doi: 10.1161/hc0302.102609
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2002;105:387.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Antioxidative Properties of Acetylsalicylic Acid on Vascular Tissues From Normotensive and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
From the Research Group on Autonomic Nervous System (R.W., J.D.C.), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Pharmacy (D.L.), University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Correspondence to Jacques de Champlain, MD, PhD, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, CP 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada. E-mail grsna{at}ere.umontreal.ca
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background— The mechanisms of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) therapy are not completely understood. Oxidative stress and inflammation play important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases.
Methods and Results— In this study, we tested the hypothesis that ASA treatment could reduce superoxide anion (O2-) generation in aortic ring and in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHRs) rats by means of the Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method. Although ASA did not show any short-term effect in vitro and in vivo, long-term oral treatment (100 mg/kg/day, 12 days) significantly reduced the basal O2- production by 27% and 45% in aorta of normotensive and hypertensive rats, respectively, in association with a reduction of the NAD(P)H oxidase activity in both groups. These effects were dose-dependent from 10 to 100 mg/kg/day. Similar effects were observed in SMCs following long-term incubation (48 hours) with ASA. ASA treatment also completely inhibited the angiotensin II–induced hypertension and O2- production. Moreover, ASA treatment significantly improved the impaired aortic relaxation response to acetylcholine and markedly attenuated the age-dependent development of hypertension in SHRs.
Conclusion— Long-term ASA treatment in vivo markedly reduced vascular O2- production through lowering the NAD(P)H oxidase activity in both normotensive and hypertensive rats. These antioxidative properties of ASA are likely involved in the restoration of aortic vasorelaxation, in the attenuation of the development of hypertension in young SHRs, and in the prevention of hypertension following long-term angiotensin II infusion.
Key Words: aspirin • superoxide • hypertension • angiotensin II
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Recently, numerous major clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA, aspirin) for reducing ischemic cardiovascular events and total mortality in patients with coronary artery disease, with hypertension, or at cardiovascular risk. These beneficial effects of ASA cannot be explained completely by its platelet inhibitory effects as other platelet inhibitory agents have not been found to be as effective as ASA.
Accumulating evidences indicate that oxidative stress may play an important role in the pathogenesis and/or progression of cardiovascular diseases, especially in atherosclerosis and hypertension.1 Experimental and clinical studies have also supported the pathogenic role of inflammation in the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension.1,2 It is known that inflammation can enhance tissue superoxide anion (O2-) level through numerous mechanisms.3
ASA is a potent antiinflammatory drug by inhibiting the cyclooxygenases (COX). Theoretically, antiinflammatory effects should restore the normal redox balance and thus eliminate the oxidative stress associated to inflammation. In an in vitro study, Leo et al4 have demonstrated that platelets exposed to the process of anoxia-reoxygenation showed spontaneous aggregation and increased O2- production. Both phenomenons were inhibited or attenuated by preincubation with superoxide dismutase or ASA.
Taken together, these data support the hypotheses that ASA may possess antioxidant properties that could contribute importantly to its cardiovascular beneficial effects. Consequently, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of ASA on basal O2- production and on the NAD(P)H oxidase activity in aortic rings and in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from normotensive and hypertensive rats. The putative beneficial effects of ASA on the impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant function and in the prevention of hypertension in SHRs or following long-term angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion were also investigated.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Animals
Studies were performed in male Sprague-Dawley (SD, 250 g), Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) (Charles River Laboratories, St Constant, Quebec, Canada). All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the guidelines of the Canadian Council for Animal Care and monitored by an institutional care committee. The animals were given free access to drinking water. For control rats, drinking water was free of any drug, whereas ASA or ibuprofen was added in the drinking water of treated rats. For Ang II–treated groups, osmotic pumps (model 2002, Alza Corp) containing normal saline (sham) or Ang II were implanted subcutaneously in the SD rats as described before.5 At the end of the treatment, the thoracic aorta was excised and cut into either 2-mm ring segments for O2- measurement or 4-mm ring for isometric tension studies.
Protocols
Studies in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Short-Term Effect of ASA on Superoxide Production
Four SD rats without any drug treatment were euthanized and the aortic rings were incubated in vitro with 10-4 mol/L of ASA at room temperature for 10 minutes before O2- determination.
Time-Effect and Dose-Effect of ASA on Aortic Superoxide Production
ASA treatment (100 mg/kg/day) was performed in 12, 4, 4, 4, and 5 SD rats for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days, respectively. The dose-effect of ASA was evaluated by comparing animals treated either with water (control, n=9) or with one of 4 doses of ASA (10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day) for 12 days in 4, 5, 4, and 5 SD rats, respectively.
Effect of Ibuprofen on Aortic Superoxide Production
SD rats were treated either with water (control, n=6) or ibuprofen (100 mg/kg/day, n=6) for 12 days. Aortic O2- production was measured with 5 µmol/L Lucigenin.
Effect of ASA on Ang II–Induced Superoxide Production and Hypertension
Sixteen SD rats were separated into sham (n=6), Ang II alone (n=5), and Ang II+ASA-treated (n=5) groups. Ang II was delivered by the subcutaneous osmotic pumps at the rate of 200 ng/kg/min for 12 days. ASA (100 mg/kg/day) was added in drinking water for simultaneous treatment in Ang II+ASA group. The systolic blood pressure (BP) was measured with tail cuff plethysmography (Harvard Apparatus Ltd) before and every other day during the treatment. Aortic O2- production was determined with 5 µmol/L Lucigenin.
Studies in WKY and SHRs
The effects of ASA on aortic superoxide production and vasorelaxation to acetylcholine were studied in 12-week-old WKY and SHRs separated into ASA-treated (100 mg/kg/day for 12 days, 7 WKY and 10 SHRs) and control (8 WKY and 10 SHRs) groups. The effect of ASA on the development of hypertension was performed in 6-week-old WKY (n=6) and SHRs (n=6). Both species were separated into ASA (100 mg/kg/day, n=3) and control (n=3) groups and were treated for 53 days. BP was measured regularly by tail cuff plethysmography. At the end of treatment, systolic blood pressure was also measured directly through a femoral artery catheter in anesthetized rats.
Studies in Cultured Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
Aortic SMCs from 12-week-old WKY (n=3) or SHRs (n=3) were isolated and cultured as described previously.6 The drug solution (final concentration 10-4 mol/L, pH=7.4) or equal volume of buffer (control) was added into cell culture medium and cultured with SMCs either for 10 minutes (short-term) or for 48 hours (long-term) at 37°C. The cells were thereafter mechanically scraped and washed twice by centrifugation to remove cell debris and free drug. These cells were immediately used for O2- measurement.
Superoxide Anion Measurement
The O2- production was measured using the Lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence method as described previously.7 Briefly, after 10 minutes equilibration in Krebs-HEPES buffer at room temperature, the aortic ring was transferred to a scintillation vial containing 250 µmol/L Lucigenin for determining the basal O2- level. For cultured SMC study, about 106 cells were added into the counting vials. The chemiluminescence was recorded by a liquid scintillation counter (Wallac 1409). At the end of the count, the fresh aortic ring was weighed and the total SMCs protein was determined. Recently, the chemiluminescence technique using high concentration of Lucigenin has been criticized because reduced Lucigenin was reported to generate O2-.8 To validate data obtained with high concentration of Lucigenin, low concentration of Lucigenin (5 µmol/L) was used in additional groups.
To evaluate NAD(P)H oxidase activity, high concentration of NADH (100 µmol/L) was added into the counting vial containing 250 µmol/L of Lucigenin and aortic rings or SMCs to evaluate the NADH-activated O2- production. This measure was also validated by using an NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor, diphenylene iodonium (DPI, 100 µmol/L). Aortic rings were incubated with DPI for 10 minutes at room temperature before the basal O2- production was evaluated with 5 µmol/L of Lucigenin. The DPI-inhibitable O2- production, which represents the intrinsic NAD(P)H oxidase activity, was expressed as the difference of aortic basal O2- production in the presence and in the absence of DPI.
Isometric Tension Studies
Aortic rings (4 mm) from 6 control and 6 ASA-treated 12-week-old WKY and SHRs were suspended in individual organ chambers filled with Krebs buffer solution and were submaximally precontracted with 10-7 mol/L of phenylephrine. After a stable contraction plateau was reached, the rings were exposed to cumulative acetylcholine concentrations (Ach, 10-9 to 10-5 mol/L) to determine the endothelium-dependent relaxation. Responses to Ach were expressed as a percent of the precontracted tension of phenylephrine. To prevent the synthesis of prostaglandins and their influence on the vasorelaxant response, all studies were performed in the presence of 10 µmol/L of indomethacin.
Data Analysis
Data are expressed as mean±SEM. Statistical comparisons were made by Student’s t test for paired groups data or one way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD analysis for multivariance. The vasorelaxation responses and the levels of blood pressure were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Short-Term Effect of ASA on Aortic Superoxide Production In Vitro
Aortic rings from SD rats (n=4) were incubated with or without 10-4 mol/L of ASA at room temperature for 10 minutes and O2- production was evaluated thereafter. The basal O2- production by untreated rings was 4.5±0.1 cpmx103/mg tissue, and the incubation with ASA did not modify this value (4.3±0.2 cpmx103/mg tissue).
Time-Effect and Dose-Effect Relationship of ASA Treatment on Aortic Superoxide Production in Normotensive Rats
Figure 1 shows that in the first 3 days of treatment, ASA did not produce any significant effect. Subsequently, the O2- lowering effect of ASA accrued in a time-dependent manner to reach a reduction of 48.5% at the end of the 12-day treatment. Figure 2A shows that ASA treatment produced a dose-dependent decrease in the aortic basal O2- production. The basal O2- level in control rats (4.7±0.1 cpmx103/mg tissue) was progressively and significantly decreased with 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day ASA treatments, respectively (P<0.01). A similar dose-related inhibitory effect of ASA was also observed on the NADH-activated O2- production (Figure 2B) (P<0.01). The pattern of these dose-effect curves indicated that a maximum effect was reached at about the dose of 100 mg/kg/day, which was chosen for all following studies.
|
|
The effects of ASA (100 mg/kg/day) on aortic basal O2- production and on NAD(P)H oxidase activity were further evaluated with lower concentration of Lucigenin (5 µmol/L) in 10 SD rats. The results illustrated in Figure 3 showed similar effects of ASA treatment on basal O2- production (decrease of 32%, P<0.001, n=5) and on the NAD(P)H oxidase activity (reduction of 34% of the DPI-inhibitable O2- production, P<0.001, n=5) as those estimated with higher concentration of Lucigenin.
|
To evaluate whether the inhibitory effect of ASA on O2- production is mediated by the inhibition of the COX enzymes, the effect of ibuprofen, a nonselective COX inhibitor, was also studied. The oral treatment with ibuprofen (100 mg/kg/day) for 12 days did not modify the basal aortic O2- production (ibuprofen 1.9±0.4 versus control 1.8±0.1 cpmx103/mg tissue).
Effects of ASA Treatment on Aortic Superoxide Production in Hypertensive Rats
Twelve-week-old SHRs and WKY rats were treated with ASA (100 mg/kg/day) for 12 days. The aortic basal O2- production was 3.8±0.1 and 7.1±0.3 cpmx103/mg tissue and the NADH-activated O2- production was 136.7±8.8 and 186.6±7.0 cpmx103/mg tissue in control WKY and SHRs, respectively (P<0.01, SHRs versus WKY). ASA treatment decreased the basal O2- production by 27% and 45% in WKY and SHRs, respectively (P<0.001 versus untreated rats) (Figure 4A). A similar decrease of 25% and 51% in NADH-activated O2- production was also observed in ASA-treated WKY and SHRs, respectively (P<0.01) (Figure 4B). It is noticeable that ASA treatment completely restored to normal the higher basal and activated O2- production in SHRs. The ASA treatment did not modify the BP of these WKY or SHRs.
|
Inhibitory Effect of ASA on Ang II–Induced High Level of Superoxide Production and Hypertension
Ang II infusion increased by 77% the aortic basal O2- production from the control level of 1.6±0.1 to 2.9±0.4 cpmx103/mg tissue (P<0.05) and by 44% the BP from the control level of 135±2 to 194±9 mm Hg in SD rats. Simultaneous treatment of Ang II–infused rats with ASA (100 mg/kg/day) completely inhibited (P<0.05) the Ang II–induced high level of O2- production, which remained at 1.8±0.1 cpmx103/mg tissue, as well as the BP rise because the BP remained at 139±4 mm Hg (P<0.01).
Effects of ASA on Superoxide Production in Cultured Aortic SMCs
The basal O2- production that was 36.7±2.7 and 54.7±2.5 cpm/µg protein in untreated cells from WKY and SHRs, respectively (P<0.001, SHRs versus WKY), was respectively decreased by 60.2% and 73.1% after long-term incubation with ASA for 48 hours (P<0.01) (Figure 4C). The NADH-activated O2- production, which was 41.8±1.4 and 89.9±9.9 cpmx103/µg protein in control cells from WKY and SHRs (P<0.001, SHRs versus WKY), was respectively lowered by 54.4% and 53.3% in ASA-treated cells (P<0.01 versus untreated) (Figure 4D). The incubation of SMCs with ASA for 10 minutes did not modify the O2- production in those cells (data not shown).
Effect of ASA on Acetylcholine-Induced Vasorelaxation in Aortic Rings From Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats
The dilatory dose-response curves of the aorta to Ach indicated that the endothelium-dependent relaxation was impaired in aorta from SHRs (maximal relaxation of 14.4±0.8% compared with 26.9±0.9% in untreated WKY rats; P<0.01), whereas the sensitivity to Ach, as reflected by the EC50, was not altered (Figure 5). The long-term ASA treatment partially restored the impaired relaxation in SHRs by increasing the maximal response to 20.6±0.8% (P<0.01 versus untreated SHRs). However, no change in the relaxation was induced by ASA in WKY rats.
|
Preventive Effect of ASA Treatment on the Development of Hypertension in Young SHRs
Six-week-old SHRs and WKY rats were treated with ASA (100 mg/kg/day) or water for 53 days. At the beginning of the study, there was no difference in BP between WKY and SHRs. Thereafter, the BP increased progressively in untreated SHRs from an initial value of 141±3 to 216±2 mm Hg (75 mm Hg increase) at the end of study (Figure 6). In ASA-treated SHRs (SHR-ASA), the rise of the BP was significantly attenuated with an increase of only 45 mm Hg (from 141±6 to186±4 mm Hg) at the end of 53-day treatment (P<0.001 versus untreated SHRs). In contrast, ASA treatment had no effect on BP in age-matched WKY rats. At the end of treatment, the systolic BP measured by direct femoral artery cannulation was significantly lower in ASA-treated SHRs than that in untreated SHRs (183±4 versus 217±2 mm Hg, P<0.001). ASA treatment did not modify the body weight gain of SHRs and WKY rats (data not shown).
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The major findings in this study are as follows: (1) long-term ASA treatment dose dependently (10 to 100 mg/kg/day) reduced aortic O2- production presumably through lowering the tissue NAD(P)H oxidase activity in both normotensive and hypertensive rats as well as in their cultured aortic smooth muscle cells, whereas a long-term treatment with ibuprofen did not show any effect; (2) ASA treatment completely inhibited the Ang II–induced superoxide production and BP elevation; (3) ASA treatment improved significantly the impaired Ach-induced aortic relaxation in SHRs, although this treatment had no effect on vasodilatory functions in WKY rats; and (4) long-term ASA treatment initiated in young still normotensive SHRs significantly attenuated the subsequent age-dependent development of hypertension; however, the ASA treatment did not exert a hypotensive effect in age-matched WKY or in 12-week-old SHRs once the hypertension was established.
The present results are the first direct evidence that ASA treatment can decrease aortic tissue O2- production through lowering local tissue NAD(P)H oxidase activity. The inhibitory effects of ASA, evaluated with high concentration (250 µmol/L) of Lucigenin and NADH, were confirmed with lower concentrations of Lucigenin (5 µmol/L).
The molecular mechanism underlying these inhibitory effects of ASA on the NAD(P)H oxidase remains unknown. Our results indicated that ASA itself could not directly inhibit this oxidase because short-term incubation of aortic rings or cultured SMCs with high concentrations of ASA in vitro did not modify the O2- production. In addition, the observations that ASA treatment needed to be pursued for at least 3 days (in vivo) or 2 days (in cultured SMCs) to produce its effects do not support a direct inhibition of the oxidase by ASA.
Inflammatory reactions can constitute a significant source of oxidative stress and damage by markedly raising the number of activated leukocytes that can rise the quantity of reactive oxygen species.9 ASA is a potent antiinflammatory drug and inhibitor of COX. However, our finding that ibuprofen, another antiinflammatory and nonselective COX inhibitor, did not modify the O2- production suggests that the inhibition of the COX enzymes per se does not account for the antioxidative effects of ASA. Moreover, the antiinflammatory properties of ASA could not completely explain the antioxidative effects observed in control normotensive rats because a state of chronic inflammation is not normally expected to occur in this group. The effects of ASA in cultured aortic SMCs also suggest that ASA can exert its antioxidative effects on those cells independent of leukocyte infiltration and inflammation. The similar degree of inhibition of O2- production observed in SMCs and in aortic rings by ASA suggests that the antioxidative effect of ASA on SMCs may account for the major effects of ASA on the whole artery and that the antioxidative effects of ASA are independent of blood pressure levels.
Previous studies have demonstrated that long-term Ang II infusion increased the vascular O2- production mainly through activation of NAD(P)H oxidase.10 Our data showed that simultaneous ASA treatment can completely prevent the Ang II–induced O2- production, thus supporting the potent antioxidants properties of ASA. The reduction of the NAD(P)H oxidase activity by ASA could represent the major mechanism underlying this effect.
In pathological conditions, excessive production of O2- reacts with nitric oxide (NO), and reduces the level of this vasodilator while simultaneously increasing the levels of tissue-damaging peroxynitrite, which can impair further the vascular relaxation mechanisms.11 The present study showed that ASA treatment significantly restored the impaired vasorelaxant response to Ach only in SHRs characterized by high aortic O2- production, but did not modify the vasorelaxation in normotensive WKY rats. These data strongly suggest that ASA treatment improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant functions in SHRs mainly by its antioxidant properties, thus increasing the bioavailability of NO in response to Ach. The lack of effect of ASA on Ach-dependent relaxation in healthy WKY rats suggests that under normal conditions the basal superoxide production does not influence the vasorelaxation of aorta.
Another important finding is that ASA administered to young, still-normotensive SHRs significantly attenuated the time-dependent development of hypertension. The hypotensive effect of ASA was not observed in age-matched WKY nor in 12-week-old hypertensive and normotensive rats, although their O2- level was equally reduced by ASA. These results indicate that long-term ASA treatment does not exert a direct hypotensive action. In contract to the present observation, Schirner et al12 have reported that ASA oral treatment could reduce or increase BP in SHRs depending on their initial BP level being above or below 160 mm Hg, respectively. On the other hand, Taube et al13 observed that a single intravenous injection of ASA resulted in a short-lasting decrease of BP, but repeated injection caused a slight increase of BP in male SHRs. The possible explanations for these controversies might be due to difference in the age, BP, sex, the route of administration, and the dose of ASA.
Our previous results have shown that there is a positive linear relationship between the arterial O2- and the blood pressure level in SHRs and that the hypertension developed in parallel with the rise in O2- production in that model.14 Several other studies have also suggested that enhanced O2- production plays an important role in the development of hypertension.10,15 Taken together, the present data suggest that ASA attenuated the development of hypertension in young SHRs probably through its antioxidative properties. It is noticeable that, although the higher production of O2- in SHRs was completely normalized by the ASA treatment, only partial prevention of hypertension was achieved. This observation indicates that the oxidative stress is not the unique etiological factor in the development of hypertension in that model. However, the fact that ASA completely prevented the development of hypertension in the Ang II–infused rat suggest that the Ang II–induced hypertension model is mainly dependent of enhanced oxidative stress.
In the present study, ASA produced a significant decrease of 19% (P<0.01) in aortic O2- production at a dose as low as 10 mg/kg/day. Depending on the interspecies dosage conversion factors based on equal body surface (7:1 for conversion from rat to human),16 the dose of 10 mg/kg for rats can be converted to 1.43 mg/kg for human or 100 mg for a 70 kg human. This dose is within the range of low dose of ASA used for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.
In conclusion, the present results indicate that long-term ASA treatment importantly reduced vascular O2- production through lowering the NAD(P)H oxidase activity in both normotensive and hypertensive rats and in cultured SMCs. ASA treatment also completely inhibited Ang II–induced O2- production and hypertension. These effects of ASA cannot be explained only by its inhibition of the COX enzymes and its antiinflammatory properties. The antioxidative properties of ASA are presumably involved in the effect of the drug to restore the impaired endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation and to attenuate the development of hypertension in SHRs. These findings indicate that ASA treatment constitute an effective strategy for antioxidative therapy by reducing tissue O2- production and also provide a new insight into the understanding of the beneficial cardiovascular effects of ASA.
Limitation of Study
This study described observations in relation to the development of 2 experimental models of hypertension in the rat, which may not mimic human essential hypertension. Similar antioxidative properties of ASA need to be demonstrated in humans before postulating such a mechanism in the cardioprotective effect of long-term ASA therapy in humans.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This research was supported by a grant from the Medical Research Council of Canada. J. de Champlain is the holder of a J.C. Edwards Career Investigatorship in cardiovascular research. The authors would like to express their gratitude to Marc-André Laplante, Diane Papin, and Helene Girouard for their expert technical assistance and to Carole Champagne for her editorial assistance.
Received September 24, 2001; revision received November 7, 2001; accepted November 8, 2001.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Dhalla NS, Temsah RM, Netticadan T. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases. J Hypertens. 2000; 18: 655–673.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
2.
Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 115–126.
3. McCord JM. Oxygen-derived radicals: a link between reperfusion injury and inflammation. Fed Proc. 1987; 46: 2402–2406.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
4.
Leo R, Pratico D, Iuliano L, et al. Platelet activation by superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals intrinsically generated by platelets that had undergone anoxia and then reoxygenated. Circulation. 1997; 95: 885–891.
5.
K.-Laflamme A, Oster L, Cardinal R, et al. Effects of renin-angiotensin blockade on sympathetic reactivity and beta-adrenergic pathway in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Hypertension. 1997; 30: 278–287.
6. Wu L, de Champlain J. Inhibition by cyclic AMP of basal and induced inositol phosphate production in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 1996; 14: 593–599.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
7. Munzel T, Sayegh H, Freeman BA, et al. Evidence for enhanced vascular superoxide anion production in nitrate tolerance: a novel mechanism underlying tolerance and cross-tolerance. J Clin Invest. 1995; 95: 187–194.
8.
Tarpey MM, White CR, Suarez E, et al. Chemiluminescent detection of oxidants in vascular tissue: Lucigenin but not coelenterazine enhances superoxide formation. Circ Res. 1999; 84: 1203–1211.
9. Rosen GM, Pou S, Ramos CL, et al. Free radicals and phagocytic cells. FASEB J. 1995; 9: 200–209.[Abstract]
10. Rajagopalan S, Kurz S, Munzel T, et al. Angiotensin II-mediated hypertension in the rat increases vascular superoxide production via membrane NADH/NADPH oxidase activation: contribution to alterations of vasomotor tone. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 1916–1923.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
11. Dusting GJ, Fennessy P, Yin ZL, et al. Nitric oxide in atherosclerosis: vascular protector or villain? Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1998; 25: S34–S41.
12. Schirner M, Taube C. Different effects of aspirin on blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with high and spontaneously low levels of blood pressure. Br J Pharmacol. 1993; 109: 900–901.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
13. Taube C, Martin S, Kohler AH, et al. Influence of acetylsalicylic acid and BM 13177 on blood pressure and efficacy of antihypertensive drugs in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biomed Biochim Acta. 1988; 47: S94–S99.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
14. Wu R, Millette E, Wu L, et al. Enhanced superoxide anion formation in vascular tissues from SHR and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 2001; 19: 741–748.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
15.
Sherman DL, Keaney JF Jr, Biegelsen ES, et al. Pharmacological concentrations of ascorbic acid are required for the beneficial effect on endothelial vasomotor function in hypertension. Hypertension. 2000; 35: 936–941.
16. Voisin EM, Ruthsatz M, Collins JM, et al. Extrapolation of animal toxicity to humans: interspecies comparison in drug development. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1990; 12: 107–116.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  K. A. Blackwell, C. C. Pilbeam, and L. G. Raisz Take Two Aspirin: for Osteoporosis? IBMS BoneKEy, November 1, 2008; 5(11): 436 - 440. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Bulckaen, G. Prevost, E. Boulanger, G. Robitaille, V. Roquet, C. Gaxatte, G. Garcon, B. Corman, P. Gosset, P. Shirali, et al. Low-dose aspirin prevents age-related endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of physiological aging Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2008; 294(4): H1562 - H1570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. M. Paravicini and R. M. Touyz NADPH Oxidases, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Hypertension: Clinical implications and therapeutic possibilities Diabetes Care, February 1, 2008; 31(Supplement_2): S170 - S180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Fuster and V. Andres Telomere Biology and Cardiovascular Disease Circ. Res., November 24, 2006; 99(11): 1167 - 1180. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y.-J. Gao, K. Takemori, L.-Y. Su, W.-S. An, C. Lu, A. M. Sharma, and R. M.K.W. Lee Perivascular adipose tissue promotes vasoconstriction: the role of superoxide anion Cardiovasc Res, July 15, 2006; 71(2): 363 - 373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. E. Taylor, P. Glocka, M. Liang, and A. W. Cowley Jr NADPH Oxidase in the Renal Medulla Causes Oxidative Stress and Contributes to Salt-Sensitive Hypertension in Dahl S Rats Hypertension, April 1, 2006; 47(4): 692 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P Raghavan, D. W Laight, K. M Shaw, and M. H Cummings Review: Aspirin and diabetes The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, March 1, 2006; 6(2): 74 - 82. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. C. Hermida, D. E. Ayala, C. Calvo, J. E. Lopez, A. Mojon, M. Rodriguez, and J. R. Fernandez Differing Administration Time-Dependent Effects of Aspirin on Blood Pressure in Dipper and Non-Dipper Hypertensives Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 1060 - 1068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. C. Hermida, D. E. Ayala, C. Calvo, and J. E. Lopez Aspirin Administered at Bedtime, But Not on Awakening, Has an Effect on Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 975 - 983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wu, M.-A. Laplante, and J. de Champlain Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Attenuate Angiotensin II-Induced Oxidative Stress, Hypertension, and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats Hypertension, June 1, 2005; 45(6): 1139 - 1144. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Kojda Direct vasoprotection by aspirin: a significant bonus to antiplatelet activity? Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2004; 64(2): 192 - 194. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J.L. Mehta, J. Chen, F. Yu, and D.Y. Li Aspirin inhibits ox-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression and metalloproteinase-1 in human coronary endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2004; 64(2): 243 - 249. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Touyz Reactive Oxygen Species, Vascular Oxidative Stress, and Redox Signaling in Hypertension: What Is the Clinical Significance? Hypertension, September 1, 2004; 44(3): 248 - 252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. H. Endemann and E. L. Schiffrin Endothelial Dysfunction J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., August 1, 2004; 15(8): 1983 - 1992. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Rodriguez-Iturbe, N. D. Vaziri, J. Herrera-Acosta, and R. J. Johnson Oxidative stress, renal infiltration of immune cells, and salt-sensitive hypertension: all for one and one for all Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, April 1, 2004; 286(4): F606 - F616. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. Tanaka, T. Sato, H. Fujita, and I. Morita Constitutive Expression and Involvement of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Megakaryocytopoiesis Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 24(3): 607 - 612. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Grosser and H. Schroder Aspirin Protects Endothelial Cells From Oxidant Damage Via the Nitric Oxide-cGMP Pathway Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., August 1, 2003; 23(8): 1345 - 1351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Jneid, D. L. Bhatt, R. Corti, J. J. Badimon, V. Fuster, and G. S. Francis Aspirin and Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndromes: Therapeutic Insights From the CURE Study Arch Intern Med, May 26, 2003; 163(10): 1145 - 1153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Rodriguez-Iturbe, C.-D. Zhan, Y. Quiroz, R. K. Sindhu, and N. D. Vaziri Antioxidant-Rich Diet Relieves Hypertension and Reduces Renal Immune Infiltration in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, February 1, 2003; 41(2): 341 - 346. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||