doi: 10.1161/hc4201.097187
(Circulation. 2001;104:2075.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Long-Term Effects of Nonselective Endothelin A and B Receptor Antagonism in Postinfarction Rat
Importance of Timing
From the Department of Medicine, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec (Q.T.N., P.C., M.G.S., A.C.), and the Division of Cardiology (N.L., J.L.R.) and the Terrance Donnelly Heart Center, St Michael’s Hospital (D.J.S.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Correspondence to Dr Jean L. Rouleau, Division of Cardiology, Toronto General Hospital, Eaton North 13-212, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 2C4. E-mail jean.rouleau{at}uhn.on.ca
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Abstract |
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Background— Some controversy exists as to the effects of endothelin (ET) receptor antagonism on long-term post–myocardial infarction (MI) evolution, particularly as it relates to the timing of the intervention after MI (<24 hours versus 10 days).
Methods and Results— Sham rats and rats surviving an acute MI for >20 hours (n=301) were assigned to treatment with saline or the nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist LU 420627 (LU) started <24 hours (early) or 10 days (late) after MI and continued for 100 days. Long-term LU treatment led to increased mortality of rats with large MI, regardless of the timing of initiation of therapy. Early initiation of LU reduced survival from 61% to 16% (P<0.001 versus untreated), and later initiation reduced survival to 36% (P=0.012 versus untreated and P<0.001 versus early initiation). Early initiation of LU led to scar thinning, further left ventricular (LV) dilatation, LV dysfunction, and an excessive rise in right ventricular systolic pressure. Later initiation of LU did not modify scar formation but resulted in LV dilatation and dysfunction compared with the untreated group. Cardiac fibrosis tended to increase in the LU-treated MI groups. LU in the sham group reduced cardiac endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase but did not modify the changes that occurred with a large MI.
Conclusions— The use of the nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist LU results in reduced survival, ventricular dilatation, and dysfunction whether started early or late after MI. Early initiation of LU resulted in scar expansion and a particularly unfavorable outcome.
Key Words: myocardial infarction • survival • endothelium-derived factors • remodeling
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Introduction |
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Left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) is a dynamic process that consists of 2 distinct phases. During the first few hours to days, there is infarct expansion,1 which consists of an increase in the surface area of the infarct by outward bulging, stretching, and thinning of the infarcted region. A second phase, which consists of hypertrophy of the noninfarcted zone and further ventricular dilatation, begins early after MI but is a slower process that can progress over years.1 The degree of LV dilatation is the most powerful predictor of long-term prognosis after MI.2
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a powerful vasoconstrictor and proliferative peptide produced largely by endothelial cells.3 Plasma and tissue levels of ET-1 increase in acute MI4 and in congestive heart failure,5 and these increases are associated with a poor prognosis.4 In pathological situations, ET-1 can also be produced by a number of other cell types, such as cardiomyocytes.3 ET-1 exerts its effects through 2 receptor subtypes, the ETA and ETB receptors.3 Stimulation of ETA and ETB receptors exerts many of the same effects; however, ETB receptors also stimulate the release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells6 and serve as an important clearing mechanism for ET-1.7 Furthermore, in post-MI heart failure, there is an increase in both receptor subtypes in the heart.8
Controversy exists with regard to the effects of endothelin receptor antagonists in the long-term treatment of large MI. Sakai et al9,10 evaluated the use of the selective ETA receptor antagonist BQ 123 started 10 days after MI and demonstrated marked beneficial effects on ventricular remodeling and function, cardiac gene expression, and survival. They and Mulder et al11 also found that nonspecific ETA and ETB blockade had many of the same effects when started 8 or 10 days after MI. The less selective ET receptor antagonist bosentan elicited a less marked but nevertheless significant reduction in ventricular dilatation and improved ventricular function when started 3 hours to 1 week after MI.12,13 Bosentan resulted in less ventricular dilatation and mild improvement in ventricular function regardless of how long after MI it was started (3 hours to 1 week).12,13 Nonspecific ET-1 receptor blockade has also resulted in improved survival when started 7 to 10 days after MI.10,13 The earlier use (3 to 20 hours) of ETA receptor antagonists after MI, however, resulted in greater ventricular dilatation and either no change or deterioration in ventricular function due to impaired scar healing and thus scar expansion.14,15 These results raise the possibility that the detrimental effects of the early use (<24 hours) of ET-1 receptor antagonists after MI are limited to selective ETA receptor antagonists and that the use of more nonselective ETA and ETB receptor blockade would result in even more beneficial effects than those with bosentan, which nevertheless has more ETA than ETB selectivity.16
The objectives of this study were thus to compare the effects of early (<24 hours) and late (10 days) initiation of the nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist LU 420627 (LU) on survival, hemodynamic parameters, and ventricular remodeling in the rat post-MI model of heart failure. The nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist LU was used because it antagonizes ETA and ETB receptors equally.
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Methods |
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Animals
Male Wistar rats (Charles River, St-Constant, Quebec, Canada) weighing 200 to 250 g were chosen. The use and care of laboratory animals was according to the Canadian Council for Animal Care and was approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Montreal Heart Institute.
MI Operative Procedure
Anesthesia was induced with 2% halothane, and rats were intubated and mechanically ventilated on a small-rodent ventilator (Harvard Apparatus). During surgery, rats were maintained with 1% to 1.5% halothane in a mixture with O2 (100%).
MI was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, as previously described.15 Sham-operated rats had the 6-0 silk suture inserted but not tied.
There was a high perioperative mortality (36%) within 20 hours of surgery. The survivors were randomly divided into the different treatment groups so as to have approximately the same number of survivors in each group. Rats were classified according to MI size at the end of the study.15 Rats with large MI were defined as those having an LV scar of 
45% of the ventricular cross-sectional circumference or a ratio of scar to body weight >0.2 mg/g. Rats with small and moderate MI were not considered further in this study.
Pharmacological Interventions
Surviving rats were randomized 20 hours after surgery into 3 groups: (1) control (untreated), (2) LU started 20 hours after MI, and (3) LU started 10 days after MI (Figure 1). LU 100 mg · kg-1 · d-1 or vehicle (0.9% saline) was given by gavage twice daily during the first week. Thereafter, LU was given in drinking water, whereas the control group drank water without any additions. All rats were followed up for a total of 100 days (14 weeks) after MI. The body weight and water intake were measured weekly to ensure that the animals received the appropriate daily dose of LU throughout the study. To verify the plasma levels of LU achieved by this treatment, these were measured in randomly selected rats after 2 weeks of treatment by radioreceptor assay as previously described.17 The levels found were 9.6±1.9 µmol/L (n=8), documenting an efficient blockade of both ETA and ETB receptors, the Ki of both ETA and ETB receptors to this compound being lower by >3 orders of magnitude.17 The LU compound is a nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist with Ki values of 2 and 6 nmol/L, respectively. The half-life is 2 hours.18 The efficacy of ETB receptor blockade was verified by evaluating the effects of injections of increasing doses of the ETB receptor–selective agonist BQ3020,19 0.01 to 1 nmol/kg (Sigma), on mean arterial pressure of anesthetized rats 2 weeks after either sham operation (n=13) or MI (n=12). The BQ3020 was prepared in PBS at pH 7.4. Long-term LU treatment with 100 mg · kg-1 · d-1 markedly shifted the dose-response curve of BQ3020 to the right, indicating significant ETB receptor blockade (results not shown). .
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Long-Term Hemodynamic Effects
Fourteen weeks after surgery, rats were anesthetized with halothane 2%, and the percentage was reduced to 0.5% to 0.8% 10 minutes before hemodynamic recordings. LV and right ventricular (RV) hemodynamics were then obtained as previously described,15 and thereafter, cardiac hypertrophy and/or LV remodeling was assessed. Rats that died after 72 hours after MI but before the hemodynamic study had morphological assessment of MI size but were not used for other measurements, except for survival. Those that died between 24 and 72 hours were assumed to have had a large MI. All rats that died after randomization are considered in the survival analyses.
A second group of rats (n=25) had hemodynamic measurements taken 2 weeks after MI. In rats that received LU, LU was started 20 hours after MI. These rats were not considered in the survival analyses, but their hearts were used for morphological studies.
Passive Pressure-Volume Relationship and Ventricular Remodeling
After the rats were killed by an injection of 20 mmol/L KCl, an LV passive pressure–volume relationship was assessed as previously described,20 and the heart was filled with saline to a pressure of 15 mm Hg, sealed, and fixed in its distended form in 10% formalin phosphate buffer for 24 hours. The heart was then cut halfway between the base and apex, and 2 slices were obtained 1 mm above and below the middle cut and stained with hematoxylin-phloxine safran for assessment of MI size, scar, and epicardial and endocardial characteristics, as previously described.20 Collagen was quantified by computer-assisted image analysis of samples from both cross sections cut into 8-µm-thick slices and stained with Sirius red F3BA as a 0.1% solution in saturated aqueous picric acid as previously described.20
Assessment of Cardiac Hypertrophy
This group of rats was killed by exsanguination, and the heart was rapidly excised, washed in Krebs-Henseleit solution, and dissected into right and left atria, RV, LV (including septum), and the scarred area. The scarred area was pinned on a paper, and its surface was determined by planimetry. Each tissue was then weighed individually.
Assessment of Plasma and Tissue ET-1 and Plasma Angiotensin II
Plasma angiotensin II levels were measured as previously described.20 The plasma ET-1 concentrations and the ET-1 concentration of the lung, the RV, and the viable portion of the LV were determined by previously established methods15 with a detection limit of 0.12 pg/tube and an interassay coefficient of variation of 11%. The cardiac content of immunoreactive ET-1 is expressed in fg/mg tissue wt, and the pulmonary content is expressed in fg/mg tissue protein, to correct for lung congestion in rats with heart failure.
Myocardial ecNOS Protein Expression Analysis
Myocardial endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) protein expression analysis was performed according to our previously reported method.21
Drugs
The ETA/ETB receptor antagonist LU was kindly provided by Dr M. Kirchengast (Knoll AG, BASF Pharma, Ludwigshafen, Germany).
Statistical Analysis
All values were expressed as mean±SEM. Results were analyzed by 2-tailed Student’s t test for unpaired data and by ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test when appropriate. Statistical significance was assumed at a value of P<0.05. Kaplan-Meier survival curves over the whole follow-up period were constructed and analyzed by the generalized Savage (Mantel-Cox) test.
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Results |
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Survival
Of the 472 rats that had surgery, 171 died within 20 hours of surgery and were excluded from the study. The other 301 rats were randomized to control (n=54), early LU (n=162), and late LU (n=85). During the 14-week treatment period, survival of the sham-operated control (n=10) and LU (n=15) groups was excellent (100%), with none of the rats dying. Survival in the control large-MI group was 61%. Early LU-treated rats with a large MI had the worst survival (16%, P<0.001 versus control large MI), the curves beginning to separate from the control large-MI group early after MI and continuing to separate over time. Survival in the late LU-treated large-MI group was intermediate compared with the other 2 large-MI groups (36%, P=0.012 compared with control large MI and P<0.001 compared with LU early large MI) (Figure 2A). Survival from day 1 to 10 was worse in the early LU-treated (P=0.015 versus control large MI), and no difference occurred between late LU-treated large MI and control large MI (P=0.18) (Figure 2B). If survival is considered starting 10 days after MI (Figure 2C), LU-treated early post large MI had the worst survival (26%, P<0.05 versus control large MI, 72%), and survival in the late LU-treated group was intermediate (48%, P<0.05 versus control large MI).
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Hemodynamic Effects of LU Treatment
In the sham group, LU treatment had only mild effects on the hemodynamic parameters measured (Table 1). LU caused a slight decrease in LV systolic pressure (LVSP) and maximum rate of LV pressure rise (+dP/dt).
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Control rats with a large MI had a decrease in LVSP, an increase in LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and a decrease in all measured indices of contractility and relaxation compared with their sham-operated counterparts. This was accompanied by an increase in RV systolic (RVSP) and end-diastolic (RVEDP) pressures. Early LU-treated rats with large MI had a similar decrease in LVSP and in mean arterial pressure. They had a greater increase, however, in LVEDP, RVSP, and RVEDP. They also had a greater decrease in LV +dP/dt when corrected for LVSP, indicating further LV dysfunction compared with control large MI. The late LU large-MI group had hemodynamic changes between those of the control and early LU large-MI groups.
Control rats with a large MI studied 2 weeks after MI (n=6) had significant LV dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension. Rats receiving LU early and euthanized 2 weeks after MI (n=6) had more marked LV dysfunction, LVSP being 72±2 versus 83±3 mm Hg for control MI, P<0.05, LVEDP 24±1 versus 20±1 mm Hg, P<0.05, LV +dP/dt 2277±40 versus 3087±101 mm Hg/s, P<0.05, and RVSP 48±1 versus 37±2 mm Hg, P<0.05, for control MI. .
Passive LV Pressure-Volume Relationship
LU treatment did not modify the pressure-volume relationship of sham-operated hearts. A rightward shift of the pressure-volume relationship was found in the control large MI group compared with sham. Early treatment with LU in the large-MI group shifted the curve rightward (P<0.01) compared with the control large-MI hearts (Figure 3A). Late treatment with LU also tended to shift the curve rightward, but this shift was not as marked and was significant only when heart volume was corrected for body weight (Figure 3B). .
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Cardiac Remodeling and Morphological Studies
The sham-MI LU-treated group had a slight increase in ratios of lung weight to body weight. Ratios of LV weight to body weight were similar in all 5 groups, whereas the ratio of RV weight to body weight increased similarly in all 3 large MI groups. Ratios of lung weight to body weight followed a similar pattern, the 3 large-MI groups having an increase compared with the control sham-operated group (Table 2).
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Scar weight was lower in the early LU large-MI group, but when adjusted for body weight, this was no longer significant. The early LU large-MI group had evidence of scar expansion and thinning, their scars having the lowest ratio of scar weight to surface and the greatest scar surface.
Long-term treatment with LU did not modify LV collagen volume density in the sham-operated group. The control large-MI group had an increase in LV collagen volume density, but the increase in the early and late LU large-MI groups was greater, reaching statistical significance in the late LU group (Figure 4). .
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Rats euthanized 2 weeks after MI had similar MI sizes as assessed by scar weight, 0.14±0.01 versus 0.12±0.01 mg, P=NS, for LU and control, respectively. LU-treated rats with a large MI, however, had greater RV wt/body wt, 1.44±0.11 versus 1.01±0.09 mg/g, P<0.05, and greater lung wt/body wt, 11±1 versus 8.1±0.6 mg/g, P<0.05, than control large MI.
Assessment of Plasma and Tissue ET-1 Levels and Plasma Angiotensin II
Plasma angiotensin II increased similarly in all 3 MI groups. Plasma ET-1 but not cardiac or pulmonary ET-1 increased in the sham LU group compared with their control counterparts. Control rats with a large MI had a similar increase in plasma ET-1 but also had a significant increase in cardiac and pulmonary ET-1 compared with the 2 sham groups. The 2 LU-treated groups had the greatest increase in plasma ET-1, but the increases in cardiac and pulmonary ET-1 concentrations were similar to those of the control large-MI group (Table 3).
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Assessment of Cardiac ecNOS Protein
The hearts from control sham-operated rats were used to evaluate the basal tissue expression of ecNOS and served as control (100%) (Figure 5). Treatment of sham rats with LU reduced the normal basal level of ecNOS protein in heart (to 20.1%) to levels similar to those of the non-MI region of hearts with a large MI. The scarred areas had the lowest ecNOS expression (0% to 1.6%, P<0.05). LU treatment did not modify ecNOS protein expression pattern in the hearts with a large MI. .
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Discussion |
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This study demonstrates that after large MI, long-term nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonism with LU leads to increased mortality, excessive LV dilatation and fibrosis, and further LV dysfunction. Early initiation (<24 hours) of LU after MI is particularly detrimental, leading to impaired scar healing, further ventricular dilatation and dysfunction, and reduced survival compared with later (10 days) post-MI initiation of this treatment. LU also reduces cardiac ecNOS in the sham-operated but not the large-MI group. This study thus indicates that nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonism with LU is detrimental after large MI, particularly when started early after MI.
The decrease in post-MI survival rate with LU contrasts with previous reports of improved survival with selective ETA9 or nonselective ETA and ETB10,13 receptor antagonists. In the present study, post-MI survival with the nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist LU was particularly poor when it was started early (<24 hours) after MI. In that group, there was evidence of poor scar healing and stretching (scar expansion), which contributed to further ventricular dilatation. LV dysfunction, evidence of RV hypertension, and reduced survival were already present 2 weeks after MI.
Although the survival of the group in which LU was started later (10 days) was better than that of the group in which LU was started earlier, it was nevertheless worse than that of the untreated large-MI group. This was an unexpected result, because previous studies of selective ETA and nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonists demonstrated improved, or at worst unaffected, survival when started later after MI.9,10,12,13 Although differences in the protocol used (length of follow-up, MI size, drug administration protocol, etc) may account for some of the differences in survival between this and other studies, it is also possible that characteristics particular to LU, specifically its more balanced antagonism of ETA and ETB receptors, may account for some of the difference between the present and previous studies. The ETB receptor is important for ET-1 clearance7 and can stimulate NO release,3 an effect that has been demonstrated to be important in many situations.6 Bosentan, although frequently considered a nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist, is actually 40 times more selective for the ETA receptor than the ETB receptor.16
The nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist LU resulted in further LV dysfunction in rats with large MI whether started early or late after MI. Hemodynamic abnormalities were already present 2 weeks after MI in the early LU rats, suggesting that abnormalities began early after MI in this group. These findings probably result from adverse ventricular remodeling that resulted in ventricular dilatation without corresponding hypertrophy of the LV, thus increasing wall stress. It could also result in part from the loss of the positive inotropic effects of ET-1.3 In addition, early LU rats had a greater increase in RVSP and in right atrial pressure (results not shown). These results contrast with studies of selective ETA receptor antagonists and bosentan, which demonstrated a preferential vasodilatory effect on the pulmonary vasculature9,15 and again suggest significant differences between this and other ET receptor antagonists, at least as it pertains to large MI.
Rats treated early after large MI with LU had impaired scar healing and scar expansion, resulting in excessive ventricular dilatation. Excessive ventricular dilatation after MI could in turn explain excessive LV dysfunction and worse survival. In this study, we extend results from selective ETA receptor antagonists to a nonselective ETA and ETB receptor antagonist, LU. Presumably these findings result from the loss of the proinflammatory and profibrotic effects of ET-1, the expression of which is greatly enhanced in the scar.15,18 Rats treated later (10 days) after MI with LU did not have impaired scar healing but nevertheless had more ventricular dilatation 100 days after MI. These results differ from those of Fraccarollo et al12 with bosentan started 3 hours after MI and differ from all other studies evaluating ET receptor antagonists started later after MI, either selective ETA9–11 or nonselective ETA and ETB10,11,13 receptor antagonists. Taken together, these results suggest that significant differences exist between LU and most other ET-1 receptor blockers and that care should be exercised in administration of LU after MI, particularly when scar healing and stabilization are not complete.
Nonspecific receptor antagonism with LU resulted in increased cardiac fibrosis. This result differs from that of previous studies with both selective ETA11 and nonselective ETA and ETB11,13 receptor antagonists, in which cardiac fibrosis decreased significantly despite varying effects on ventricular dilatation. This difference suggests that significant redundancy in the cardiac fibrotic process exists and that in our study, excessive heart failure in the LU groups led to activation of other local or systemic neurohumoral systems that initiate the development of extracellular matrix remodeling and fibrosis.
We documented a decrease in cardiac ecNOS in sham-operated LU-treated rats. This effect of nonspecific ET receptor antagonism has not been described previously. Although not specifically evaluated in this study, an early decrease in cardiac ecNOS in the LU MI rats, if it involved the endothelium, could help explain the detrimental effects of LU.22
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada.
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Footnotes |
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Guest Editor for this article was Wilson S. Colucci, MD, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
Received May 17, 2001; revision received July 23, 2001; accepted July 31, 2001.
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