C M Yu Beyond the measurement of QRS complex toward mechanical dyssynchrony: cardiac resynchronisation therapy in heart failure patients with a normal QRS duration Heart, May 1, 2004; 90(5): 479 - 481. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P D. Bella and C Carbucicchio Non-contact left ventricular endocardial mapping for cardiac resynchronisation therapy: a "slow conduction" towards the fast solution Heart, May 1, 2004; 90(5): 483 - 484. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M S Turner, R A Bleasdale, C E Mumford, M P Frenneaux, and J A Morris-Thurgood Left ventricular pacing improves haemodynamic variables in patients with heart failure with a normal QRS duration Heart, May 1, 2004; 90(5): 502 - 505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. J. M. Zwanenburg, M. J. W. Gotte, J. P. A. Kuijer, R. M. Heethaar, A. C. van Rossum, and J. T. Marcus Timing of cardiac contraction in humans mapped by high-temporal-resolution MRI tagging: early onset and late peak of shortening in lateral wall Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): H1872 - H1880. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. G. Stevenson and M. O. Sweeney Single Site Left Ventricular Pacing for Cardiac Resynchronization Circulation, April 13, 2004; 109(14): 1694 - 1696. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-J. Blanc, V. Bertault-Valls, M. Fatemi, M. Gilard, P.-Y. Pennec, and Y. Etienne Midterm Benefits of Left Univentricular Pacing in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure Circulation, April 13, 2004; 109(14): 1741 - 1744. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. R. Mehra and B. H. Greenberg Cardiac resynchronization therapy: caveat medicus! J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1145 - 1148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Penicka, J. Bartunek, B. De Bruyne, M. Vanderheyden, M. Goethals, M. De Zutter, P. Brugada, and P. Geelen Improvement of Left Ventricular Function After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Is Predicted by Tissue Doppler Imaging Echocardiography Circulation, March 2, 2004; 109(8): 978 - 983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Steendijk, S. A. F. Tulner, J. J. Schreuder, J. J. Bax, L. van Erven, E. E. van der Wall, R. A. E. Dion, M. J. Schalij, and J. Baan Quantification of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony by conductance catheter in heart failure patients Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2004; 286(2): H723 - H730. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Leclercq and J. M. Hare Ventricular Resynchronization: Current State of the Art Circulation, January 27, 2004; 109(3): 296 - 299. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Bader, S. Garrigue, S. Lafitte, S. Reuter, P. Jais, M. Haissaguerre, J. Bonnet, J. Clementy, and R. Roudaut Intra-left ventricular electromechanical asynchrony: A new independent predictor of severe cardiac events in heart failure patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 21, 2004; 43(2): 248 - 256. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Auricchio, C. Stellbrink, C. Butter, S. Sack, J. Vogt, A. R. Misier, D. Bocker, M. Block, J. H. Kirkels, Pacing Therapies in Congestive Heart Failure (PATH, et al. Clinical efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy using left ventricular pacing in heart failure patients stratified by severity of ventricular conduction delay J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 17, 2003; 42(12): 2109 - 2116. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. A. Kass Predicting cardiac resynchronization response by qrs duration: The long and short of it J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 17, 2003; 42(12): 2125 - 2127. [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. P. Faris, F. J. Evans, A. J. Dick, V. K. Raman, D. B. Ennis, D. A. Kass, and E. R. McVeigh Endocardial versus epicardial electrical synchrony during LV free-wall pacing Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2003; 285(5): H1864 - H1870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Warner Stevenson The points for pacing J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 15, 2003; 42(8): 1460 - 1462. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. D. Spragg, C. Leclercq, M. Loghmani, O. P. Faris, R. S. Tunin, D. DiSilvestre, E. R. McVeigh, G. F. Tomaselli, and D. A. Kass Regional Alterations in Protein Expression in the Dyssynchronous Failing Heart Circulation, August 26, 2003; 108(8): 929 - 932. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. A. A. M. Verbeek, K. Vernooy, M. Peschar, R. N. M. Cornelussen, and F. W. Prinzen Intra-ventricular resynchronization for optimal left ventricular function during pacing in experimental left bundle branch block J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 6, 2003; 42(3): 558 - 567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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