Published online before print April 29, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000017264.66561.3D
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(Circulation. 2002;105:2512.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Losartan-Dependent Regression of Myocardial Fibrosis Is Associated With Reduction of Left Ventricular Chamber Stiffness in Hypertensive Patients
From the Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology (J.D., B.L., A.G.), School of Medicine, and the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery (J.D.), University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona; the Division of Cardiology (R.Q.), Donostia Hospital, San Sebastián; and the Division of Hemodynamics (M.L., J.L.M.U.), Guipuzcoa Policlinics, San Sebastián, Spain.
Correspondence to Javier Díez, MD, PhD, División de Fisiopatología Cardiovascular, Facultad de Medicina, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31080 Pamplona, Spain. E-mail jadimar{at}unav.es
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Abstract |
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Background— This study was designed to investigate whether myocardial collagen content is related to myocardial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension.
Methods and Results— The study was performed in 34 patients with hypertensive heart disease. Nineteen of these patients were also evaluated after 12 months of treatment with losartan. Transvenous endomyocardial biopsies of the interventricular septum were performed to quantify collagen volume fraction (CVF). Left ventricular (LV) chamber stiffness (KLV) was determined from the deceleration time of the early mitral filling wave as measured by Doppler echocardiography. Histological analysis at baseline revealed the presence of 2 subgroups of patients: 8 with severe fibrosis and 26 with nonsevere fibrosis. Values of CVF and KLV were significantly higher in the 2 subgroups of hypertensives than in normotensives. In addition, compared with patients with nonsevere fibrosis, patients with severe fibrosis exhibited significantly increased values of CVF and KLV. After treatment, CVF and KLV decreased significantly in patients with severe fibrosis (n=7). None of these parameters changed significantly after treatment in patients with nonsevere fibrosis (n=12). CVF was directly correlated with KLV (r=0.415, P<0.02) in all hypertensives.
Conclusions— These findings show a strong association between myocardial collagen content and LV chamber stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. Our results also suggest that the ability of losartan to induce regression of severe myocardial fibrosis is associated with diminution of myocardial stiffness in hypertensive patients.
Key Words: collagen • hypertension • myocardium • peptides
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Introduction |
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Myocardial fibrosis as a result of an exaggerated accumulation of collagen types I and III has been reported in the myocardium of patients with hypertensive heart disease (see Díez et al1 for review). It has been proposed that the excess of myocardial collagen seen in hypertension is the result of both increased collagen synthesis and decreased collagen degradation.2 Recent experimental3,4 and clinical5 findings suggest that the interaction of angiotensin II with its type 1 (AT1) receptors plays a critical role in alterations of collagen type I metabolism and development of myocardial fibrosis in arterial hypertension.
Hypertension has been found to be associated with increased diastolic stiffness of the left ventricle.6 It has been proposed that myocardial fibrosis is responsible for an increase in intrinsic myocardial stiffness that may alter left ventricular (LV) diastolic properties and the pattern of LV filling in the hypertensive heart.7 LV stiffness is difficult to measure in clinical practice, even with invasive techniques. Thus, a number of noninvasive Doppler indexes have been reported that reflect increased LV stiffness, one of the most useful being the deceleration time of the early mitral filling wave (TDEC). Shortened TDEC has been associated with increased LV filling pressure in patients with different types of cardiomyopathies.8–10 Recent studies in animals11,12 and humans13 with several different hemodynamic conditions have validated an analytical expression that is useful to calculate LV chamber stiffness (KLV) from the measurement of TDEC.
We thus hypothesized that in arterial hypertension, an association should exist between altered collagen type I metabolism, myocardial fibrosis, and increased LV stiffness. To test this hypothesis, the present study was designed to compare KLV with histomorphometric assessment of myocardial collagen content (collagen volume fraction, CVF) and serum concentrations of carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (PIP) and carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (CITP), markers of collagen type I synthesis and degradation, respectively,14 in patients with essential hypertension. In addition, because chronic treatment with the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan is associated with reduction of collagen type I synthesis and regression of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensives,5 we also hypothesized that this compound should diminish KLV in these patients. To test this hypothesis, the effects of chronic administration of losartan on PIP, CITP, CVF, and KLV were investigated in hypertensives.
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Methods |
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Patients and Study Protocol
All subjects gave written informed consent to participate in the study, and the local committee on human research approved the study protocol. The study conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.15
The study population consisted of 34 white patients (22 men and 12 women; mean age 58 years; range 39 to 75 years) with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of >139 and >89 mm Hg, respectively. All patients had appropriate clinical and laboratory evaluations to exclude secondary hypertension. Coronary artery disease was excluded as previously reported.14
Nineteen patients were treated for 1 year with losartan. No washout phase was performed so as to ensure continuous antihypertensive treatment (required by the ethics committee). Use of diuretic and antiadrenergic medications was reported by 2 and 7 patients, respectively. The dosage of losartan was titrated to achieve the therapeutic goal of systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure <140 and <90 mm Hg, respectively. After titration, all patients were receiving a daily dosage of 50 mg.
A group of 10 hearts (from 6 men and 4 women; mean age 59 years; range 40 to 68 years) collected from a total of 100 autopsies performed at the University Clinic of Navarra during 1998 and 1999 served as controls for myocardial fibrosis after cardiac disease had been excluded. A group of 27 healthy subjects (18 men and 9 women; mean age 57 years; range 34 to 69 years) was also studied to establish the reference values for TDEC, KLV, PIP, and CITP.
Assessment of LV Mass, Function, and Stiffness
2D, targeted M-mode and Doppler ultrasound recordings were obtained in each patient as previously described.14 LV mass and interventricular septal thickness were measured, and LV mass index was calculated by dividing LV mass by body surface area. The following pulsed-Doppler measurements were obtained: maximal early transmitral velocity in diastole (
E), maximal late transmitral velocity in diastole (VA), isovolumic relaxation time, and TDEC. Consistent with clinical practice, TDEC was calculated as the time from the peak of the E wave to the zero-velocity intercept of the regression line of the E-wave velocity deceleration profile.16 The ejection fraction was calculated from the measurements performed in a 99mTc ventriculography (multigated acquisition scan).
All patients exhibited hypertensive heart disease, as indicated by the presence of LV hypertrophy (defined as LV mass index >111 g/m2 in men and >106 g/m2 in women)17 and/or diastolic dysfunction (defined as alterations in the E-to-VA ratio and/or isovolumic relaxation time and/or TDEC according to García et al).18 None of the patients studied exhibited systolic dysfunction, as assessed by an ejection fraction <50%.
KLV was calculated as the ratio squared according to the following equation11,13: KLV=(0.07 : TDEC)2 mm Hg/mL.
Histomorphological Study
Transvenous endomyocardial biopsies were taken from the middle area of the interventricular septum with a bioptome (Cordis), 96 cm (7F), under fluoroscopic guidance after angiographic examination, as previously reported.5,14 The rationale for the use of this procedure is based on previous findings that fibrosis present in the septum in postmortem tissue from hypertensive human hearts is representative of fibrosis existing in the free wall.19 The biopsy procedure was well tolerated in all cases. CVF was determined by quantitative morphometry with an automated image analysis system (Visilog 4.1.5., Noesis) in sections stained with collagen-specific picrosirius red (Sirius red F3BA in aqueous picric acid) as previously described.5,14
Biochemical Determinations
Serum PIP was determined by radioimmunoassay according to a method previously described.20 The interassay and intra-assay variations for determining PIP were 7% and 3%, respectively. The sensitivity (lower detection limit) was 1.20 µg PIP/L. Serum CITP was determined by radioimmunoassay according to Laviades et al.21 The interassay and intra-assay variations for determining CITP were <8%. The sensitivity was 0.50 µg CITP/L. The PIP-to-CITP ratio was used as an index of coupling between the synthesis and degradation of collagen type I.22
Statistical Analysis
A cluster analysis was performed to classify hypertensive patients according to CVF values. Kruskal-Wallis 1-way ANOVA followed by a Mann-Whitney U test (adjusting the 
-level by Bonferroni inequality) was used to assess the statistical significance between normotensives and the 2 subgroups of hypertensives. Baseline differences between the 2 subgroups of hypertensives were tested by a Student’s t test for unpaired data once normality was demonstrated (Shapiro-Wilks test); otherwise, a nonparametric test (Mann-Whitney U test) was used. Differences between hypertensives before and after treatment were tested by a Student’s t test for paired data once normality was demonstrated (Shapiro-Wilks test); otherwise, a nonparametric test (Wilcoxon test) was used. The correlation between continuously distributed variables was tested by univariate regression analysis. Values are expressed as mean±SD. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.
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Results |
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Baseline Characteristics
Cluster analysis of CVF values allowed us to classify hypertensives into 2 subgroups; those with CVF <6% (n=26) and those with CVF >6% (n=8). Histological examination revealed that patients with CVF values <6% exhibited slight or moderate interstitial deposition of red-stained fibers. In contrast, patients with CVF values >6% presented areas of microscopic scarring and perivascular fibrosis. Thus, according to our previous classification of myocardial fibrosis in hypertension,14 we classified patients with CVF <6% as hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis and patients with CVF >6% as hypertensives with severe fibrosis.
No significant differences were observed between the 2 subgroups of hypertensive patients in the different clinical and echocardiographic parameters tested at baseline (Table 1). Whereas LV hypertrophy was present in 18 patients (69%) with nonsevere fibrosis, it was diagnosed in 8 patients (100%) with severe fibrosis. The patterns of diastolic function were distributed in the 2 groups as follows: normal function in 2 patients (8%) with nonsevere fibrosis, delayed relaxation in 20 patients (77%) with nonsevere fibrosis and 2 patients (25%) with severe fibrosis, pseudonormal filling in 4 patients (15%) with nonsevere fibrosis and 3 patients (37.5%) with severe fibrosis, and restrictive filling in 3 patients (37.5%) with severe fibrosis.
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CVF, PIP, and the PIP-to-CITP ratio were higher (P<0.01) in the 2 subgroups of hypertensives than in the group of normotensives (Table 2). In addition, CVF, PIP, and the PIP-to-CITP ratio were higher (P<0.01) in hypertensives with severe fibrosis than in hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis (Table 2).
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As shown in Figure 1, TDEC was shorter in hypertensives with severe fibrosis (167±53 ms) than in hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis (227±44 ms, P<0.05) and normotensives (242±19 ms, P<0.001). Thus, KLV was increased in hypertensives with severe fibrosis (0.218±0.020 mm Hg/mL) compared with hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis (0.106±0.040 mm Hg/mL, P<0.05) and normotensives (0.085±0.014 mm Hg/mL, P<0.01) (Figure 2). In addition, TDEC was shorter (P<0.02) and KLV higher (P<0.05) in hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis than in normotensives (Figures 1 and 2, respectively).
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CVF was inversely correlated with TDEC (y=278.543- 12.009x, r=0.415, P<0.02) and directly correlated with KLV (y=0.043+0.024x, r=0.495, P<0.01) (Figure 3) in all hypertensives.
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Effects of Treatment
The effects of treatment with losartan were analyzed separately according to the baseline grade of fibrosis of treated patients. Therefore, the effects of treatment on hypertensives with nonsevere (n=12) and severe (n=7) myocardial fibrosis are presented in Tables 3 and 4, respectively.
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Time-course changes in blood pressure during treatment (data not shown) and final values of blood pressure were similar in the 2 subgroups of hypertensives. Although LV mass index was diminished (P<0.05) after treatment in the 2 subgroups of patients, interventricular septal thickness diminished (P<0.05) only in hypertensives with severe fibrosis. Isovolumic relaxation time, E-to-VA ratio, and ejection fraction did not change significantly with treatment in the 2 subgroups of patients. Treatment with losartan was associated with an increase (P<0.05) of TDEC and diminution (P<0.05) of KLV in hypertensives with severe fibrosis. The changes observed with treatment in these 2 parameters in hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis did not reach statistical significance.
Whereas CVF diminished (P<0.05) with treatment in patients with severe fibrosis, a nonsignificant decrease in this parameter was observed in treated patients with nonsevere fibrosis. No correlation was found between the baseline and the posttreatment values of CVF either in the whole group of patients or in each subgroup. Thus, changes in CVF observed in patients with severe fibrosis are a result of the treatment per se. Figure 4 illustrates treatment-induced changes in myocardial fibrosis in 1 patient from each subgroup.
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Losartan treatment was associated with a decrease (P<0.05) in both PIP and the PIP-to-CITP ratio in patients with severe fibrosis. Although the values of these 2 parameters did tend to decrease with treatment in patients with nonsevere fibrosis, the differences did not reach statistical significance.
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Discussion |
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The main findings of this study are as follows: (1) a strong association exists between predominance of collagen type I synthesis over collagen type I degradation, exaggerated collagen accumulation in myocardial tissue, and abnormally high KLV in patients with essential hypertension; (2) chronic AT1 blockade with losartan is associated with reduction of both myocardial collagen content and KLV in a subgroup of patients with essential hypertension; and (3) the efficacy of losartan in improving collagen type I metabolism predicts its capacity to regress myocardial fibrosis and reduce myocardial stiffness in hypertensive patients.
LV stiffness is difficult to measure even with invasive techniques, requiring high-fidelity pressure measurements and synchronized volume assessment with high temporal resolution. Thus, several noninvasive Doppler echocardiographic indexes of LV filling have been proposed as qualitative estimates of LV stiffness, including TDEC. A shortened TDEC has been associated with reduced ventricular compliance in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathies.8–10 The lack of quantitative rigor in relating TDEC to compliance, however, has limited the usefulness of this index. This has been resolved by experiments in an animal model of dilated cardiomyopathy that validated an analytical expression allowing us to calculate a value for LV stiffness, KLV, from the measurement of TDEC.11,12 More recent studies have shown that a similar equation relating KLV quantitatively to TDEC applies to patients with cardiac diseases.13
By using this noninvasive approach, we observed that LV stiffness is abnormally increased in patients with essential hypertension. This finding is in agreement with data by Jain et al6 showing that KLV measured invasively from the diastolic pressure-volume relation is significantly higher in hypertensive patients than in normotensive control subjects.
LV stiffness is governed by a complex interplay of myocardial stiffness (largely related to the tissue collagen content),23 ventricular geometry (hypertrophy24 and distension25), and myocardial relaxation.26 Our findings that KLV in hypertensive patients is related to CVF but not to the degree of LV hypertrophy and relaxation abnormalities and that LV volumes were not increased in these patients (data not shown) strongly suggest that myocardial fibrosis is the main determinant of LV stiffness in essential hypertension. This is in accordance with data obtained in rats with spontaneous hypertension showing that myocardial fibrosis determines exaggerated LV stiffness.27 Furthermore, our data provide clinical support to the proposal by Weber7 that in hypertensive heart disease, a 2- to 3-fold or greater rise in CVF adversely influences LV diastolic stiffness.
Treatment with losartan was accompanied by a significant reduction in both CVF and KLV in the subgroup of patients with severe fibrosis. In contrast, no significant changes in either CVF or KLV were observed with treatment in hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis. Brilla et al28 reported recently that lisinopril-mediated diminution of 0.6% in CVF in patients with hypertensive heart disease was not associated with reduction in KLV, as measured invasively. Thus, the ability of antihypertensive drugs to improve LV stiffness depends on their capacity to regress myocardial fibrosis in a significant manner.
Although we did not compare the response to losartan with that of another antihypertensive agent, our findings point out the potential relevance of angiotensin II as a factor that may compromise diastolic function in hypertensives via stimulation of myocardial fibrosis. This is supported by experimental data in rats with spontaneous hypertension showing that chronic ACE inhibition is associated with both regression of fibrosis and diminution of LV stiffness.29,30
Interestingly, whereas similar reductions in blood pressure and LV mass were attained in the 2 subgroups of hypertensives after treatment, only patients with severe fibrosis exhibited a significant reduction in the PIP-to-CITP ratio. Thus, the ability of losartan to improve LV diastolic properties in hypertensive patients appears to be linked to its capacity to repair myocardial fibrosis as the result of normalization of collagen type I metabolism.
In fact, if an equilibrium is to exist between collagen synthesis and degradation, as proposed by Laurent,31 our findings of increased serum PIP concentrations and normal serum CITP concentrations in hypertensive patients suggest that the intensity of the extracellular degradation of collagen type I is not enough to equilibrate the increased extracellular synthesis of collagen type I, especially in those with severe fibrosis. The effect of losartan on serum PIP suggests that this agent inhibits the synthesis of collagen type I in hypertensives with severe fibrosis but not in hypertensives with nonsevere fibrosis. Conversely, the tendency toward increased CITP despite the decrease in PIP observed in treated hypertensives with severe fibrosis suggests that losartan stimulates the degradation of collagen type I fibers in these patients. Collectively, these observations suggest a direct role for angiotensin II–mediated collagen type I accumulation in the subgroup of hypertensives with severe myocardial fibrosis.
In summary, the results presented here show for the first time that in humans with hypertensive heart disease, exaggerated myocardial collagen content is associated with excessive KLV, as assessed noninvasively. Thus, myocardial fibrosis may play a critical role in the compromise of diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. This is further supported by our finding that alterations of diastolic function were more prominent in patients with severe fibrosis than in patients with nonsevere fibrosis. Nevertheless, we are aware that other criteria in addition to those of the present study should be used to adequately assess diastolic function in humans.18 The potential epidemiological and clinical relevance of the findings presented here is provided by data showing that diastolic heart failure accounts for 30% to 50% of congestive heart failure in clinical practice and that hypertensive heart disease is the major cause of this type of heart failure.32
Received December 27, 2001; revision received March 22, 2002; accepted March 22, 2002.
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 S. Johar, A. C. Cave, A. Narayanapanicker, D. J. Grieve, and A. M. Shah Aldosterone mediates angiotensin II-induced interstitial cardiac fibrosis via a Nox2-containing NADPH oxidase FASEB J, July 1, 2006; 20(9): 1546 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. H. Ahmed, L. L. Clark, W. R. Pennington, C. S. Webb, D. D. Bonnema, A. H. Leonardi, C. D. McClure, F. G. Spinale, and M. R. Zile Matrix Metalloproteinases/Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases: Relationship Between Changes in Proteolytic Determinants of Matrix Composition and Structural, Functional, and Clinical Manifestations of Hypertensive Heart Disease Circulation, May 2, 2006; 113(17): 2089 - 2096. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Izawa, T. Murohara, K. Nagata, S. Isobe, H. Asano, T. Amano, S. Ichihara, T. Kato, S. Ohshima, Y. Murase, et al. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Ameliorates Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Myocardial Fibrosis in Mildly Symptomatic Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Pilot Study Circulation, November 8, 2005; 112(19): 2940 - 2945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Yuan, M. Nimata, T.-a. Okabe, K. Shioji, K. Hasegawa, T. Kita, and C. Kishimoto Olmesartan, a novel AT1 antagonist, suppresses cytotoxic myocardial injury in autoimmune heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): H1147 - H1152. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Chatziantoniou and J.-C. Dussaule Insights into the mechanisms of renal fibrosis: is it possible to achieve regression? Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2005; 289(2): F227 - F234. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Klotz, R. F. Foronjy, M. L. Dickstein, A. Gu, I. M. Garrelds, A.H. Jan Danser, M. C. Oz, J. D'Armiento, and D. Burkhoff Mechanical Unloading During Left Ventricular Assist Device Support Increases Left Ventricular Collagen Cross-Linking and Myocardial Stiffness Circulation, July 19, 2005; 112(3): 364 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S H Poulsen, N H Andersen, L Heickendorff, and C E Mogensen Relation between plasma amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III and left ventricular longitudinal strain in essential hypertension Heart, May 1, 2005; 91(5): 624 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Rizzoni, E. Porteri, C. De Ciuceis, I. Sleiman, L. Rodella, R. Rezzani, S. Paiardi, R. Bianchi, G. Ruggeri, G. E.M. Boari, et al. Effect of Treatment With Candesartan or Enalapril on Subcutaneous Small Artery Structure in Hypertensive Patients With Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 659 - 665. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. P. Aurigemma and W. H. Gaasch Diastolic Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., September 9, 2004; 351(11): 1097 - 1105. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, J. L. Martinez Ubago, and J. Diez Increased Collagen Type I Synthesis in Patients With Heart Failure of Hypertensive Origin: Relation to Myocardial Fibrosis Circulation, September 7, 2004; 110(10): 1263 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. J.S. Cooper, A. R.J. Phillips, S. Y. Choong, B. L. Leonard, D. J. Crossman, D. H. Brunton, E. L. Saafi, A. M. Dissanayake, B. R. Cowan, A. A. Young, et al. Regeneration of the Heart in Diabetes by Selective Copper Chelation Diabetes, September 1, 2004; 53(9): 2501 - 2508. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Mottram, B. Haluska, R. Leano, D. Cowley, M. Stowasser, and T. H. Marwick Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism on Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 558 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Ciulla, R. Paliotti, A. Esposito, J. Diez, B. Lopez, B. Dahlof, M. G. Nicholls, R. D. Smith, L. Gilles, F. Magrini, et al. Different Effects of Antihypertensive Therapies Based on Losartan or Atenolol on Ultrasound and Biochemical Markers of Myocardial Fibrosis: Results of a Randomized Trial Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 552 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. F. Nagueh, G. Shah, Y. Wu, G. Torre-Amione, N. M.P. King, S. Lahmers, C. C. Witt, K. Becker, S. Labeit, and H. L. Granzier Altered Titin Expression, Myocardial Stiffness, and Left Ventricular Function in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy Circulation, July 13, 2004; 110(2): 155 - 162. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A. Kass, J. G.F. Bronzwaer, and W. J. Paulus What Mechanisms Underlie Diastolic Dysfunction in Heart Failure? Circ. Res., June 25, 2004; 94(12): 1533 - 1542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Frohlich Left ventricular hypertrophy: a "factor of risk": Mass is reversible, but is the risk? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12): 2216 - 2218. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, and J. Diez Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collagen type I turnover in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 2, 2004; 43(11): 2028 - 2035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Yoshida, K. Yamamoto, T. Mano, Y. Sakata, N. Nishikawa, M. Nishio, T. Ohtani, T. Miwa, M. Hori, and T. Masuyama AT1 Receptor Blocker Added to ACE Inhibitor Provides Benefits at Advanced Stage of Hypertensive Diastolic Heart Failure Hypertension, March 1, 2004; 43(3): 686 - 691. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.-H. Cheng, P.-Y. Cheng, N.-L. Shih, I.-B. Chen, D. L. Wang, and J.-J. Chen Involvement of reactive oxygen species in angiotensin II-induced endothelin-1 gene expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1845 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Lombardi, S. Betocchi, M. A. Losi, C. G. Tocchetti, M. Aversa, M. Miranda, G. D'Alessandro, A. Cacace;, Q. Ciampi, and M. Chiariello Myocardial Collagen Turnover in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, September 23, 2003; 108(12): 1455 - 1460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Gonzalez, M. A Fortuno, R. Querejeta, S. Ravassa, B. Lopez, N. Lopez, and J. Diez Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in hypertensive cardiomyopathy Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2003; 59(3): 549 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Fortuno, A. Gonzalez, S. Ravassa, B. Lopez, and J. Diez Clinical implications of apoptosis in hypertensive heart disease Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2003; 284(5): H1495 - H1506. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. G. Angeja and W. Grossman Evaluation and Management of Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, February 11, 2003; 107(5): 659 - 663. [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. E. Cingolani, O. R. Rebolledo, E. L. Portiansky, N. G. Perez, and M. C. Camilion de Hurtado Regression of Hypertensive Myocardial Fibrosis by Na+/H+ Exchange Inhibition Hypertension, February 1, 2003; 41(2): 373 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Maceira, J. Barba, O. Beloqui, and J. Diez Ultrasonic Backscatter and Diastolic Function in Hypertensive Patients Hypertension, September 1, 2002; 40(3): 239 - 243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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