Published online before print August 19, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000027569.76671.A8
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2002;106:1211.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Evidence for an Independent and Cumulative Effect of Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia and Hyperglycemia on Endothelial Dysfunction and Oxidative Stress Generation
Effects of Short- and Long-Term Simvastatin Treatment
From the Department of Pathology and Medicine, Experimental and Clinical, Chair of Internal Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy (A.C., B.B., R.D.R., E.M.); the Diabetology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera S Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy (C.T., L.T.); and Morpurgo-Hofman Research Laboratory on Aging, Udine, Italy (L.Q., L.P.).
Correspondence to Dr Antonio Ceriello, Chair of Internal Medicine, University of Udine, P le S Maria della Misericordia, 33100 Udine, Italy. E-mail Antonio.Ceriello{at}Dpmsc.uniud.it
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia are considered risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Evidence suggests that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia induce endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress; however, the distinct role of these two factors is a matter of debate.
Methods and Results— Thirty type 2 diabetic patients and 20 normal subjects ate 3 different meals: a high-fat meal; 75 g glucose alone; and high-fat meal plus glucose. Glycemia, triglyceridemia, nitrotyrosine, and endothelial function were assayed during the tests. Subsequently, diabetics took 40 mg/d simvastatin or placebo for 12 weeks. The 3 tests were performed again at baseline, between 3 to 6 days after the start, and at the end of each study. High-fat load and glucose alone produced a decrease of endothelial function and an increase of nitrotyrosine in normal and diabetic subjects. These effects were more pronounced when high fat and glucose were combined. Short-term simvastatin treatment had no effect on lipid parameters but reduced the effect on endothelial function and nitrotyrosine observed during each different test. Long-term simvastatin treatment was accompanied by a lower increase in postprandial triglycerides, which was followed by smaller variations of endothelial function and nitrotyrosine during the tests.
Conclusions— This study shows an independent and cumulative effect of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelial function, suggesting oxidative stress as common mediator of such effect. Simvastatin shows a beneficial effect on oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, which may be ascribed to a direct effect as well as the lipid-lowering action of the drug.
Key Words: lipids • cardiovascular diseases • endothelium • stress • diabetes mellitus
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patients with diabetes have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recently, much attention has been paid to evidence that abnormalities of the postprandial state are important contributing factors to the development of atherosclerosis, even in diabetes mellitus.1 In nondiabetic subjects, there is evidence that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for CVD,2 whereas in diabetic subjects, postprandial hyperglycemia has been recently proposed as an independent risk factor for CVD.3 Since in diabetic patients the postprandial phase is characterized by the simultaneous increase of both plasma triglycerides and glucose,1 the distinct role and the relative importance of these two factors in the pathogenesis of CVD in diabetes is a matter of debate.
The response-to-injury hypothesis of atherosclerosis states that the initial damage affects the arterial endothelium, leading to endothelial dysfunction.4 Indeed, endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated in patients with diabetes,5 and hyperglycemia has been implicated as a cause of endothelial dysfunction in normal as well as diabetic subjects.6,7 Similarly, a negative influence of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia on endothelial function has been reported in both normal and diabetic subjects.8,9
It has been suggested that hyperglycemia6–7 and hypertriglyceridemia8–9 induce an endothelial dysfunction through the production of an oxidative stress. The process may involve the overgeneration of superoxide anion (O2-), which in turn inactivates nitric oxide (NO).10 NO and O2- react by producing peroxynitrite, a potent, long-lived oxidant.10 The peroxynitrite anion is cytotoxic because it oxidizes sulfhydryl groups in proteins, initiates lipid peroxidation, and nitrates amino acids such as tyrosine, which affects many signal transduction pathways.10 The production of peroxynitrite can be indirectly inferred by the presence of nitrotyrosine (NT), 11 and NT has been found in the plasma of diabetic patients.12 There is also evidence that an acute increase of glycemia simultaneously induces an increase of NT and endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects, suggesting that peroxynitrite may be involved in the generation of endothelial abnormalities during hyperglycemia.13 On the other hand, a nitrosylation of VLDL has been found in experimental atherosclerosis, suggesting that increased production of peroxynitrite may also be associated with altered lipid metabolism.14 However, data concerning NT in the postprandial state and the possible contribution of hyperglycemia and/or hypertriglyceridemia to the phenomenon are not yet available.
The aim of this study was to evaluate whether postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia play a distinct role in producing endothelial dysfunction and whether this phenomenon is accompanied by NT generation. To demonstrate this hypothesis, endothelial function was measured after a fat-rich meal associated or not associated with simultaneous administration of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), both in diabetic patients with moderate hyperlipidemia and in normal subjects. In addition, the diabetic patients were retested after 3 to 6 days or 3 months of simvastatin treatment. The objective of the short-term simvastatin treatment was to evaluate a possible direct effect of the drug on endothelial function, possibly through an inhibition of oxidative stress,15,16 whereas the long-term treatment was aimed to also evaluate the effect of decreased postprandial hypertriglyceridemia.17
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Thirty type 2 diabetic patients and 20 healthy subjects were recruited. The clinical characteristics of the groups are reported in Table 1. All subjects were nonsmokers and had a normal resting ECG and no history of vascular disease.
|
None of the subjects were taking aspirin, lipid-lowering agents, or supplemental vitamins. Diabetes was treated in 18 patients with diet alone and with sulfonylureas in the remaining 12 patients. All subjects were recommended to consume the habitual diet during the entire period of the study. Written consent was obtained from all subjects, with local ethics committee approval.
Study Design
At the end of a 4-week placebo run-in period, blood samples were taken and fasting glycemia, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides, NT, and HbA1c were measured. Therefore, diabetic patients and controls ate, in randomized order, on different days, 3 different menus: (1) a high-fat meal; (2) 75 g glucose alone; (3) a high-fat meal plus 75 g glucose. Blood samples were drawn at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours, and the following variables were assayed: glycemia, triglyceridemia, NT, and endothelial function. Studies were begun at 8 AM after a 12- to 14-hour overnight fast.
Subsequently, a double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled study was started in diabetic patients. Diabetics were randomly assigned to take 40 mg/d simvastatin or placebo for 12 weeks. The washout period between the simvastatin treatment and placebo period was 3 months. At baseline and at the end of each period, the following parameters were measured: fasting glycemia, serum total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides, HbA1c, NT, and endothelial function. The 3 meal tests were performed at baseline, between 3 to 6 days after the start of both placebo and simvastatin treatment, and at the end of each study. The scheme of the protocol is illustrated in Figure 1.
|
High-Fat Load
The standardized high-fat meal consisted of whipping cream and contained 75 g of fat, 5 g of carbohydrates, and 6 g of protein per m2 body surface area. The corresponding caloric intake was 700 kcal/m2.
Biochemical Measurements
Cholesterol and triglycerides were measured enzymatically (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). HDL-C was estimated after precipitation of apolipoprotein B with phosphotungstate/magnesium.18 LDL-C was calculated after lipoprotein separation.19 Plasma glucose was measured by the glucose-oxidase method and HbA1c by high-performance liquid chromatography. Nitrotyrosine plasma concentration was assayed by ELISA.12
Endothelial Function
Endothelial function was evaluated by measuring flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) of the brachial artery. Vasodilation responses of the brachial arteries were measured by ultrasound technique by two skillful examiners. The validity of this method has been confirmed in previous studies.20,21 Briefly, the diameter of the brachial artery was measured from B-mode ultrasound images with a 7.5-MHz linear array transducer (SSH-160A, Toshiba). Flow velocity in the brachial artery was measured with a pulsed Doppler signal at a 70° angle to the vessel, with the range gate (1.5 mm) in the center of the artery. The brachial artery was scanned in the antecubital fossa in a longitudinal fashion. Depth and gain settings were optimized at the beginning of the study and were kept constant throughout the recording period. When a satisfactory transducer position was found, the surface of the skin was marked, and the arm remained in the same position throughout the study. Each subject lay quietly for 10 minutes before the first scan.
At the end of each test, the subjects lay quietly for 15 minutes. Then, sublingual nitroglycerin (0.3 mg) was administered and 3 minutes later the last measurements were performed. Response to nitroglycerin was used as a measure of endothelium-independent vasodilation. All studies were performed in a quiet and temperature-controlled room (22°C to 23°C).
After baseline measurements of the diameter and flow velocity in the brachial artery, a blood pressure cuff placed around the forearm was inflated with a pressure of 250 to 300 mm Hg and was released after 5 minutes. The measurements of diameter and flow velocity were continuously performed from cuff inflation to due time after cuff deflation. The ultrasound images were recorded on a super VHS videocassette recorder (BR-S601 mol/L, Victor), and the arterial diameter was measured at a fixed distance from an anatomical marker with ultrasonic calipers by two independent observers. Measurements were taken from the anterior to the posterior interface between the media and adventitia ("m" line) at the end of diastole, coincident with the R wave on a continuously recorded ECG.20 The diameters of 4 cardiac cycles were analyzed for each scan, and the measurements were averaged. Diameter measurements for the reactive hyperemia were taken 45 to 90 seconds after cuff deflation to measure peak diameter.20 Responses of the vessel diameters to the reactive hyperemia and nitroglycerin were expressed as the percent increase above the baseline value of the diameter. Blood flow was calculated by multiplying the velocity-time integral of the Doppler flow signal by heart rate and the vessel cross-sectional area. The increase in the blood flow was calculated by dividing the maximum flow within the first 15 seconds after the cuff deflation by the flow at baseline.20
In our study, interobserver variability for repeated measurements of resting arterial diameter was 0.04±0.02 mm. The intraobserver variability for repeated measurements of resting arterial diameter was 0.02±0.02 mm.
Statistical Analysis
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov algorithm was used to determine whether each variable had a normal distribution. Comparisons of baseline data among the groups were performed with the unpaired Student’s t test. The paired Student’s t test was used for comparison of the various parameters before and after simvastatin or placebo treatment. The changes in variables during the tests were assessed by 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures. If differences reached statistical significance, post hoc analyses with a 2-tailed paired t test was used to assess differences at individual time periods in the study, with Bonferroni correction used for multiple comparisons. Statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Baseline cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides, and NT were increased in diabetic patients, whereas HDL-C and FMD were reduced (Table 1).
As compared with preprandial values, serum triglyceride levels were increased from 1 to 3 hours during tests 1 and 3 in normal subjects (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 2) and from 1 to 4 hours in diabetics (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 3). Glycemia increased at 1 hour in normal subjects (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 2) and at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours in diabetics during tests 2 and 3 (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 3), whereas triglycerides remained unchanged during test 2 (Figures 2 and 3).
|
|
High-fat load alone produced a decrease of FMD and an increase of NT from 1 to 3 hours in normal subjects (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 2) and from 1 to 4 hours diabetic patients (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 3). The increase of glycemia during the OGTT was accompanied by a significant decrease of FMD at 1 hour both in normal and diabetic subjects (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figures 2 and 3), whereas FMD returned to basal values within 2 hours in normal subjects and remained low at 2 and 3 hours in diabetic patients (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figure 3), returning to basal values only at 4 hours (Figures 2 to 3). NT concentration changed during the studies, and its variations were opposite to those of FMD (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figures 2 and 3).
The combination of high-fat and glucose load, test 3, produced a decrease of FMD and an increase of NT (P<0.001 versus baseline; Figures 2 and 3) even more pronounced than with either nutrient taken alone (P<0.01; Figures 2 and 3), both in normal and diabetic subjects. The decrease of FMD and increase of NT were maximal at 1 hour in normal subjects (Figure 2), whereas in diabetic patients, such variations were observed throughout the test, with a maximum at 2 hours (Figure 3).
Short-term simvastatin treatment had no effect on lipid parameters in diabetic patients (Table 2). However, a significant improvement of both basal FMD and NT was observed (Table 2). Such treatment was able to reduce the effect on endothelial function and NT observed during each different test, even though postprandial hypertriglyceridemia was not affected (P<0.001 versus placebo; Figures 4, 5, and 6).
|
|
|
|
Long-term simvastatin treatment reduced fasting total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, and raised HDL-C in diabetic patients, whereas body mass index and HbA1c remained unchanged throughout the study (Table 2).
Long-term simvastatin treatment was accompanied by a significant improvement of fasting FMD and NT level (Table 2). When the high-fat load test was performed, the increase in postprandial triglycerides compared with placebo was lower (P<0.01; Figures 4 and 6), and FMD decrease as well as NT increase were still significant but significantly smaller (P<0.01; Figures 4 and 6). During the glucose challenge, triglycerides remained unchanged; FMD decrease and NT rise were smaller than in the placebo period (P<0.01; Figure 5) but were still significant. The combined load of a high-fat meal and glucose resulted in a smaller increase of triglycerides after simvastatin treatment (P<0.01; Figures 4, 5, and 6). Again, FMD decreased significantly and NT increased in this test, the observed variations being smaller than at the end of the placebo period (P<0.01; Figures 4, 5, and 6).
Baseline arterial diameter, endothelium-independent vasodilation, blood pressure, and heart rate were not affected by any of the different tests performed and did not change during simvastatin study (data not shown).
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This study confirms that both postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and postprandial hyperglycemia produce an endothelial dysfunction in both diabetic and normal subjects. However, for the first time, our data show that postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia have an independent and cumulative effect in determining endothelial dysfunction. Our data also suggest that oxidative stress may be the common mediator of this phenomenon, since endothelial dysfunction during both postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia is accompanied by a significant NT increase.
Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia may represent an independent predictor of CVD in nondiabetic patients2 and may be a predictor of carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes.22 However, recent studies support the hypothesis that postprandial hyperglycemia also is a risk factor for CVD.23 The concept that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia may be important factors for the development of CVD is supported by evidence that both induce endothelial dysfunction,6–9 whereas there is a broad consensus that abnormalities of endothelium-dependent arterial relaxation are an early marker of atherosclerosis4 and may predict CVD.24
Meal absorption is a complex phenomenon, and postprandial hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia are simultaneously present in the postabsorptive phase, particularly in diabetics and in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Therefore, a specific and direct role of hyperglycemia, independent of the concomitant hyperlipidemia, has been frequently questioned. In our study, when hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia were simultaneously present, there was a greater impairment of endothelial function compared with that observed during either hyperglycemia or hypertriglyceridemia alone, suggesting that they have an independent but cumulative effect on endothelial cells.
The independent role of hyperglycemia is also supported by our long-term simvastatin study in diabetic patients. As expected after that treatment, endothelial function is ameliorated in basal conditions25 and the level of postprandial triglycerides after the high fat load is significantly reduced.26 Consequently, there is a smaller reduction of endothelial function during the fat load. In this condition, the independent role of hyperglycemia is pointed out by the demonstration that even in the presence of diminished postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and endothelial dysfunction, during the OGTT the FMD decreases.
It has been suggested that statins may ameliorate endothelial function independent of their lipid-lowering effect, and a short-term (3-day) statin treatment has been reported to protect endothelial function and reduce oxidative stress in aged diabetic patients.27 To examine this effect as well as its influence on the results of long-term simvastatin treatment, in which postprandial hypertriglyceridemia is expected to be decreased by treatment, we also performed a short-term trial. We found that 3- to 6-day simvastatin treatment can ameliorate endothelial function in diabetic patients, a phenomenon independent of the lipid-lowering effect of the drug, as the plasma lipid concentration was unchanged after this brief treatment. Such effect is conceivably related to the reduction of oxidative stress because NT was significantly decreased, supporting the recent finding that simvastatin may work as intracellular antioxidant.28 However, in this condition, simvastatin did not completely preserve the endothelium from the damage induced by both postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, whereas after long-term treatment, when postprandial hypertriglyceridemia was reduced, the effect of the high-fat load was smaller than after short-term treatment, suggesting that even in presence of a direct effect of simvastatin, the level of postprandial triglycerides remains very important in determining the endothelial dysfunction. This concept is further supported by the finding that after long-term treatment, endothelial response to OGTT and high-fat load plus OGTT was significantly reduced compared with short-term treatment.
The mechanism through which postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia produce endothelial dysfunction has been proposed to be the production of an oxidative stress. This hypothesis is supported by our finding that hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, alone or in combination, produce an increase of NT. Interestingly, NT plasma levels increase even more during combined hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. This finding suggests that oxidative stress may represent at least one of the mechanisms by which the additive effect of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia on endothelial function is achieved.
Our findings also support the hypothesis of increased NO inactivation by O2- as being an important mechanism for the impairment of endothelial function in postprandial conditions and possibly for CVD development. The interaction of O2- with NO is very rapid and leads to inactivation of NO and production of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite.10 The finding that peroxynitrite production in the postprandial phase appears to be increased may have important clinical implications.
Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant and nitrating agent that leads to a host of potentially injurious events including VLDL peroxidation,14 depletion of antioxidant defenses,29 and inactivation of enzymes.30 In addition, it can be directly cytotoxic for endothelial cells.31 All these events may convincingly be involved in the pathogenesis of CVD complications. This hypothesis is strongly supported by the recent demonstration that increased apoptosis of myocytes, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in heart biopsy specimens from diabetic patients32 and in hearts from streptozotocin diabetic rats,33 even during acute hyperglycemia,34 is selectively associated with levels of NT found in those cells. Furthermore, evidence that NT may induce endothelial dysfunction by itself35 and that it is present in atherosclerotic lesions in humans and in diabetic cynomolgus mokeys36–37 suggests that peroxynitrite production may be strongly involved in atherogenesis.
Many abnormalities of postprandial lipid metabolism other than hypertriglyceridemia, such as altered remnant particle clearance or increased LDL oxidation and size, have been involved in the phenomenon of postprandial endothelial dysfunction38; of these, we evaluated only hypertriglyceridemia, and our purpose was specifically to define the respective influence of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia on endothelium and oxidative stress generation. This kind of evaluation deserves attention from a clinical point of view: The finding that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia play an independent and cumulative role in favoring the postprandial endothelial dysfunction implies that both of them should be addressed by treatment to prevent the development of CVD, at least in patients with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance.
The present study, although confirming that postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia induce an endothelial dysfunction, shows for the first time an independent and cumulative deleterious effect of both of these cardiovascular risk factors on endothelial function and suggests that oxidative stress is the common mediator through which they exert such effect. Simvastatin appears to have a beneficial effect on oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, at least in diabetic patients, which may be ascribed to a direct effect as well as the lipid-lowering action of the drug.
Received April 1, 2002; revision received June 11, 2002; accepted June 11, 2002.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Ceriello A. The post-prandial state and cardiovascular disease: relevance to diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2000; 16: 125–132.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2. Ebenbichler CF, Kirchmair R, Egger C, et al. Postprandial state and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1995; 6: 286–290.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
3. Ceriello A. The emerging role of post-prandial hyperglycaemic spikes in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. Diabet Med. 1998; 15: 188–193.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for 1990s. Nature. 1993; 326: 801–809.
5. Feener EP, King GL. Vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1997; 350 (suppl 1): 9–13.[CrossRef]
6. Marfella R, Verrazzo G, Acampora R, et al. Glutathione reverses systemic hemodynamic changes by acute hyperglycemia in healthy subjects. Am J Physiol. 1995; 268: E1167–E1173.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Kawano H, Motoyama T, Hirashima O, et al. Hyperglycemia rapidly suppresses flow-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation of brachial artery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999; 34: 146–154.
8. Bae JH, Bassenge E, Kim KB, et al. Postprandial hypertriglyceridemia impairs endothelial function by enhanced oxidant stress. Atherosclerosis. 2001; 155: 517–523.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
9. Anderson RA, Evans ML, Ellis GR, et al. The relationship between post-prandial lipaemia, endothelial function and oxidative stress in healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2001; 154: 475–448.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
10. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996; 271: C1424-C1437.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11. Ischiropoulos H. Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1998; 356: 1–11.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
12. Ceriello A, Mercuri F, Quagliaro L, et al. Detection of nitrotyrosine in the diabetic plasma: evidence of oxidative stress. Diabetologia. 2001; 44: 834–838.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Marfella R, Quagliaro L, Nappo F, et al. Acute hyperglycemia induces an oxidative stress in healthy subjects. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 635–636.Letter.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Moriel P, Abdalla DS. Nitrotyrosine bound to beta-VLDL-apoproteins: a biomarker of peroxynitrite formation in experimental atherosclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997; 232: 332–335.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15. Thakur NK, Hayashi T, Sumi D, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor stabilizes rabbit atheroma by increasing basal NO and decreasing superoxide. Am J Physiol. 2001; 281: H75–H78.
16. Wilson SH, Simari RD, Best PJ, et al. Simvastatin preserves coronary endothelial function in hypercholesterolemia in the absence of lipid lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001; 21: 122–128.
17. Sheu WH, Jeng CY, Lee WJ, et al. Simvastatin treatment on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism. 2001; 50: 355–359.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
18. Warnick GR, Nguyen T, Albers AA. Comparison of improved precipitation methods for quantification of HDL cholesterol. Clin Chem. 1995; 31: 217–222.
19. Graham JM, Higgins JA, Gillott T, et al. A novel method for the rapid separation of lipoproteins using self generating gradients of iodixanol. Atherosclerosis. 1996; 124: 124–135.
20. Corretti MC, Plotnick GD, Vogel RA. Technical aspects of evaluating brachial artery endothelium-dependent vasodilation using high frequency ultrasound. Am J Physiol. 1995; 268: H1397–H1404.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
21. Ramsey M, Goodfellow J, Jones C, et al. Endothelial control of arterial distensibility is impaired in chronic heart failure. Circulation. 1995; 92: 3212–3219.
22. Teno S, Uto Y, Nagashima H, et al. Association of postprandial hypertriglyceridemia and carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23: 1401–1406.
23. Bonora E, Muggeo M. Postprandial blood glucose as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in type II diabetes: the epidemiological evidence. Diabetologia. 2001; 44: 2107–2114.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
24. Perticone F, Ceravolo R, Pujia A, et al. Prognostic significance of endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2001; 104: 191–196.
25. Alonso R, Mata P, De Andres R, et al. Sustained long-term improvement of arterial endothelial function in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia patients treated with simvastatin. Atherosclerosis. 2001; 157: 423–429.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
26. Sheu WH, Jeng CY, Lee WJ, et al. Simvastatin treatment on postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with combined hyperlipidemia. Metabolism. 2001; 50: 355–359.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
27. Tsunekawa T, Hayashi T, Kano H, et al. Cerivastatin, a hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function in elderly diabetic patients within 3 days. Circulation. 2001; 104: 376–379.
28. Takemoto M, Node K, Nakagami H, et al. Statins as antioxidant therapy for preventing cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. J Clin Invest. 2001; 108: 1429–1437.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
29. Van der Vliet A, Smith D, O’Neill CA, et al. Interactions of peroxynitrite with human plasma and its constituents: oxidative damage and antioxidant depletion. Biochem J. 1994; 303: 295–301.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
30. Mac-Millan-Crow LA, Crow JP, Thompson JA. Peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase involves nitration and oxidation of critical tyrosine residues. Biochemistry. 1998; 37: 1613–1622.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
31. Beckman JS, Beckman TW, Chen J, et al. Apparent hydroxyl radical production by peroxynitrite: implications for endothelial injury from nitric oxide and superoxide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990; 87: 1620–1624.
32. Frustaci A, Kajstura J, Cimenti C, et al. Myocardial cell death in human diabetes. Circ Res. 2000; 87: 1123–1132.
33. Kajstura J, Fiordaliso F, Andreoli AM, et al. IGF-1 overexpression inhibits the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and angiotensin II-mediated oxidative stress. Diabetes. 2001; 50: 1414–1424.
34. Ceriello A, Quagliaro L, D’Amico M, et al. Acute hyperglycemia induces nitrotyrosine formation and apoptosis in perfused heart from rat. Diabetes. 2002; 51: 1076–1082.
35. Mihm MJ, Jing L, Bauer JA. Nitrotyrosine causes selective vascular endothelial dysfunction and DNA damage. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2000 36; 182–187:.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
36. Beckmann JS, Ye YZ, Anderson PG, et al. Extensive nitration of protein tyrosines in human atherosclerosis detected by immunohistochemistry. Biol Chem. 1994; 375: 81–88.
37. Pennathur S, Wagner JD, Leeuwenburgh C, et al. A hydroxyl radical-like species oxidizes cynomolgus monkey artery wall proteins in early diabetic vascular disease. J Clin Invest. 2001; 107: 853–860.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
38. De Caterina R. Endothelial dysfunctions: common denominators in vascular disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2000; 11: 9–23.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. Ceriello, K. Esposito, M. Ihnat, J. Thorpe, and D. Giugliano Long-Term Glycemic Control Influences the Long-Lasting Effect of Hyperglycemia on Endothelial Function in Type 1 Diabetes J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2009; 94(8): 2751 - 2756. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Zhang, J. Zhang, Z. Ungvari, and C. Zhang Resveratrol Improves Endothelial Function: Role of TNF{alpha} and Vascular Oxidative Stress Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2009; 29(8): 1164 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. J. Bloomer and K. Fisher-Wellman The role of exercise in minimizing postprandial oxidative stress in cigarette smokers Nicotine Tob Res, January 1, 2009; 11(1): 3 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2009 Diabetes Care, January 1, 2009; 32(Supplement_1): S13 - S61. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Hiukka, J. Westerbacka, E. S. Leinonen, H. Watanabe, O. Wiklund, L. M. Hulten, J. T. Salonen, T.-P. Tuomainen, H. Yki-Jarvinen, A. C. Keech, et al. Long-Term Effects of Fenofibrate on Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Augmentation Index in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 16, 2008; 52(25): 2190 - 2197. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ceriello Cardiovascular effects of acute hyperglycaemia: pathophysiological underpinnings Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, November 1, 2008; 5(4): 260 - 268. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Von Bibra, M. Diamant, P. G Scheffer, T. Siegmund, and P.-M. Schumm-Draeger Rosiglitazone, but not glimepiride, improves myocardial diastolic function in association with reduction in oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients without overt heart disease Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, November 1, 2008; 5(4): 310 - 318. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. LoPresti, A. Catania, T. D'Amico, M. Montana, M. Caruso, and G. Caimi Oxidative Stress in Young Subjects With Acute Myocardial Infarction: Evaluation at the Initial Stage and After 12 Months Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, October 1, 2008; 14(4): 421 - 427. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Dickinson, D. P Hancock, P. Petocz, A. Ceriello, and J. Brand-Miller High-glycemic index carbohydrate increases nuclear factor-{kappa}B activation in mononuclear cells of young, lean healthy subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2008; 87(5): 1188 - 1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ceriello, K. Esposito, L. Piconi, M. A. Ihnat, J. E. Thorpe, R. Testa, M. Boemi, and D. Giugliano Oscillating Glucose Is More Deleterious to Endothelial Function and Oxidative Stress Than Mean Glucose in Normal and Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diabetes, May 1, 2008; 57(5): 1349 - 1354. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Alipour, A. J.H. H.M van Oostrom, A. Izraeljan, C. Verseyden, J. M. Collins, K. N. Frayn, T. W.M. Plokker, J. W. F. Elte, and M. Castro Cabezas Leukocyte Activation by Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2008; 28(4): 792 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. Brown, A. G. Dulloo, G. Yepuri, and J.-P. Montani Fructose ingestion acutely elevates blood pressure in healthy young humans Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, March 1, 2008; 294(3): R730 - R737. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Z. Milicevic, I. Raz, S. D. Beattie, B. N. Campaigne, S. Sarwat, E. Gromniak, I. Kowalska, E. Galic, M. Tan, and M. Hanefeld Natural History of Cardiovascular Disease in Patients With Diabetes: Role of hyperglycemia Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S155 - S160. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. O. Stirban and D. Tschoepe Cardiovascular Complications in Diabetes: Targets and interventions Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S215 - S221. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Giugliano, A. Ceriello, and K. Esposito Glucose metabolism and hyperglycemia Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2008; 87(1): 217S - 222S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
American Diabetes Association Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes--2008 Diabetes Care, January 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_1): S12 - S54. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shimabukuro, I. Chinen, N. Higa, N. Takasu, K. Yamakawa, and S. Ueda Effects of dietary composition on postprandial endothelial function and adiponectin concentrations in healthy humans: a crossover controlled study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, October 1, 2007; 86(4): 923 - 928. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Muniyappa, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2007; 28(5): 463 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Matikainen, S. Manttari, J. Westerbacka, S. Vehkavaara, N. Lundbom, H. Yki-Jarvinen, and M.-R. Taskinen Postprandial Lipemia Associates with Liver Fat Content J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., August 1, 2007; 92(8): 3052 - 3059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Takebayashi, M. Suetsugu, S. Wakabayashi, Y. Aso, and T. Inukai Retinol Binding Protein-4 Levels and Clinical Features of Type 2 Diabetes Patients J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2007; 92(7): 2712 - 2719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. K. Schindhelm, M. Alssema, P. G. Scheffer, M. Diamant, J. M. Dekker, R. Barto, G. Nijpels, P. J. Kostense, R. J. Heine, C. G. Schalkwijk, et al. Fasting and Postprandial Glycoxidative and Lipoxidative Stress Are Increased in Women With Type 2 Diabetes Diabetes Care, July 1, 2007; 30(7): 1789 - 1794. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. J Hamilton, G. T Chew, and G. F Watts Therapeutic regulation of endothelial dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, June 1, 2007; 4(2): 89 - 102. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Mariotti, J. F. Huneau, I. Szezepanski, K. J. Petzke, Y. Aggoun, D. Tome, and D. Bonnet Meal Amino Acids with Varied Levels of Arginine do Not Affect Postprandial Vascular Endothelial Function in Healthy Young Men J. Nutr., June 1, 2007; 137(6): 1383 - 1389. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Negrean, A. Stirban, B. Stratmann, T. Gawlowski, T. Horstmann, C. Gotting, K. Kleesiek, M. Mueller-Roesel, T. Koschinsky, J. Uribarri, et al. Effects of low- and high-advanced glycation endproduct meals on macro- and microvascular endothelial function and oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, May 1, 2007; 85(5): 1236 - 1243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello, S. Kumar, L. Piconi, K. Esposito, and D. Giugliano Simultaneous Control of Hyperglycemia and Oxidative Stress Normalizes Endothelial Function in Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, March 1, 2007; 30(3): 649 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Stirban, M. Negrean, B. Stratmann, T. Gawlowski, T. Horstmann, C. Gotting, K. Kleesiek, M. Mueller-Roesel, T. Koschinsky, J. Uribarri, et al. Benfotiamine prevents macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress following a meal rich in advanced glycation end products in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, September 1, 2006; 29(9): 2064 - 2071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S R Hart, A A Mangoni, C G Swift, and S H D Jackson Effect of methionine loading on pulse wave analysis in elderly volunteers. Postgrad. Med. J., August 1, 2006; 82(970): 524 - 527. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. M. Abbatecola, M. R. Rizzo, M. Barbieri, R. Grella, A. Arciello, M. T. Laieta, R. Acampora, N. Passariello, F. Cacciapuoti, and G. Paolisso Postprandial plasma glucose excursions and cognitive functioning in aged type 2 diabetics. Neurology, July 25, 2006; 67(2): 235 - 240. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Shimabukuro, N. Higa, I. Chinen, K. Yamakawa, and N. Takasu Effects of a Single Administration of Acarbose on Postprandial Glucose Excursion and Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Crossover Study J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., March 1, 2006; 91(3): 837 - 842. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. J. Davis, Z. Xie, B. Viollet, and M.-H. Zou Activation of the AMP-Activated Kinase by Antidiabetes Drug Metformin Stimulates Nitric Oxide Synthesis In Vivo by Promoting the Association of Heat Shock Protein 90 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Diabetes, February 1, 2006; 55(2): 496 - 505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. Esposito and D. Giugliano Diet and inflammation: a link to metabolic and cardiovascular diseases Eur. Heart J., January 1, 2006; 27(1): 15 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Scognamiglio, C. Negut, S. V. de Kreutzenberg, A. Tiengo, and A. Avogaro Effects of Different Insulin Regimes on Postprandial Myocardial Perfusion Defects in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diabetes Care, January 1, 2006; 29(1): 95 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Fortuno, G. San Jose, M. U. Moreno, O. Beloqui, J. Diez, and G. Zalba Phagocytic NADPH Oxidase Overactivity Underlies Oxidative Stress in Metabolic Syndrome Diabetes, January 1, 2006; 55(1): 209 - 215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Corpeleijn, W. H. M. Saris, E. H. J. M. Jansen, P. M. H. J. Roekaerts, E. J. M. Feskens, and E. E. Blaak Postprandial Interleukin-6 Release from Skeletal Muscle in Men with Impaired Glucose Tolerance Can Be Reduced by Weight Loss J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., October 1, 2005; 90(10): 5819 - 5824. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. Scognamiglio, C. Negut, S. V. De Kreutzenberg, A. Tiengo, and A. Avogaro Postprandial Myocardial Perfusion in Healthy Subjects and in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Circulation, July 12, 2005; 112(2): 179 - 184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. D. Beishuizen, J. T. Tamsma, J. W. Jukema, M. A. van de Ree, J. C. M. van der Vijver, A. E. Meinders, and M. V. Huisman The Effect of Statin Therapy on Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetes Without Manifest Cardiovascular Disease Diabetes Care, July 1, 2005; 28(7): 1668 - 1674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Oltman, L. J. Coppey, J. S. Gellett, E. P. Davidson, D. D. Lund, and M. A. Yorek Progression of vascular and neural dysfunction in sciatic nerves of Zucker diabetic fatty and Zucker rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2005; 289(1): E113 - E122. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello, R. Assaloni, R. Da Ros, A. Maier, L. Piconi, L. Quagliaro, K. Esposito, and D. Giugliano Effect of Atorvastatin and Irbesartan, Alone and in Combination, on Postprandial Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Circulation, May 17, 2005; 111(19): 2518 - 2524. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
U. Landmesser, F. Bahlmann, M. Mueller, S. Spiekermann, N. Kirchhoff, S. Schulz, C. Manes, D. Fischer, K. de Groot, D. Fliser, et al. Simvastatin Versus Ezetimibe: Pleiotropic and Lipid-Lowering Effects on Endothelial Function in Humans Circulation, May 10, 2005; 111(18): 2356 - 2363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. B. Hirsch, R. M. Bergenstal, C. G. Parkin, E. Wright Jr., and J. B. Buse A Real-World Approach to Insulin Therapy in Primary Care Practice Clin. Diabetes, April 1, 2005; 23(2): 78 - 86. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello, L. Piconi, L. Quagliaro, Y. Wang, C. A. Schnabel, J. A. Ruggles, M. A. Gloster, D. G. Maggs, and C. Weyer Effects of Pramlintide on Postprandial Glucose Excursions and Measures of Oxidative Stress in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Diabetes Care, March 1, 2005; 28(3): 632 - 637. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello Acute hyperglycaemia: a 'new' risk factor during myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2005; 26(4): 328 - 331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Manzella, R. Grella, A. M. Abbatecola, and G. Paolisso Repaglinide Administration Improves Brachial Reactivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diabetes Care, February 1, 2005; 28(2): 366 - 371. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello Postprandial Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Complications: Is It Time to Treat? Diabetes, January 1, 2005; 54(1): 1 - 7. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M E Tushuizen, M Diamant, and R J Heine Postprandial dysmetabolism and cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes Postgrad. Med. J., January 1, 2005; 81(951): 1 - 6. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ceriello, M. Hanefeld, L. Leiter, L. Monnier, A. Moses, D. Owens, N. Tajima, J. Tuomilehto, and for the International Prandial Glucose Regulation Postprandial Glucose Regulation and Diabetic Complications Arch Intern Med, October 25, 2004; 164(19): 2090 - 2095. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Weinbrenner, M. Fito, R. d. l. Torre, G. T. Saez, P. Rijken, C. Tormos, S. Coolen, M. F. Albaladejo, S. Abanades, H. Schroder, et al. Olive Oils High in Phenolic Compounds Modulate Oxidative/Antioxidative Status in Men J. Nutr., September 1, 2004; 134(9): 2314 - 2321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. D. Monti, C. Landoni, E. Setola, E. Galluccio, P. Lucotti, E. P. Sandoli, A. Origgi, G. Lucignani, P. Piatti, and F. Fazio Myocardial insulin resistance associated with chronic hypertriglyceridemia and increased FFA levels in Type 2 diabetic patients Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2004; 287(3): H1225 - H1231. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. P. Zhao, L. Liu, Y. C. Cheng, M. H. Shishehbor, M. H. Liu, D. Q. Peng, and Y. L. Li Xuezhikang, an Extract of Cholestin, Protects Endothelial Function Through Antiinflammatory and Lipid-Lowering Mechanisms in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease Circulation, August 24, 2004; 110(8): 915 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. S. Polhill, S. Saad, P. Poronnik, G. R. Fulcher, and C. A. Pollock Short-term peaks in glucose promote renal fibrogenesis independently of total glucose exposure Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): F268 - F273. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello and E. Motz Is Oxidative Stress the Pathogenic Mechanism Underlying Insulin Resistance, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease? The Common Soil Hypothesis Revisited Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2004; 24(5): 816 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Nomura, A. Shouzu, S. Omoto, M. Nishikawa, and T. Iwasaka Effects of Losartan and Simvastatin on Monocyte-Derived Microparticles in Hypertensive Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis, April 1, 2004; 10(2): 133 - 141. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Abrahamson Optimal Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Fasting and Postprandial Glucose in Context Arch Intern Med, March 8, 2004; 164(5): 486 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello, L. Quagliaro, L. Piconi, R. Assaloni, R. Da Ros, A. Maier, K. Esposito, and D. Giugliano Effect of Postprandial Hypertriglyceridemia and Hyperglycemia on Circulating Adhesion Molecules and Oxidative Stress Generation and the Possible Role of Simvastatin Treatment Diabetes, March 1, 2004; 53(3): 701 - 710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Q. Qiao, P. Jousilahti, J. Eriksson, and J. Tuomilehto Predictive Properties of Impaired Glucose Tolerance for Cardiovascular Risk Are Not Explained by the Development of Overt Diabetes During Follow-Up Diabetes Care, October 1, 2003; 26(10): 2910 - 2914. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. R. Gill, M. J. Caslake, C. McAllister, F. Tsofliou, W. R. Ferrell, C. J. Packard, and D. Malkova Effects of Short-Term Detraining on Postprandial Metabolism, Endothelial Function, and Inflammation in Endurance-Trained Men: Dissociation between Changes in Triglyceride Metabolism and Endothelial Function J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2003; 88(9): 4328 - 4335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Ihlemann, C. Rask-Madsen, A. Perner, H. Dominguez, T. Hermann, L. Kober, and C. Torp-Pedersen Tetrahydrobiopterin restores endothelial dysfunction induced by an oral glucose challenge in healthy subjects Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 11, 2003; 285(2): H875 - H882. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Ceriello New Insights on Oxidative Stress and Diabetic Complications May Lead to a "Causal" Antioxidant Therapy Diabetes Care, May 1, 2003; 26(5): 1589 - 1596. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Wolf and E. Ritz Diabetic Nephropathy in Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Patient Management J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., May 1, 2003; 14(5): 1396 - 1405. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. H. Shishehbor, R. J. Aviles, M.-L. Brennan, X. Fu, M. Goormastic, G. L. Pearce, N. Gokce, J. F. Keaney Jr, M. S. Penn, D. L. Sprecher, et al. Association of Nitrotyrosine Levels With Cardiovascular Disease and Modulation by Statin Therapy JAMA, April 2, 2003; 289(13): 1675 - 1680. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||