This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Yuan, C. Articles by Hatsukami, T. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Yuan, C. Articles by Hatsukami, T. S. Related Collections Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(Circulation. 2002;105:181.)
© 2002 American Heart Association, Inc.

Clinical Investigation and Reports

Identification of Fibrous Cap Rupture With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Is Highly Associated With Recent Transient Ischemic Attack or Stroke

Chun Yuan, PhD; Shao-xiong Zhang, MD PhD; Nayak L. Polissar, PhD; Denise Echelard, BS; Geraldo Ortiz, BS; Joseph W. Davis, BS; Elizabeth Ellington, BS; Marina S. Ferguson, BS; Thomas S. Hatsukami, MD

From the Departments of Radiology (C.Y., S.Z., D.E., G.O., J.W.D., M.S.F) and Medicine (E.E.), University of Washington, Seattle; Mountain-Whisper-Light Statistical Consulting (N.L.P.), Seattle; and Surgery and Perioperative Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (T.S.H.), Seattle, Wash.

Correspondence to Chun Yuan, PhD, University of Washington, Department of Radiology, Box 357115, 1959 NE Pacific Ave, Seattle, WA 98195. E-mail cyuan{at}u.washington.edu

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background— High-resolution MRI has been shown to be capable of distinguishing intact, thick fibrous caps from thin and ruptured caps in human carotid atherosclerosis in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether MRI identification of fibrous cap thinning or rupture is associated with a history of recent transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke.

Methods and Results— Fifty-three consecutive patients (mean age, 71 years; 49 male) scheduled for carotid endarterectomy were recruited after obtaining informed consent. Twenty-eight subjects had a recent history of TIA or stroke on the side appropriate to the index carotid lesion, and 25 were asymptomatic. Preoperative carotid MRI was performed in a 1.5-T GE Signa scanner that generated T₁-, PD-, and T₂-weighted and three-dimensional time-of-flight images. Using previously reported MRI criteria, the fibrous cap was categorized as intact-thick, intact-thin, or ruptured for each carotid plaque by blinded review. There was a strong and statistically significant trend showing a higher percentage of symptomatic patients for ruptured caps (70%) compared with thick caps (9%) (P=0.001 Mann-Whitney test for cap status versus symptoms). Compared with patients with thick fibrous caps, patients with ruptured caps were 23 times more likely to have had a recent TIA or stroke (95% CI=3, 210).

Conclusions— MRI identification of a ruptured fibrous cap is highly associated with a recent history of TIA or stroke. Ongoing prospective studies will determine the predictive value fibrous cap characteristics, as visualized by MRI, for risk of subsequent ischemic events.

Key Words: magnetic resonance imaging • atherosclerosis • carotid arteries • stroke

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Rupture of the fibrous cap that overlies the thrombogenic necrotic core is presently believed to play an important role in acute ischemic events, such as stroke, transient ischemic attack, myocardial infarction, and unstable angina.^1–4 Several histological studies have revealed that lesions associated with the development of ischemic symptoms typically contain a large necrotic core that is separated from the lumen by a fibrous cap that is thin or disrupted.^5,6 Because the detection of these morphological features could identify the plaques that represent a higher risk for thromboembolic complications, the development of a noninvasive method capable of assessing the state of the fibrous cap would not only improve patient stratification to medical or surgical treatment but would also provide a means of monitoring disease progression or evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.

Of the clinical imaging modalities presently used to study atherosclerosis, MRI is unique because it is noninvasive, capable of identifying plaque tissue components with submillimeter resolution, able to provide quantitative measures of disease severity, and suitable for serial investigations.^7–14 Recent studies demonstrated that high-resolution MRI is capable of distinguishing intact, thick fibrous caps from thin or ruptured caps in human carotid atherosclerosis in vivo. Thick fibrous caps appear as a juxtaluminal band of low signal in time-of-flight (TOF) MR images. In plaques with thin fibrous caps, this dark juxtaluminal band is absent. In plaques with fibrous cap rupture, the dark band is absent and there is a region of hyperintense signal adjacent to the lumen.¹⁵

Using a multiple contrast-weighted, high-resolution MR carotid artery imaging protocol,¹⁶ we evaluated the relationship between carotid plaque fibrous cap characteristics and their association with the patient’s neurological symptoms. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that if a patient has a carotid plaque with a thin or ruptured fibrous cap, as identified by MRI, then the patient is more likely to have had a recent transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke, appropriate to the side of the index carotid lesion.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Patient Selection
Fifty-three consecutive patients (49 male, mean age 71) scheduled for carotid endarterectomy at the University of Washington Medical Center or VA Puget Sound Health Care System underwent preoperative MRI of their carotid arteries after obtaining informed consent. The institutional review boards of each facility approved the consent forms and study protocols. All subjects had a high-grade proximal internal carotid artery stenosis (50% to 99% by duplex ultrasonography, defined as a peak systolic velocity >125 cm/sec, measured at a 60-degree Doppler angle). A detailed general physical and neurological examination was performed before surgery and MRI examination to determine whether the patient had any hemispheric ischemic neurological symptoms that could be attributed to the index carotid lesion. The patients were screened for other potential causes for TIA and stroke, and additional workup, including echocardiography, Holter monitoring, and consultation with the Cardiology and Neurology departments, was performed as indicated. Patients were considered symptomatic if they had a history of transient ischemic attack or stroke appropriate to the distribution of the index carotid artery within 90 days before carotid endarterectomy.

MRI Protocol
The MRI scans were performed within 1 week before the surgical procedure and neurological examination. Patients were placed in a head holder, which improves comfort and reduces motion artifacts, and were imaged using specially designed phased-array surface coils¹⁷ in a 1.5-T GE Signa scanner (Horizon EchoSpeed, version 5.8, GE Medical Systems).

A standardized protocol was used to obtain 4 different contrast-weighted image sets (three-dimensional [3D] TOF axial source images and T₁-, proton density [PD]-, and T₂-weighted images) of the carotid arteries for each patient.¹⁶ The imaging plane was transverse, and the slice readout was in the right to left direction. Fat suppression was used to reduce the signal from the subcutaneous tissues, and a zero-filled Fourier transform was used to reduce the apparent pixel size, thereby minimizing partial volume artifacts. Although the imaging protocol varied depending on patient body habitus, a typical set of parameters for the 3 sequences used to generate the images was as follows: (1) double inversion recovery T₁-weighted 2D fast spin-echo (repetition time [TR], 800 ms; echo time [TE], 9.3 ms; field of view [FOV], 13 cm; thickness, 2 mm; 256x256 matrix; number of excitations [NEX], 2); (2) cardiac-gated, shared echo and fast spin-echo for PD- and T₂-weighted images (TR, 3 R-R intervals; first echo TE, 20 ms; second echo TE, 40 ms; FOV, 13 cm; thickness, 2 mm; 256x256 matrix; NEX, 2); and (3) 3D TOF (TR, 23 ms; TE, 3.8 ms; flip angle, 25 degrees; FOV, 13 cm; thickness, 2 mm; 256x256 matrix; NEX, 2). Including set-up time and localizer sequences, the length of each examination averaged 40 minutes. Best voxel size achieved was 0.25x0.25x2.0 mm³. The slice levels prescribed were centered around the carotid bifurcation on the operative side in each patient.

Review of MRI
For each artery, images of the 4 contrast weightings from 12 locations (centered at the bifurcation) were matched and filmed (2.4-cm total longitudinal extent of coverage). The appearance of the fibrous cap was categorized as intact and thick (rating I), intact and thin (rating II), or ruptured (rating III) on the basis of the following definitions: intact and thick cap: a uniform, continuous dark band adjacent to the lumen on the TOF image and a smooth lumen surface on TOF and T₁-, PD-, and T₂-weighted images; intact, thin cap: no visible dark band adjacent to the lumen on the TOF image and a smooth lumen surface on TOF and T₁-, PD-, and T₂-weighted images; and ruptured cap: disrupted or no visible dark band adjacent to the lumen on TOF images, irregular lumen boundary on TOF and T₁-, PD-, and T₂-weighted images, and a hyperintense, bright signal adjacent to the lumen (Figures 1 through 3). The fibrous cap state was categorized by a reader who was blinded to the clinical status of the patient. The presence of calcification near the lumen surface, which may also appear as a hypointense region on the TOF images, was distinguished from a thick cap on the basis of its appearance on the T₁-, PD-, or T₂-weighted images. Calcification appeared as a dark region on TOF and T₁-, PD-, and T₂-weighted images, whereas a thick fibrous cap appeared as a dark band only on the TOF images. All MRI cross-sections for the index carotid artery were reviewed, and a single rating was assigned for the index artery (highest rating).

View larger version (115K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Example of a thick intact fibrous cap as seen on MRI along with the corresponding matched histological cross-section. TOF image taken immediately distal to the bifurcation shows a distinct hypointense band completely surrounding the narrowed lumen, indicating the presence of a thick fibrous cap (arrow). T1-weighted (T1W), PD-weighted (PDW), and T2-weighted (T2W) images show the same region to be hyperintense and smooth, in concordance with an intact and thick cap. A Mallory’s Trichrome–stained matching histology section confirms the presence of the continuous thick fibrous cap (arrow). The red arrowheads indicate the location of the internal carotid artery (ICA) lumen and external carotid artery (ECA) lumen and an area of dense calcification within the plaque (Ca), seen as a hypointense region on the TOF, T1W, PDW, and T2W images. There is a second internal carotid luminal flow channel, indicated by the double arrows on the histological and MRI cross-sections. The dual internal carotid lumen appearance occurs because of a cul de sac in the flow channel in longitudinal access, as seen with a web-like stenosis or with large ulceration of the plaque (bar=1 mm).

View larger version (111K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Example of a thin intact fibrous cap as seen on MRI along with the corresponding matched histological cross-section. A distinct hypointense band (red arrowheads) is clearly visible on a segment of the luminal boundary of an atherosclerotic common carotid artery on the TOF image but is missing on the surface of the bulk of the plaque (black arrow). PD-weighted (PDW), T1-weighted (T1W), and T2-weighted (T2W) images from the same location show a smooth surface, suggesting an absence of rupture. A Mallory’s Trichrome–stained histology section of the area confirms the presence of a large necrotic core covered by a thin fibrous cap (arrow) (bar=1 mm).

View larger version (95K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Example of a ruptured fibrous cap as seen on MRI along with the corresponding matched histological cross-section. TOF image of a ruptured fibrous cap from a heavily calcified plaque taken proximal to the bifurcation shows a discontinuous hypointense band surrounding the lumen (arrow). A branching collateral artery can be seen at 11 o’clock and was used as an added landmark in matching MR images and histology. The rough lumen boundary and the presence of juxtaluminal calcification can be appreciated in the T1-weighted (T1W), PD-weighted (PDW), and T2-weighted (T2W) images. The Mallory’s Trichrome–stained histology section confirms the ruptured cap (arrow) and also shows a fragile membrane separating necrotic core contents from the lumen (between 4 and 6 o’clock) (bar=1 mm).

Statistical Analysis
Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine odds ratios for the risk of symptoms by categories of cap status, and the nonparametric (Mann-Whitney test) was performed to compare cap status (ordered as thick, thin, and ruptured) versus presence or absence of symptoms. Student’s t tests and Fisher’s exact test were performed to compare the descriptive characteristics of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. All analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows (version 7.5.1).

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Among all subjects, 28 had a recent (within 90 day) history of TIA or stroke on the side appropriate to the index carotid lesion, and the other 25 were asymptomatic. There was no statistically significant difference in mean age or percent with history of smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, or family history of atherosclerosis between the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups (Table 1). Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean peak systolic velocity (PSV) on preoperative carotid duplex scan of the index carotid artery between the two groups. The mean PSV (±SD) in the symptomatic group was 392±145 cm/sec, compared with 429±95 cm/sec in the asymptomatic group, which indicates that the degree of luminal stenosis in the asymptomatic group was slightly greater overall, although PSV was quite variable in each group (Table 1). Results from analysis of cap status versus symptoms are summarized in Table 2. MRI showed 11 patients with intact, thick fibrous caps, 12 patients with intact, thin caps, and 30 patients with ruptured fibrous caps. There was a strong and statistically significant trend showing a higher percentage of symptomatic patients among those who had a thin fibrous cap or ruptured cap by MRI (P=0.001 Mann-Whitney test for cap status versus symptoms). Only 9% of patients with thick fibrous caps were symptomatic compared with 50% of patients with thin caps and 70% of patients with ruptured caps. Furthermore, compared with patients with thick fibrous caps, patients with thin fibrous caps were 10 times more likely to have had a recent TIA or stroke (95% CI=1.0, 104), and those with ruptured fibrous caps were 23 times more likely to have had recent ischemic neurological symptoms (95% CI=3, 210). Although the confidence intervals for the odds ratios are wide, the trend of increasing percent symptomatic as the cap status deteriorates is both strong and highly significant. This trend was still present and statistically significant (P=0.03) in a logistic regression analysis controlling for PSV (P=0.4). The odds ratios in the controlled analysis were 6 and 18 for thin and ruptured caps versus thick caps, respectively.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Descriptive Characteristics of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Patients

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 2. Status of the Fibrous Cap as Determined by MRI Versus Symptomatic Status of Patient

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Previous studies have shown that high-resolution MRI can distinguish thick, thin, and ruptured caps with good sensitivity and specificity in vivo.^15,18 In a study comparing the appearance of the fibrous cap on preoperative MRI to 36 matched sections from the excised carotid endarterectomy specimen, we found a high level of agreement between the MRI and histology designation of 3 levels of cap status (=0.83, weighted =0.87, 89% agreement, Spearman’s correlation coefficient=0.88).¹⁵ In a follow-up study, we compared multispectral MR images to 91 matched histological sections. The sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) of MRI for distinguishing thin and ruptured cap from thick fibrous caps was 81±6% and 90±2%, respectively.¹⁸

On the basis of histological examination of excised coronary and carotid artery specimens, studies published by Davies and Thomas,¹⁹ Falk,²⁰ Fuster et al,²¹ Virmani et al,⁴ and others have established that an important morphological component of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque is the presence of a fibrous cap that is thinned or ruptured. Falk²⁰ noted that >75% of major coronary thrombotic events were precipitated by atherosclerotic plaque rupture. In a study involving 44 carotid endarterectomy specimens (25 asymptomatic and 19 symptomatic), Carr et al⁵ noted fibrous cap rupture in 74% of symptomatic plaques, compared with 32% of asymptomatic lesions, and fibrous cap thinning in 95% of symptomatic lesions compared with 48% of asymptomatic plaques.

In concurrence with this histological evidence, this study found a strong and highly significant association between the in vivo state of the fibrous cap and patient symptoms using a noninvasive high-resolution MRI technique. Seventy percent of patients with ruptured fibrous caps and 50% with thin fibrous caps had a history of recent TIA or stroke, compared with only 9% of those with thick fibrous caps on MRI. Remarkably, there was an estimated 23-fold increase in the likelihood of having recent ischemic neurologic symptoms if MRI identified a ruptured fibrous cap, compared with a thick cap. The rate of TIA or stroke is much more similar between the thin and ruptured cap groups than between either of these groups and those with a thick fibrous cap. This similarity of the thin and ruptured cap groups suggests that these two categories combined constitute the high-risk cohort of patients, as determined by MRI.

The use of gradient echo-based 3D TOF sequence is critically important to differentiate the fibrous cap from the underlying intimal tissue. Presumably, the visibility of the fibrous cap on the TOF images is attributable to the T₂* effects caused by the layered organization of the matrix proteins that are present in the cap^22,23 and the short effective echo time of gradient echo data acquisition.^24,25 The macromolecular structure of the collagen in the cap could create a barrier to molecular motion, thereby creating a T₂* mechanism as water molecules traverse across layers.^22,23,26,27 The T₂* sensitivity of the GRE-weighted 3D TOF sequence would then allow detection of disruptions or absence of the collagen layers in the fibrous cap that would be caused by plaque rupture or the presence of proteoglycan-rich regions.²⁸ Because T₁ relaxation is less dependent on the static component of dipole-dipole coupling, this effect is not evident in T₁-weighted images.²⁹

Because the conspicuity of the fibrous cap is dependent on the contrast present at the fibrous cap (lumen interface and between the cap and the underlying intima), the state of the cap was difficult to determine when there were areas of low signal adjacent to the lumen surface. In the present study, the instances where the hypointense juxtaluminal band on the 3D TOF images was obscured were typically related to flow artifacts or juxtaluminal calcifications. In several image locations that contained intraluminal flow disturbances, the double-inversion recovery sequence, which was designed to reduce turbulence-induced dephasing,³⁰ was found to improve visualization of the luminal surface. When large intimal calcifications were present, the SE sequences were less sensitive than the TOF to the calcium-related susceptibility artifacts.³¹ At these locations, the PD-weighted images were able to depict the presence of fibrous tissue immediately adjacent to intimal calcifications.

In conclusion, this study provides strong evidence of the association between the state of the fibrous cap, as detected by MRI, and recent ischemic neurological events. The ability to noninvasively detect atherosclerotic plaques that are at risk of rupturing before the development of ischemic complications in vivo has tremendous clinical importance. Ongoing prospective studies are presently underway that will determine the predictive value of fibrous cap characteristics on MRI for risk of subsequent ischemic events.

	Acknowledgments

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
This research is funded by Grants RO1 HL56874 and RO1 HL60213 from the National Institutes of Health.

Received September 24, 2001; accepted November 5, 2001.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
1. Fisher M, Blumenfeld AM, Smith TW. The importance of carotid artery plaque disruption and hemorrhage. Arch Neurol. 1987; 44: 1086–1089.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

2. Ravn HB, Falk E. Histopathology of plaque rupture. Cardiol Clin. 1999; 17: 263–270.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

3. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation. 1995; 92: 657–671.[Free Full Text]

4. Virmani R, Kolodgie FD, Burke AP, et al. Lessons from sudden coronary death: a comprehensive morphological classification scheme for atherosclerotic lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000; 20: 1262–1275.[Free Full Text]

5. Carr S, Farb A, Pearce WH, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1996; 23: 755–766.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

6. Bassiouny HS, Sakaguchi Y, Mikucki SA, et al. Juxtalumenal location of plaque necrosis and neoformation in symptomatic carotid stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 1997; 26: 585–594.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

7. Pohost GM, Fuisz AR. From the microscope to the clinic: MR assessment of atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation. 1998; 98: 1477–1478.[Free Full Text]

8. Yuan C, Beach KW, Smith LH, et al. Measurement of atherosclerotic carotid plaque size in-vivo using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 1998; 98: 2666–2671.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

9. Zimmermann-Paul GG, Quick HH, Vogt P, et al. High-resolution intravascular magnetic resonance imaging: monitoring of plaque formation in heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Circulation. 1999; 99: 1054–1061.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

10. Skinner MP, Yuan C, Mitsumori L, et al. Serial magnetic resonance imaging of experimental atherosclerosis detects lesion fine structure, progression and complications in vivo. Nat Med. 1995; 1: 69–73.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

11. Toussaint J, Southern JF, Fuster V, et al. T₂ weighted contrast for NMR characterization of human atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995; 15: 1533–1542.

12. Shinnar M, Fallon JT, Wehrli S, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of ex vivo MRI for human atherosclerotic plaque characterization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999; 19: 2756–2761.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

13. Fayad ZA, Fuster V. Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Circ Res. 2001; 89: 305–316.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

14. Fayad ZA, Fuster V. Characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000; 902: 173–186.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

15. Hatsukami TS, Ross R, Polissar NL, et al. Visualization of fibrous cap thickness and rupture in human atherosclerotic carotid plaque in vivo with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2000; 102: 959–964.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

16. Yuan C, Mitsumori LM, Beach KW, et al. Carotid atherosclerotic plaque: noninvasive MR characterization and identification of vulnerable lesions. Radiology. 2001; 221: 285–299.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

17. Hayes CE, Mathis CM, Yuan C. Surface coil phased arrays for high resolution imaging of the carotid arteries. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1996; 1: 109–112.

18. Mitsumori LM, Hatsukami TS, Ferguson MS, et al. In vivo performance of multispectral MR imaging for identifying vulnerable plaques in human carotid arteries. Circulation. 2000; 102 (suppl II): 375.

19. Davies MJ, Thomas AC. Plaque fissuring: the cause of acute myocardial infarction, sudden ischaemic death, and crescendo angina. Br Heart J. 1985; 53: 363–373.[Free Full Text]

20. Falk E. Coronary thrombosis: pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Am J Cardiology. 1991; 68: 28B–35B.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

21. Fuster V, Stein B, Ambrose JA, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture and thrombosis: evolving concepts. Circulation. 1990; 82: II47–II59.

22. Xia Y, Farquhar T, Burton-Wurster N, et al. Origin of cartilage laminae in MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1997; 7: 887–894.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

23. Sharf Y, Knubovets T, Dayan D, et al. The source of NMR-detected motional anisotropy of water in blood vessel walls. Biophys J. 1997; 73: 1198–1204.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

24. Song HK, Wehrli F. Variable TE gradient and spin echo sequences for in vivo MR microscopy of short T₂ species. Magn Reson Med. 1998; 39: 251–258.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

25. Bradley WG. Optimizing lesion contrast without using contrast agents. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999; 10: 442–449.[CrossRef][Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

26. Goodwin DW, Xhu J, Dunn JF. In vitro MR imaging of hyaline cartilage: correlation with scanning electron microscopy. Am J Radiol. 2000; 174: 405–409.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

27. Knauss R, Fleischen G, Grunder W, et al. Pulsed field gradient NMR and nuclear magnetic relaxation studies of water mobility in hydrated collagen II. Magn Reson Med. 1996; 36: 241–248.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

28. Khan KM, Bonar F, Desmond PM, et al. Patellar tendinosis: findings at histopathologic examination, US, and MR imaging. Radiology. 1996; 200: 821–827.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

29. Bradley WG, Stark DD. Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2nd ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1992.

30. Edelman RR, Chien D, Kim D. Fast selective black blood MR imaging. Radiology. 1991; 181: 655–660.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

31. Yuan C, Tsuruda JS, Beach KN, et al. Techniques for high-resolution MR imaging of atherosclerotic plaque. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1994; 4: 43–49.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				H. Ota, W. Yu, H. R. Underhill, M. Oikawa, L. Dong, X. Zhao, N. L. Polissar, B. Neradilek, T. Gao, Z. Zhang, et al. Hemorrhage and Large Lipid-Rich Necrotic Cores Are Independently Associated With Thin or Ruptured Fibrous Caps: An In vivo 3T MRI Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, October 1, 2009; 29(10): 1696 - 1701. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Oppenheim, O. Naggara, E. Touze, J.-C. Lacour, E. Schmitt, F. Bonneville, S. Crozier, E. Guegan-Massardier, E. Gerardin, X. Leclerc, et al. High-Resolution MR Imaging of the Cervical Arterial Wall: What the Radiologist Needs to Know RadioGraphics, September 1, 2009; 29(5): 1413 - 1431. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Chu, M. S. Ferguson, H. Chen, D. S. Hippe, W. S. Kerwin, G. Canton, C. Yuan, and T. S. Hatsukami Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Features of the Disruption-Prone and the Disrupted Carotid Plaque J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., July 1, 2009; 2(7): 883 - 896. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Flett, M. A. Westwood, L. C. Davies, A. Mathur, and J. C. Moon The Prognostic Implications of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, May 1, 2009; 2(3): 243 - 250. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. H. Swartz, S. S. Bhuta, R. I. Farb, R. Agid, R. A. Willinsky, K. G. terBrugge, J. Butany, B. A. Wasserman, D. M. Johnstone, F. L. Silver, et al. Intracranial arterial wall imaging using high-resolution 3-tesla contrast-enhanced MRI Neurology, February 17, 2009; 72(7): 627 - 634. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J M U-King-Im, T Y Tang, A Patterson, M J Graves, S Howarth, Z-Y Li, R Trivedi, D Bowden, P J Kirkpatrick, M E Gaunt, et al. Characterisation of carotid atheroma in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients using high resolution MRI J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, August 1, 2008; 79(8): 905 - 912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. N. Redgrave, P. Gallagher, J. K. Lovett, and P. M. Rothwell Critical Cap Thickness and Rupture in Symptomatic Carotid Plaques: The Oxford Plaque Study Stroke, June 1, 2008; 39(6): 1722 - 1729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Shinohara, T. Yamashita, H. Tawa, M. Takeda, N. Sasaki, T. Takaya, R. Toh, A. Takeuchi, T. Ohigashi, K. Shinohara, et al. Atherosclerotic plaque imaging using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2008; 294(2): H1094 - H1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Yuan Carotid atherosclerosis and magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., January 1, 2008; 1(1): 58 - 60. [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Saam, T. S. Hatsukami, N. Takaya, B. Chu, H. Underhill, W. S. Kerwin, J. Cai, M. S. Ferguson, and C. Yuan The Vulnerable, or High-Risk, Atherosclerotic Plaque: Noninvasive MR Imaging for Characterization and Assessment Radiology, July 1, 2007; 244(1): 64 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Touze, J.-F. Toussaint, J. Coste, E. Schmitt, F. Bonneville, P. Vandermarcq, J.-Y. Gauvrit, F. Douvrin, J.-F. Meder, J.-L. Mas, et al. Reproducibility of High-Resolution MRI for the Identification and the Quantification of Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Components: Consequences for Prognosis Studies and Therapeutic Trials Stroke, June 1, 2007; 38(6): 1812 - 1819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. S. Pessanha, K. Potter, F. D. Kolodgie, A. Farb, R. Kutys, E. K. Mont, A. P. Burke, T. J. O'Leary, and R. Virmani Characterization of Intimal Changes in Coronary Artery Specimens with MR Microscopy Radiology, October 1, 2006; 241(1): 107 - 115. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. R. Crouse III Thematic review series: Patient-Oriented Research. Imaging atherosclerosis: state of the art J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2006; 47(8): 1677 - 1699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Saam, J. Cai, L. Ma, Y.-Q. Cai, M. S. Ferguson, N. L. Polissar, T. S. Hatsukami, and C. Yuan Comparison of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque Features with in Vivo MR Imaging. Radiology, August 1, 2006; 240(2): 464 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Wasserman, R. J. Wityk, H. H. Trout III, and R. Virmani Response to Letter by Karapanayiotides et al Stroke, July 1, 2006; 37(7): 1647 - 1647. [Full Text] [PDF]

				Z.-Y. Li, S. P.S. Howarth, T. Tang, and J. H. Gillard How Critical Is Fibrous Cap Thickness to Carotid Plaque Stability?: A Flow-Plaque Interaction Model Stroke, May 1, 2006; 37(5): 1195 - 1199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Takaya, C. Yuan, B. Chu, T. Saam, H. Underhill, J. Cai, N. Tran, N. L. Polissar, C. Isaac, M. S. Ferguson, et al. Association Between Carotid Plaque Characteristics and Subsequent Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events: A Prospective Assessment With MRI--Initial Results Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 818 - 823. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. A. Willinek Looking Beyond the Lumen to Predict Cerebrovascular Events: "The Road Less Travelled By" Stroke, March 1, 2006; 37(3): 759 - 760. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. D. Morasch New Diagnostic Imaging Techniques Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, December 1, 2005; 17(4): 341 - 350. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. Nighoghossian, L. Derex, and P. Douek The Vulnerable Carotid Artery Plaque: Current Imaging Methods and New Perspectives Stroke, December 1, 2005; 36(12): 2764 - 2772. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Raggi, A. Taylor, Z. Fayad, D. O'Leary, S. Nissen, D. Rader, and L. J. Shaw Atherosclerotic Plaque Imaging: Contemporary Role in Preventive Cardiology Arch Intern Med, November 14, 2005; 165(20): 2345 - 2353. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. A. Wasserman, R. J. Wityk, H. H. Trout III, and R. Virmani Low-Grade Carotid Stenosis: Looking Beyond the Lumen With MRI Stroke, November 1, 2005; 36(11): 2504 - 2513. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Fuster, Z. A. Fayad, P. R. Moreno, M. Poon, R. Corti, and J. J. Badimon Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque: Part II: Approaches by Noninvasive Computed Tomographic/Magnetic Resonance Imaging J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 4, 2005; 46(7): 1209 - 1218. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Fuster, P. R. Moreno, Z. A. Fayad, R. Corti, and J. J. Badimon Atherothrombosis and High-Risk Plaque: Part I: Evolving Concepts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 937 - 954. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				V. Fuster and R. J. Kim Frontiers in Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Circulation, July 5, 2005; 112(1): 135 - 144. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Schneiderman, R. L. Wilensky, A. Weiss, E. Samouha, L. Muchnik, M. Chen-Zion, M. Ilovitch, E. Golan, A. Blank, M. Flugelman, et al. Diagnosis of Thin-Cap Fibroatheromas by a Self-Contained Intravascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Probe in Ex Vivo Human Aortas and In Situ Coronary Arteries J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 21, 2005; 45(12): 1961 - 1969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Devuyst, P. Ruchat, T. Karapanayiotides, L. Jonasson, O. Cuisinaire, J.-A. Lobrinus, M. Pusztaszeri, A. Kalangos, P.-A. Despland, J.-P. Thiran, et al. Ultrasound Measurement of the Fibrous Cap in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Atheromatous Carotid Plaques Circulation, May 31, 2005; 111(21): 2776 - 2782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Ouhlous, H. Z. Flach, T. T. de Weert, J. M. Hendriks, M. R. H. M. van Sambeek, D. W. J. Dippel, P. M. T. Pattynama, and A. van der Lugt Carotid Plaque Composition and Cerebral Infarction: MR Imaging Study AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2005; 26(5): 1044 - 1049. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. K Prasad, R. G Assomull, and D. J Pennell Recent developments in non-invasive cardiology BMJ, December 11, 2004; 329(7479): 1386 - 1389. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. R. Moreno and V. Fuster The year in atherothrombosis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 7, 2004; 44(11): 2099 - 2110. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kampschulte, M.S. Ferguson, W.S. Kerwin, N. L. Polissar, B. Chu, T. Saam, T.S. Hatsukami, and C. Yuan Differentiation of Intraplaque Versus Juxtaluminal Hemorrhage/Thrombus in Advanced Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Lesions by In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging Circulation, November 16, 2004; 110(20): 3239 - 3244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Pennell, U. P. Sechtem, C. B. Higgins, W. J. Manning, G. M. Pohost, F. E. Rademakers, A. C. van Rossum, L. J. Shaw, and E. K. Yucel Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report Eur. Heart J., November 1, 2004; 25(21): 1940 - 1965. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. Chu, T. S. Hatsukami, N. L. Polissar, X.-Q. Zhao, L. W. Kraiss, D. L. Parker, J. C. Waterton, J. S. Raichlen, W. Hamar, and C. Yuan Determination of Carotid Artery Atherosclerotic Lesion Type and Distribution in Hypercholesterolemic Patients With Moderate Carotid Stenosis Using Noninvasive Magnetic Resonance Imaging Stroke, November 1, 2004; 35(11): 2444 - 2448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F Viles-Gonzalez, V. Fuster, and J. J Badimon Atherothrombosis: A widespread disease with unpredictable and life-threatening consequences Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2004; 25(14): 1197 - 1207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Eliasziw, J. Kennedy, M. D. Hill, A. M. Buchan, and H. J.M. Barnett Early risk of stroke after a transient ischemic attack in patients with internal carotid artery disease Can. Med. Assoc. J., March 30, 2004; 170(7): 1105 - 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. M. Kramer, L. A. Cerilli, K. Hagspiel, J. M. DiMaria, F. H. Epstein, and J. A. Kern Magnetic Resonance Imaging Identifies the Fibrous Cap in Atherosclerotic Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Circulation, March 2, 2004; 109(8): 1016 - 1021. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Nonent, J.-M. Serfaty, N. Nighoghossian, F. Rouhart, L. Derex, C. Rotaru, P. Chirossel, B. Guias, J.-F. Heautot, P. Gouny, et al. Concordance Rate Differences of 3 Noninvasive Imaging Techniques to Measure Carotid Stenosis in Clinical Routine Practice: Results of the CARMEDAS Multicenter Study Stroke, March 1, 2004; 35(3): 682 - 686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Naghavi, P. Libby, E. Falk, S. W. Casscells, S. Litovsky, J. Rumberger, J. J. Badimon, C. Stefanadis, P. Moreno, G. Pasterkamp, et al. From Vulnerable Plaque to Vulnerable Patient: A Call for New Definitions and Risk Assessment Strategies: Part I Circulation, October 7, 2003; 108(14): 1664 - 1672. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Barkhausen, W. Ebert, C. Heyer, J. F. Debatin, and H.-J. Weinmann Detection of Atherosclerotic Plaque With Gadofluorine-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Circulation, August 5, 2003; 108(5): 605 - 609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. R. Moody, R. E. Murphy, P. S. Morgan, A. L. Martel, G.S. Delay, S. Allder, S. T. MacSweeney, W. G. Tennant, J. Gladman, J. Lowe, et al. Characterization of Complicated Carotid Plaque With Magnetic Resonance Direct Thrombus Imaging in Patients With Cerebral Ischemia Circulation, June 24, 2003; 107(24): 3047 - 3052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. E. Murphy, A. R. Moody, P. S. Morgan, A. L. Martel, G.S. Delay, S. Allder, S. T. MacSweeney, W. G. Tennant, J. Gladman, J. Lowe, et al. Prevalence of Complicated Carotid Atheroma as Detected by Magnetic Resonance Direct Thrombus Imaging in Patients With Suspected Carotid Artery Stenosis and Previous Acute Cerebral Ischemia Circulation, June 24, 2003; 107(24): 3053 - 3058. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-M. Cai, T. S. Hatsukami, M. S. Ferguson, R. Small, N. L. Polissar, and C. Yuan Classification of Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Lesions With In Vivo Multicontrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging Circulation, September 10, 2002; 106(11): 1368 - 1373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. P. Choudhury, V. Fuster, J. J. Badimon, E. A. Fisher, and Z. A. Fayad MRI and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Plaque: Emerging Applications and Molecular Imaging Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2002; 22(7): 1065 - 1074. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Yuan, C. Articles by Hatsukami, T. S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Yuan, C. Articles by Hatsukami, T. S. Related Collections Computerized tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging