This Article Free upon publication Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Smith, S. C. Articles by Taubert, K. A. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Smith, S. C., Jr Articles by Taubert, K. A. Related Collections Secondary prevention Risk Factors

(Circulation. 2001;104:1577.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.

AHA/ACC Scientific Statement

AHA/ACC Guidelines for Preventing Heart Attack and Death in Patients With Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: 2001 Update

A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology

Sidney C. Smith, Jr, MD; Steven N. Blair, PED; Robert O. Bonow, MD; Lawrence M. Brass, MD; Manuel D. Cerqueira, MD; Kathleen Dracup, RN, DNSc; Valentin Fuster, MD, PhD; Antonio Gotto, MD, DPhil; Scott M. Grundy, MD, PhD; Nancy Houston Miller, RN, BSN; Alice Jacobs, MD; Daniel Jones, MD; Ronald M. Krauss, MD; Lori Mosca, MD, PhD; Ira Ockene, MD; Richard C. Pasternak, MD; Thomas Pearson, MD, PhD; Marc A. Pfeffer, MD, PhD; Rodman D. Starke, MD; Kathryn A. Taubert, PhD

The American Heart Association makes every effort to avoid any actual or potential conflicts of interest that may arise as a result of an outside relationship or a personal, professional, or business interest of a member of the writing panel. Specifically, all members of the writing group are required to complete and submit a Disclosure Questionnaire showing all such relationships that might be perceived as real or potential conflicts of interest., This statement was approved by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee in June 2001 and by the American College of Cardiology Board of Trustees in July 2001. A single reprint is available by calling 800-242-8721 (US only) or writing the American Heart Association, Public Information, 7272 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Ask for reprint No. 71-0214. To purchase additional reprints: up to 999 copies, call 800-611-6083 (US only) or fax 413-665-2671; 1000 or more copies, call 214-706-1466, fax 214-691-6342, or e-mail pubauth@heart.org. To make photocopies for personal or educational use, call the Copyright Clearance Center, 978-750-8400.

Key Words: AHA Scientific Statements • prevention • risk factors • atherosclerosis

Since the original publication (in 1995) of the American Heart Association (AHA) consensus statement on secondary prevention, which was endorsed by the American College of Cardiology (ACC), important evidence from clinical trials has emerged that further supports the merits of aggressive risk reduction therapies for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. As noted in that statement, aggressive risk factor management clearly improves patient survival, reduces recurrent events and the need for interventional procedures, and improves the quality of life for these patients.

The compelling evidence from recent clinical trials was the impetus to revise the 1995 guidelines (Table). As examples, the many lipid reduction trials have generated significant changes in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Adult Treatment Panel III report. This report further defined target cholesterol levels, expanded indications for drug treatment, and initiated therapy earlier. Accumulating ß-blocker data have resulted in broader indications for a larger patient group. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) trial has demonstrated the benefit of ACE inhibitor therapy in high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease without a history of an acute event. Further data from ongoing trials should provide insight into the potential benefits of treating lower risk patients with combined therapies. The Clopidogrel versus Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events (CAPRIE) trial has provided evidence for clopidogrel benefit in certain patients. Diabetes management recommendations have been updated to include recent guidelines from the American Diabetes Association for risk factor management of diabetics and the growing body of evidence showing diabetics at high risk for cardiovascular events. The Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) documented that hormone replacement therapy is ineffective for secondary prevention. The writing group revising this document also considered other important trials and reports, and they are included in the selected reading list.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   AHA/ACC Secondary Prevention for Patients With Coronary and Other Vascular Disease: 2001 Update

In the 6 years since the guidelines were first published, 2 other developments have made them even more important in clinical care: the aging of the population continues to expand the number of patients living with a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease (now estimated at 12.4 million), and the multiple studies of the actual use of these recommended therapies in appropriate patients, while showing slow improvement, have continued to support the discouraging conclusion that a large proportion of patients in whom therapies are indicated are not receiving those therapies in actual clinical practice. The AHA and ACC continue to urge that all medical care settings in which these patients are managed organize a specific plan to identify appropriate patients, provide practitioners with useful reminder clues based on the guidelines, and continuously assess the success achieved in providing all appropriate therapies to all of the patients who can benefit from them.

Selected Reading

1. Adult Treatment Panel III. Executive summary of the third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults. JAMA. 2001; 285: 2486–2497.[Free Full Text]
   
2. American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations 2001. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(suppl 1):s33–s43.
   
3. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Secondary prevention of vascular disease by prolonged antiplatelet treatment. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988; 296: 320–331.
   
4. Antiplatelet Trialists’ Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy, I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ. 1994; 308: 81–106.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
5. Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina and non–ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). Circulation. 2000; 102: 1193–1209.[Free Full Text]
   
6. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomized, blinded trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet. 1996; 348: 1329–1339.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
7. Cairns JA, Markham BA. Economics and efficacy in choosing oral anticoagulants or aspirin after myocardial infarction. JAMA. 1995; 273: 965–967.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
8. DeBusk RF, Miller NH, Superko HR, et al. A case-management system for coronary risk factor modification after acute myocardial infarction. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120: 721–729.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
9. Fletcher GF, Balady GJ, Amsterdam E, et al. Exercise standards for testing and training: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. In press.
   
10. Fonarow GC, Gawlinski A, Moughrabi S, et al. Improved treatment of coronary heart disease by implementation of a cardiac hospitalization atherosclerosis management program (CHAMP). Am J Cardiol. 2001; 87: 819–822.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
11. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, et al, and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). Guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina. Circulation. 1999; 99: 2828–2848.
    
12. Grundy SM, Benjamin IJ, Burke GL, et al. Diabetes mellitus: a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a joint editorial by the American Diabetes Association, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, the Juvenile Diabetes Foundation International, the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 1999; 100: 1132–1133.[Free Full Text]
    
13. Hambrecht R, Niebauer J, Marburger C, et al. Various intensities of leisure time physical activity in patients with coronary artery disease: effects on cardiorespiratory fitness and progression of coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 468–477.[Abstract]
    
14. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000; 342: 145–153.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
15. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA. 1998; 280: 605–613.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
16. Krumholz HM, Cohen BJ, Tsevat J, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a smoking cessation program after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993; 22: 1697–1702.[Abstract]
    
17. Mosca L, Collins P, Herrington DM, et al. Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2001; 104: 499–503.[Free Full Text]
    
18. Timolol-induced reduction in mortality and reinfarction in patents surviving acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1981;304:801–807.
    
19. O’Keefe JH, Wetzel M, Moe RR, et al. Should an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor be standard therapy for patients with atherosclerotic disease? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1–8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
20. Pearson T, Rapaport E, Criqui M, et al. Optimal risk factor management in the patient after coronary revascularization: a statement for healthcare professionals from an American Heart Association writing group. Circulation. 1994; 90: 3125–3133.[Free Full Text]
    
21. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet. 1994;344:1383–1389.
    
22. Pepine CJ. Aspirin and newer orally active antiplatelet agents in the treatment of the post-myocardial infarction patient. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998; 32: 1126–1128.[Free Full Text]
    
23. Pfeffer MA. ACE inhibition in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 118–120.[Free Full Text]
    
24. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al, on behalf of the SAVE Investigators. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction: results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med. 1992; 327: 669–677.[Abstract]
    
25. Pfeffer MA, Domanski M, Verter J, et al, for the PEACE Investigators. The continuation of the Prevention of Events with Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme inhibition (PEACE) trial. Am Heart J. 2001; 142: 375–377.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
26. Quinn TG, Alderman EL, McMillan A, et al. Development of new coronary atherosclerotic lesions during a 4-year multifactor risk reduction program: the Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994; 24: 900–908.[Abstract]
    
27. Ryan TJ, Anderson L, Antman EM, et al. ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with acute myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996; 28: 1328–1428.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
28. Sharis PJ, Cannon CP, Loscalzo J. The antiplatelet effects of ticlopidine and clopidogrel. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 129: 394–405.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
29. The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC VI). Arch Intern Med. 1997;157:2413–2446.
    
30. Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Criqui MH, et al. Preventing heart attack and death in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 1995; 92: 2–4.
    
31. Smith P, Arnesen H, Abdelnoor M. Effects of long-term anticoagulant therapy in subgroups after acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152: 993–997.[Abstract]
    
32. Smith P, Arnesen H, Holme I. The effect of warfarin on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 147–152.[Abstract]
    
33. Viscoli CM, Horwitz RI, Singer BH. Beta-blockers after myocardial infarction: influence of first-year clinical course on long-term effectiveness. Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118: 99–105.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Mozaffarian, P. W.F. Wilson, and W. B. Kannel Beyond Established and Novel Risk Factors: Lifestyle Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease Circulation, June 10, 2008; 117(23): 3031 - 3038. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. N. Thorndike, S. Regan, K. McKool, R. C. Pasternak, S. Swartz, N. Torres-Finnerty, and N. A. Rigotti Depressive Symptoms and Smoking Cessation After Hospitalization for Cardiovascular Disease Arch Intern Med, January 28, 2008; 168(2): 186 - 191. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Kulik, R. Levin, M. Ruel, T. G. Mesana, D. H. Solomon, and N. K. Choudhry Patterns and predictors of statin use after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., October 1, 2007; 134(4): 932 - 938. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Scholz, F. F. Sniehotta, S. Burkert, and R. Schwarzer Increasing Physical Exercise Levels: Age-Specific Benefits of Planning J Aging Health, October 1, 2007; 19(5): 851 - 866. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. E van der Elst, M. L Bouvy, C. J de Blaey, and A. de Boer Effect of drug combinations on admission for recurrent myocardial infarction Heart, October 1, 2007; 93(10): 1226 - 1230. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. F. Hiratzka, K. A. Eagle, L. Liang, G. C. Fonarow, K. A. LaBresh, E. D. Peterson, and for the Get With the Guidelines Steering Committee Atherosclerosis Secondary Prevention Performance Measures After Coronary Bypass Graft Surgery Compared With Percutaneous Catheter Intervention and Nonintervention Patients in the Get With the Guidelines Database Circulation, September 11, 2007; 116(11_suppl): I-207 - I-212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. L. Anderson, C. D. Adams, E. M. Antman, C. R. Bridges, R. M. Califf, D. E. Casey Jr, W. E. Chavey II, F. M. Fesmire, J. S. Hochman, T. N. Levin, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) Developed in Collaboration with the American College of Emergency Physicians, the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Endorsed by the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation and the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 14, 2007; 50(7): e1 - e157. [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Schneider and B. E. Sobel Conundrums in the Combined Use of Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Drugs Circulation, July 17, 2007; 116(3): 305 - 315. [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. Sipahi, E. M. Tuzcu, K. E. Wolski, S. J. Nicholls, P. Schoenhagen, B. Hu, C. Balog, M. Shishehbor, W. A. Magyar, T. D. Crowe, et al. {beta}-Blockers and Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis: Pooled Analysis of 4 Intravascular Ultrasonography Trials Ann Intern Med, July 3, 2007; 147(1): 10 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. Erdmann, J. A. Dormandy, B. Charbonnel, M. Massi-Benedetti, I. K. Moules, A. M. Skene, and on behalf of the PROactive Investigators The Effect of Pioglitazone on Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in 2,445 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Previous Myocardial Infarction: Results From the PROactive (PROactive 05) Study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2007; 49(17): 1772 - 1780. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. K. Liao Secondary Prevention of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack: Is More Platelet Inhibition the Answer? Circulation, March 27, 2007; 115(12): 1615 - 1621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. C. Goff Jr, L. Brass, L. T. Braun, J. B. Croft, J. D. Flesch, F. G.R. Fowkes, Y. Hong, V. Howard, S. Huston, S. F. Jencks, et al. Essential Features of a Surveillance System to Support the Prevention and Management of Heart Disease and Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Epidemiology and Prevention, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Nursing and the Interdisciplinary Working Groups on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease Circulation, January 2, 2007; 115(1): 127 - 155. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Napoli, L. O. Lerman, F. de Nigris, M. Gossl, M. L. Balestrieri, and A. Lerman Rethinking Primary Prevention of Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases Circulation, December 5, 2006; 114(23): 2517 - 2527. [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Cooke, J. L. Bresette, and R. Khanna Statin use in American Indians and Alaska Natives with coronary artery disease. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., September 15, 2006; 63(18): 1717 - 1722. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Gheorghiade, G. Sopko, L. De Luca, E. J. Velazquez, J. D. Parker, P. F. Binkley, Z. Sadowski, K. S. Golba, D. L. Prior, J. L. Rouleau, et al. Navigating the Crossroads of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure Circulation, September 12, 2006; 114(11): 1202 - 1213. [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. O'Kennedy, L. Crosbie, S. Whelan, V. Luther, G. Horgan, J. I Broom, D. J Webb, and A. K Duttaroy Effects of tomato extract on platelet function: a double-blinded crossover study in healthy humans. Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2006; 84(3): 561 - 569. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. W. Rice and A. B. Lumsden Optimal Medical Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, August 1, 2006; 40(4): 312 - 327. [Abstract] [PDF]

				M. A. Whooley Depression and cardiovascular disease: healing the broken-hearted. JAMA, June 28, 2006; 295(24): 2874 - 2881. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Arima, C. Tzourio, K. Butcher, C. Anderson, M.-G. Bousser, K. R. Lees, J. L. Reid, T. Omae, M. Woodward, S. MacMahon, et al. Prior Events Predict Cerebrovascular and Coronary Outcomes in the PROGRESS Trial Stroke, June 1, 2006; 37(6): 1497 - 1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. K. Berthold, S. Unverdorben, R. Degenhardt, M. Bulitta, and I. Gouni-Berthold Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, May 17, 2006; 295(19): 2262 - 2269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Smith Jr, J. Allen, S. N. Blair, R. O. Bonow, L. M. Brass, G. C. Fonarow, S. M. Grundy, L. Hiratzka, D. Jones, H. M. Krumholz, et al. AHA/ACC Guidelines for Secondary Prevention for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2006 Update: Endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 16, 2006; 47(10): 2130 - 2139. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. C. Smith Jr, J. Allen, S. N. Blair, R. O. Bonow, L. M. Brass, G. C. Fonarow, S. M. Grundy, L. Hiratzka, D. Jones, H. M. Krumholz, et al. AHA/ACC Guidelines for Secondary Prevention for Patients With Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease: 2006 Update: Endorsed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Circulation, May 16, 2006; 113(19): 2363 - 2372. [Full Text] [PDF]

				P. Muntner, K. B. DeSalvo, R. P. Wildman, P. Raggi, J. He, and P. K. Whelton Trends in the Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors among Noninstitutionalized Patients with a History of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke Am. J. Epidemiol., May 15, 2006; 163(10): 913 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. Sondergaard, D. G. Hansen, P. Aarslev, and A. P Munck A multifaceted intervention according to the Audit Project Odense method improved secondary prevention of ischemic heart disease: a randomised controlled trial Fam. Pract., April 1, 2006; 23(2): 198 - 202. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Grundy Metabolic Syndrome: Connecting and Reconciling Cardiovascular and Diabetes Worlds J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 21, 2006; 47(6): 1093 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Circulation, March 14, 2006; 113(10): e409 - e449. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. J. Shaw, C. N. Bairey Merz, C. J. Pepine, S. E. Reis, V. Bittner, S. F. Kelsey, M. Olson, B. D. Johnson, S. Mankad, B. L. Sharaf, et al. Insights From the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part I: Gender Differences in Traditional and Novel Risk Factors, Symptom Evaluation, and Gender-Optimized Diagnostic Strategies J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S4 - S20. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. N. Bairey Merz, L. J. Shaw, S. E. Reis, V. Bittner, S. F. Kelsey, M. Olson, B. D. Johnson, C. J. Pepine, S. Mankad, B. L. Sharaf, et al. Insights From the NHLBI-Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Study: Part II: Gender Differences in Presentation, Diagnosis, and Outcome With Regard to Gender-Based Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis and Macrovascular and Microvascular Coronary Disease J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3_Suppl_S): S21 - S29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. M. Grundy Diabetes and Coronary Risk Equivalency: What does it mean? Diabetes Care, February 1, 2006; 29(2): 457 - 460. [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. L. Sacco, R. Adams, G. Albers, M. J. Alberts, O. Benavente, K. Furie, L. B. Goldstein, P. Gorelick, J. Halperin, R. Harbaugh, et al. Guidelines for Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: Co-Sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline. Stroke, February 1, 2006; 37(2): 577 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. M. Krumholz, J. L. Anderson, N. H. Brooks, F. M. Fesmire, C. T. Lambrew, M. B. Landrum, W. D. Weaver, J. Whyte, R. O. Bonow, S. J. Bennett, et al. ACC/AHA Clinical Performance Measures for Adults With ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures (Writing Committee to Develop Performance Measures on ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 3, 2006; 47(1): 236 - 265. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. J Schwiesow, J. M Nappi, and K. R Ragucci Assessment of Compliance with Lipid Guidelines in an Academic Medical Center Ann. Pharmacother., January 1, 2006; 40(1): 27 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. L. King, M. A. Williams, G. F. Fletcher, N. F. Gordon, M. Gulanick, C. N. King, A. S. Leon, B. D. Levine, F. Costa, and N. K. Wenger Medical Director Responsibilities for Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation/Secondary Prevention Programs: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association/American Association for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Circulation, November 22, 2005; 112(21): 3354 - 3360. [Full Text] [PDF]

				B. M. Massie Aspirin Use in Chronic Heart Failure: What Should We Recommend to the Practitioner? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 963 - 966. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Developed in Collaboration With the American Colle, Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society, S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 20, 2005; 46(6): 1116 - 1143. [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. A. Hunt, W. T. Abraham, M. H. Chin, A. M. Feldman, G. S. Francis, T. G. Ganiats, M. Jessup, M. A. Konstam, D. M. Mancini, K. Michl, et al. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult--Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the American College of Chest Physicians and the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: Endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society Circulation, September 20, 2005; 112(12): 1825 - 1852. [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Saseen ASHP Therapeutic Position Statement on the Daily Use of Aspirin for Preventing Cardiovascular Events Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., July 1, 2005; 62(13): 1398 - 1405. [Full Text] [PDF]

				H.-J. Priebe Perioperative myocardial infarction--aetiology and prevention Br. J. Anaesth., July 1, 2005; 95(1): 3 - 19. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. I. Rennard Clinical Approach to Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Proceedings of the ATS, April 1, 2005; 2(1): 94 - 100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Mosca, A. H. Linfante, E. J. Benjamin, K. Berra, S. N. Hayes, B. W. Walsh, R. P. Fabunmi, J. Kwan, T. Mills, and S. L. Simpson National Study of Physician Awareness and Adherence to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Guidelines Circulation, February 1, 2005; 111(4): 499 - 510. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. S. Leon, B. A. Franklin, F. Costa, G. J. Balady, K. A. Berra, K. J. Stewart, P. D. Thompson, M. A. Williams, and M. S. Lauer Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in Collaboration With the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Circulation, January 25, 2005; 111(3): 369 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. J. Gluckman, M. Sachdev, S. P. Schulman, and R. S. Blumenthal A Simplified Approach to the Management of Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes JAMA, January 19, 2005; 293(3): 349 - 357. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. E. Tinetti, S. T. Bogardus Jr., and J. V. Agostini Potential Pitfalls of Disease-Specific Guidelines for Patients with Multiple Conditions N. Engl. J. Med., December 30, 2004; 351(27): 2870 - 2874. [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Betancourt, R. B. Van Stavern, D. Share, P. Gardella, M. Martus, and S. Chaturvedi Are patients receiving maximal medical therapy following carotid endarterectomy? Neurology, December 14, 2004; 63(11): 2011 - 2015. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]