Published online before print May 6, 2002, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000018948.95175.03
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(Circulation. 2002;105:2462.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
Elevated C-Reactive Protein in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea
From the Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, Minn.
Correspondence to Virend K Somers, MD, DPhil, Divisions of Hypertension and Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic Rochester, 200 First St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905. E-mail somers.virend{at}mayo.edu
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Abstract |
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Background— Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Inflammatory processes associated with OSA may contribute to cardiovascular morbidity in these patients. We tested the hypothesis that OSA patients have increased plasma C-reactive protein (CRP).
Methods and Results— We studied 22 patients (18 males and 4 females) with newly diagnosed OSA, who were free of other diseases, had never been treated for OSA, and were taking no medications. We compared CRP measurements in these patients to measurements obtained in 20 control subjects (15 males and 5 females) who were matched for age and body mass index, and in whom occult OSA was excluded. Plasma CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA than in controls (median [range] 0.33 [0.09 to 2.73] versus 0.09 [0.02 to 0.9] mg/dL, P<0.0003). In multivariate analysis, CRP levels were independently associated with OSA severity (F=6.8, P=0.032).
Conclusions— OSA is associated with elevated levels of CRP, a marker of inflammation and of cardiovascular risk. The severity of OSA is proportional to the CRP level.
Key Words: sleep • inflammation • cardiovascular disease • risk factors
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Introduction |
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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has been increasingly linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.1,2 Mechanisms such as increased sympathetic activity3 and endothelial dysfunction have been implicated. Inflammatory processes associated with OSA4 may also act as potential mediators of cardiovascular morbidity in these patients.
C-reactive protein (CRP), an important serum marker of inflammation, is synthesized from the liver and regulated by cytokines.5 Unlike cytokines, CRP levels are quite stable in the same individual across 24 hours6 and may reflect the level of inflammatory response.
Epidemiological studies show that an elevated CRP level in the high-normal (0.2 to 1.5 mg/dL) range in apparently healthy men and women is a strong predictor of cardiovascular risk.7,8 In patients with acute coronary artery disease, stable angina pectoris, and a history of myocardial infarction, higher CRP is also associated with future cardiovascular events.9 10
OSA results in repetitive and severe nocturnal hypoxemia and sleep disturbances.11 The hypoxemia of high altitude results in increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6)12 and CRP12,13 in normal humans. Sleep deprivation also induces an increase in cytokines.4,14 We tested the hypothesis that OSA patients have increased plasma CRP.
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Methods |
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We compared subjects with moderate to severe OSA (apnea hypopnea index [AHI]
20) to those without OSA (AHI 
5). We studied 22 patients (18 males and 4 females) with newly diagnosed OSA, who were free of other diseases, had never been treated for OSA, and were taking no medications. We compared CRP measurements in these patients to measurements obtained from 20 control subjects (15 males and 5 females) who were matched for age and body mass index (BMI), and in whom occult OSA was excluded. The control group was free of any acute or chronic cardiovascular, inflammatory, or sleep disorders, and no control subjects were taking medications at the time of the sleep study. The presence and severity of sleep apnea were determined by standard overnight polysomnography, including electroencephalography, electrooculography, electromyography, oximetry, thermistor measurements of airflow, and measurements of rib cage and abdominal movements when breathing. The sleep studies followed a split-night protocol. The first half of the study intended to diagnose OSA, with a therapeutic trial of continuous positive airway pressure during the second half of the night. An apnea was defined as complete cessation of airflow for at least 10 seconds. Hypopnea was defined as a reduction of respiratory signals for at least 10 seconds associated with oxygen desaturation of 4%. The AHI was calculated as the total number of respiratory events per hour of sleep. Baseline demographic data, heart rate, blood pressure (SpaceLabs blood pressure monitor 90207), and venous blood were collected before full polysomnography between 8 PM and 10 PM. The quantitative determination of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) was done by latex particle enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay (Hitachi 912 chemistry analyzer) on serum stored at -80°C. Informed written consent was obtained from all subjects. The study was approved by the Institutional Human Subjects Review Committee.
Statistical Analysis
Normal distribution data were expressed as mean±SEM, and the difference between OSA and controls was tested by an unpaired t test. Categorical variables were compared using a 
2 test. Plasma CRP data were skewed to the right and expressed as the median. The difference between medians in OSA and control subjects was evaluated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The difference in means was calculated using one-way breakdown ANOVA. The independent association between CRP and OSA severity (expressed as AHI) was analyzed using ANOVA, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, LDL, and HDL, with CRP as the dependent variable. A value of P<0.05 was considered significant.
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Results |
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Baseline characteristics of the study population are described in the Table. The 2 groups were similar with regard to demographics (age, sex, and BMI), smoking, alcohol, hemodynamics (heart rate and blood pressure) and lipid levels. In patients with OSA, AHI was 60±5 events/h, and the lowest oxygen level during sleep averaged 79±1.6%.
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Plasma CRP levels were significantly higher in patients with OSA than in controls (median [range], 0.33 [0.09 to 2.73] versus 0.09 [0.02 to 0.9] mg/dL, P<0.0003; Figure 1). Mean values were also significantly different (0.81±0.15 versus 0.28±0.12 mg/dL, F=7.9, P<0.008). There was a significant positive relationship between CRP and AHI (r=0.55, P=0.008; Figure 2). In multivariate analysis, CRP levels were independently associated with OSA severity (F=6.8, P=0.032).
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Discussion |
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There are 2 novel findings in the present study. First, OSA is associated with elevated levels of CRP, a marker of inflammation and of cardiovascular risk. The heightened CRP cannot be explained by other demographic or disease conditions. Second, the severity of OSA is proportional to the plasma CRP levels.
Strong and consistent associations between levels of CRP and cardiovascular disease have been established in several studies across different population groups.7 CRP is becoming an important biomarker for cardiovascular risk determination, even after adjustment for traditional risk factors typically used in cardiovascular risk-assessment programs.8 The relationship between CRP and cardiovascular disease was further strengthened by the landmark finding that statins reduce plasma CRP and decrease the incidence of cardiovascular events.15
Possible mechanisms of cardiovascular dysfunction with increased levels of CRP have been described recently.16–19 CRP is found within atheromatous plaque,16 correlates with vascular dysfunction, promotes secretion of inflammatory mediators by vascular endothelium,17 has a direct role in cell adhesion molecular expression,18 and opsonizes LDL for uptake by macrophages in atherosclerotic plaque.19 These data suggest that CRP may have an important and direct role in the development of atherosclerotic lesions and in promoting cardiovascular morbidity.
The levels of CRP detected in our patients with OSA are comparable to the levels associated with healthy individuals at high risk for future cardiovascular events.7 Given the close matching of patients and controls and the absence of other significant cardiovascular or inflammatory disease conditions, it seems unlikely that factors other than obstructive sleep apnea can explain the strikingly higher levels of CRP noted in OSA patients. The significant correlation between levels of CRP and measurements of OSA severity speaks further to the possible causal interaction between sleep apnea and increased CRP. The association between polysomnographic measures and CRP levels may be underestimated because of the split-night protocol. Studies are presently being initiated to determine whether treatment of OSA lowers CRP levels.
Mechanisms linking OSA to increased CRP may include repetitive hypoxemic stress and sleep deprivation. Increased plasma IL-6,12,13 IL-1 receptor antagonist, and CRP12 and the synthesis of fibrinogen13 have been noted during hypoxic conditions at high altitude. Increased daytime plasma levels of IL-6 were also noted after sleep deprivation and in patients with excessive daytime sleepiness.4,14,20 IL-6 is one of the key regulators of CRP synthesis by the liver.5 The repetitive apneas during OSA induce not only hypoxemia, but also sleep fragmentation with consequent insufficient sleep and daytime somnolence. Thus, both hypoxia and sleep disturbances in OSA may contribute to elevated CRP in patients with OSA.
In conclusion, we have shown that patients with OSA have increased plasma CRP levels. The magnitude of CRP elevation is associated significantly with the severity of OSA and does not seem to be explained by other factors such as demographics or co-existing disease states. Given the compelling epidemiological and mechanistic evidence implicating increased CRP in cardiovascular disease processes, CRP may be an important factor linking OSA to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathology. We speculate that interventions targeted at reducing CRP in OSA patients may provide a strategy for attenuating the progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in patients with OSA.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by a Perkins Memorial Award, and by National Institutes of Health grants TW05463, HL-65176, HL-61560, HL-70602, and M01-RR00585.
Received February 27, 2002; revision received April 8, 2002; accepted April 8, 2002.
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A M Li, E Hung, T Tsang, J Yin, H K So, E Wong, T F Fok, and P C Ng Induced sputum inflammatory measures correlate with disease severity in children with obstructive sleep apnoea Thorax, January 1, 2007; 62(1): 75 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Wolk and V. K. Somers Sleep Apnoea & Hypertension: Physiological bases for a causal relation: Sleep and the metabolic syndrome Exp Physiol, January 1, 2007; 92(1): 67 - 78. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. D. Goldbart, J. Krishna, R. C. Li, L. D. Serpero, and D. Gozal Inflammatory Mediators in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Children With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Chest, July 1, 2006; 130(1): 143 - 148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N T Ayas, G B J Mancini, and J Fleetham Does CPAP delay the development of cardiovascular disease in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnoea? Thorax, June 1, 2006; 61(6): 459 - 460. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Ferreira, J. Winck, P. Bettencourt, and F. Rocha-Goncalves Heart failure and sleep apnoea: To sleep perchance to dream Eur J Heart Fail, May 1, 2006; 8(3): 227 - 236. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Hedner, K. Bengtsson-Bostrom, Y. Peker, L. Grote, L. Rastam, and U. Lindblad Hypertension prevalence in obstructive sleep apnoea and sex: a population-based case-control study. Eur. Respir. J., March 1, 2006; 27(3): 564 - 570. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Poirier, T. D. Giles, G. A. Bray, Y. Hong, J. S. Stern, F. X. Pi-Sunyer, and R. H. Eckel Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Effect of Weight Loss: An Update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease From the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism Circulation, February 14, 2006; 113(6): 898 - 918. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. J. Olson and V. K. Somers Modulation of cardiovascular risk factors by obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, February 1, 2006; 129(2): 218 - 220. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Can, S. Acikgoz, G. Mungan, T. Bayraktaroglu, E. Kocak, B. Guven, and S. Demirtas Serum cardiovascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest, February 1, 2006; 129(2): 233 - 237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Elwood, M. Hack, J. Pickering, J. Hughes, and J. Gallacher Sleep disturbance, stroke, and heart disease events: evidence from the Caerphilly cohort J Epidemiol Community Health, January 1, 2006; 60(1): 69 - 73. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Lentini, R. Manka, S. Scholtyssek, B. Stoffel-Wagner, B. Luderitz, and S. Tasci Creatine Phosphokinase Elevation in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: An Unknown Association? Chest, January 1, 2006; 129(1): 88 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. White Sleep apnea. Proceedings of the ATS, January 1, 2006; 3(1): 124 - 128. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Caples, R. Wolk, and V. K. Somers Influence of cardiac function and failure on sleep-disordered breathing: evidence for a causative role J Appl Physiol, December 1, 2005; 99(6): 2433 - 2439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. L. Riha, P. Brander, M. Vennelle, N. McArdle, S. M. Kerr, N. H. Anderson, and N. J. Douglas Tumour necrosis factor-{alpha} (-308) gene polymorphism in obstructive sleep apnoea-hypopnoea syndrome Eur. Respir. J., October 1, 2005; 26(4): 673 - 678. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Caples, A. S. Gami, and V. K. Somers Obstructive Sleep Apnea Focus, October 1, 2005; 3(4): 557 - 567. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L J Cormican and A Williams Sleep disordered breathing and its treatment in congestive heart failure Heart, October 1, 2005; 91(10): 1265 - 1270. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. F. Drager, L. A. Bortolotto, M. C. Lorenzi, A. C. Figueiredo, E. M. Krieger, and G. Lorenzi-Filho Early Signs of Atherosclerosis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2005; 172(5): 613 - 618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Arens Is It Time to Consider a New Treatment for Children with Sleep-disordered Breathing? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2005; 172(3): 264 - 265. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. D. Goldbart, J. L. Goldman, M. C. Veling, and D. Gozal Leukotriene Modifier Therapy for Mild Sleep-disordered Breathing in Children Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., August 1, 2005; 172(3): 364 - 370. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Di Napoli, M. Schwaninger, R. Cappelli, E. Ceccarelli, G. Di Gianfilippo, C. Donati, H. C.A. Emsley, S. Forconi, S. J. Hopkins, L. Masotti, et al. Evaluation of C-Reactive Protein Measurement for Assessing the Risk and Prognosis in Ischemic Stroke: A Statement for Health Care Professionals From the CRP Pooling Project Members Stroke, June 1, 2005; 36(6): 1316 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Schulz The vascular micromilieu in obstructive sleep apnoea Eur. Respir. J., May 1, 2005; 25(5): 780 - 782. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. J. Gersh, T. S.M. Tsang, M. E. Barnes, and J. B. Seward The changing epidemiology of non-valvular atrial fibrillation: the role of novel risk factors Eur. Heart J. Suppl., May 1, 2005; 7(suppl_C): C5 - C11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. K. Larkin, C. L. Rosen, H. L. Kirchner, A. Storfer-Isser, J. L. Emancipator, N. L. Johnson, A. M. V. Zambito, R. P. Tracy, N. S. Jenny, and S. Redline Variation of C-Reactive Protein Levels in Adolescents: Association With Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Sleep Duration Circulation, April 19, 2005; 111(15): 1978 - 1984. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Kelly and C. L. Marcus Childhood Obesity, Inflammation, and Apnea: What Is the Future for Our Children? Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2005; 171(3): 202 - 203. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Caples, A. S. Gami, and V. K. Somers Obstructive Sleep Apnea Ann Intern Med, February 1, 2005; 142(3): 187 - 197. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. G. Kaditis, E. I. Alexopoulos, E. Kalampouka, E. Kostadima, A. Germenis, E. Zintzaras, and K. Gourgoulianis Morning Levels of C-Reactive Protein in Children with Obstructive Sleep-disordered Breathing Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., February 1, 2005; 171(3): 282 - 286. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Schulz, W. Seeger, C. Fegbeutel, H. Husken, R. H. Bodeker, H. Tillmanns, and M. Grebe Changes in extracranial arteries in obstructive sleep apnoea Eur. Respir. J., January 1, 2005; 25(1): 69 - 74. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Tazaki, K. Minoguchi, T. Yokoe, K. T. R. Samson, H. Minoguchi, A. Tanaka, Y. Watanabe, and M. Adachi Increased Levels and Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2004; 170(12): 1354 - 1359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A.G. Kaditis, E.I. Alexopoulos, E. Kalampouka, E. Kostadima, N. Angelopoulos, A. Germenis, E. Zintzaras, and K. Gourgoulianis Morning levels of fibrinogen in children with sleep-disordered breathing Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2004; 24(5): 790 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H. Boyd, B. J. Petrof, Q. Hamid, R. Fraser, and R. J. Kimoff Upper Airway Muscle Inflammation and Denervation Changes in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., September 1, 2004; 170(5): 541 - 546. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Svatikova, R. Wolk, H. H. Wang, M. E. Otto, K. A. Bybee, R. J. Singh, and V. K. Somers Circulating free nitrotyrosine in obstructive sleep apnea Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): R284 - R287. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. M. Parish and V. K. Somers Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease Mayo Clin. Proc., August 1, 2004; 79(8): 1036 - 1046. [Abstract] [PDF]
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A. S. Gami, G. Pressman, S. M. Caples, R. Kanagala, J. J. Gard, D. E. Davison, J. F. Malouf, N. M. Ammash, P. A. Friedman, and V. K. Somers Association of Atrial Fibrillation and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Circulation, July 27, 2004; 110(4): 364 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Hatipoglu and I. Rubinstein Inflammation and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: How Many Ways Do I Look at Thee? Chest, July 1, 2004; 126(1): 1 - 2. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Jialal, S. Devaraj, and S. K. Venugopal C-Reactive Protein: Risk Marker or Mediator in Atherothrombosis? Hypertension, July 1, 2004; 44(1): 6 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. S. Gami, A. Svatikova, R. Wolk, E. J. Olson, C. J. Duenwald, A. S. Jaffe, and V. K. Somers Cardiac Troponin T in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Chest, June 1, 2004; 125(6): 2097 - 2100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Tauman, A. Ivanenko, L. M. O'Brien, and D. Gozal Plasma C-Reactive Protein Levels Among Children With Sleep-Disordered Breathing Pediatrics, June 1, 2004; 113(6): e564 - e569. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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A. S.M. Shamsuzzaman, M. Winnicki, R. Wolk, A. Svatikova, B. G. Phillips, D. E. Davison, P. B. Berger, and V. K. Somers Independent Association Between Plasma Leptin and C-Reactive Protein in Healthy Humans Circulation, May 11, 2004; 109(18): 2181 - 2185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Milleron, R. Pilliere, A. Foucher, F. de Roquefeuil, P. Aegerter, G. Jondeau, B. G Raffestin, and O. Dubourg Benefits of obstructive sleep apnoea treatment in coronary artery disease: a long-term follow-up study Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2004; 25(9): 728 - 734. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Teramoto, H. Yamamoto, Y. Ouchi, K.-i. Inoue, H. Takano, and T. Yoshika Increased Plasma Interleukin-6 Is Associated With the Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Chest, May 1, 2004; 125(5): 1964 - 1965. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G J Gibson Sleep disordered breathing and the outcome of stroke Thorax, May 1, 2004; 59(5): 361 - 363. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. F. Quan and B. J. Gersh Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep-Disordered Breathing: Past, Present and Future: Report of a Workshop From the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Circulation, March 2, 2004; 109(8): 951 - 957. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Altay, E. R. Gonzales, T. S. Park, and J. M. Gidday Cerebrovascular inflammation after brief episodic hypoxia: modulation by neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2004; 96(3): 1223 - 1230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. K. Meier-Ewert, P. M. Ridker, N. Rifai, M. M. Regan, N. J. Price, D. F. Dinges, and J. M. Mullington Effect of sleep loss on C-Reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 18, 2004; 43(4): 678 - 683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Lavie Pro: Sleep Apnea Causes Cardiovascular Disease Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., January 15, 2004; 169(2): 147 - 148. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Sampol, O. Romero, A. Salas, J. L. Tovar, P. Lloberes, T. Sagales, and A. Evangelista Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Thoracic Aorta Dissection Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., December 15, 2003; 168(12): 1528 - 1531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Wolk, A. S.M. Shamsuzzaman, and V. K. Somers Obesity, Sleep Apnea, and Hypertension Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1067 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. V. Chobanian, G. L. Bakris, H. R. Black, W. C. Cushman, L. A. Green, J. L. Izzo Jr, D. W. Jones, B. J. Materson, S. Oparil, J. T. Wright Jr, et al. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1206 - 1252. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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