(Circulation. 2001;103:973.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Hemodynamic Effects of Tezosentan, an Intravenous Dual Endothelin Receptor Antagonist, in Patients With Class III to IV Congestive Heart Failure
From the Winters Center for Heart Failure Research, the Eugene and Judith Campbell Laboratories for Cardiac Transplantation Research (G.T.-A., J.-B.D., B.B., D.L.M., C.M.P.), and the DeBakey Heart Center (G.T.A., C.M.P.), Methodist Hospital and Houston VA Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Kaufman Center for Heart Failure (J.B.Y.), Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio; and Actelion Ltd (I.K.), Allschwil, Switzerland.
Correspondence to Guillermo Torre-Amione, MD, Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Texas Medical Center, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail gtorre{at}bcm.tmc.edu
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background—Endothelin-1, a powerful mediator of vasoconstriction, is increased in patients with congestive heart failure and appears to be a prognostic marker that strongly is correlated with the severity of disease. However, little is known about the potential immediate beneficial effects of acute blockade of the endothelin system in patients with symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. We assessed the hemodynamic effects and safety of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.
Methods and Results—This randomized placebo-controlled study evaluated the hemodynamic effects of 6-hour infusions of tezosentan at 5, 20, 50, and 100 mg/h compared with placebo in 61 patients with New York Heart Association class III to IV heart failure. Plasma endothelin-1 and tezosentan concentrations were also determined. Treatment with tezosentan caused a dose-dependent increase in cardiac index ranging from 24.4% to 49.9% versus 3.0% with placebo. Tezosentan also dose-dependently reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances, with no change in heart rate. No episodes of ventricular tachycardia or hypotension requiring drug termination were observed during tezosentan infusion. Tezosentan administration resulted in dose-related increased plasma endothelin-1 concentrations.
Conclusions—The present study demonstrated that tezosentan can be safely administered to patients with moderate to severe heart failure and that by virtue of its ability to antagonize the effects of endothelin-1, it induced vasodilatory responses leading to a significant improvement in cardiac index. Further studies are under way to determine the clinical effects of tezosentan in the setting of acute heart failure.
Key Words: endothelin • hemodynamics • heart failure
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Treatment of the symptoms of acute heart failure requires rapid improvement in the hemodynamic profile of the patient without further aggravation of the cardiac status. Conventional pharmacological management of heart failure includes the use of diuretics, positive inotropes, vasodilators, and inodilators in combination or as single therapy.1 2 3 4 The beneficial effects of these agents must be balanced against potential side effects, including the activation of neurohormones, risk of hypotension, possibility for arrhythmia, and deleterious cardiac effects. Despite obvious advances in the management of this important clinical syndrome, new and novel pharmacological agents for its treatment are still needed.
Endothelin (ET)-1, a powerful mediator of vasoconstriction, is increased in patients with heart failure,5 and progressively higher plasma concentrations are found in patients as their functional status deteriorates.6 7 ET-1 binds to 2 receptors, ETA and ETB.8 ETA receptors are found in smooth muscle cells and mediate vasoconstriction and proliferation.9 Under physiological conditions, ETB receptors, present in the brain, endothelium, and certain smooth muscle cells, play a role in endothelium-dependent vascular smooth muscle relaxation.10 In experimental heart failure, ETB receptor expression is upregulated, and these receptors become capable of mediating vasoconstriction and participate in the development of cardiac fibrosis.11 12 13 14 These findings suggest that both ETA and ETB receptors may play roles in the pathophysiological effects of excess ET-1. Therefore, it seems reasonable to postulate that dual ETA/ETB receptor antagonists might have specific advantages in heart failure, such as improving central and peripheral hemodynamics and blunting vascular hypertrophy and remodeling. Short-term studies with 2 oral long-acting ET receptor antagonists (bosentan and LU135252) developed for the treatment of chronic heart failure support the notion that antagonism of the effects of excess ET-1 improves hemodynamics.15 16 17
Tezosentan (Ro 61-0612) is a highly specific potent ET receptor antagonist that inhibits ET-1 binding to both ETA and ETB receptors.18 Tezosentan has been optimized for clinical use in acute indications requiring the rapid onset of action. It is water soluble, thus allowing intravenous administration, and a short half-life facilitates adjustment of its hemodynamic effects. Tezosentan was found to be pharmacologically active with a rapid onset of action in several animal models of heart failure, ischemic renal failure, and hypertension.18 The present study was designed to assess the acute hemodynamic actions of tezosentan and its safety in patients with moderate to severe heart failure.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of 4 dosages of tezosentan infused over 6 hours with hemodynamic measurements performed during the infusion. The study, approved by the respective ethical committees, was conducted in parallel at 2 centers: Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex, and The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio. All patients gave written informed consent.
Study Patients
The study population included males and females
(surgically sterile, postmenopausal, or on contraceptives) between the
ages of 18 to 70 years with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III
to IV congestive heart failure (CHF) caused by ischemic or nonischemic
heart disease and a left ventricular ejection fraction <35%. To
qualify for enrollment, patients who were undergoing clinically
indicated right heart catheterization for either heart transplant
evaluation or acute heart failure were required to have a pulmonary
capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) >18 mm Hg and a cardiac index (CI)
<2.5
L · min-1 · m-2.
All patients must have been receiving established medications for heart
failure, including a diuretic and an ACE inhibitor, unless intolerance
or contraindication could be documented. The dosages of background
medications must have been stable for 
1 week before the initiation of
the study. Exclusion criteria included severe hypertension, clinically
significant hypotension (systolic blood pressure <85 mm Hg),
myocardial infarction within the last 4 weeks, unstable angina,
hemodynamically relevant cardiac arrhythmias, and other serious
systemic diseases.
Study Procedures
Qualified patients were randomized to receive 1 of 4
dosages of tezosentan (5, 20, 50, or 100 mg/h) or placebo administered
via the infusion port of the Swan-Ganz catheter at a constant rate of
0.133 mL/min for 6 hours. The infusion rate could be decreased by half
once or twice in case of systolic arterial blood pressure <80 mm Hg,
but in no case was this necessary. Background treatments for heart
failure were not administered on the day of the study. In addition,
drugs such as sympathomimetics, injectable diuretics, intravenous
nitrates, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (ie, milrinone), and injectable
antiarrhythmics, which might interfere with the effects of tezosentan,
were not to be administered within 12 hours before catheterization or
on the day of the study; use of these agents during this period
excluded the patient from the standard (protocol-correct)
analysis.
Patients were monitored in the intensive care or heart failure unit for the entire duration of the study. After the infusion, patients remained overnight in the hospital and were discharged after a follow-up check.
Hemodynamic Measurements
Hemodynamic variables were assessed 30 minutes before
(first baseline measurement), immediately before (second baseline
measurement), and every 30 minutes during the 6-hour infusion. Cardiac
output was determined by the thermodilution technique. PCWP, systolic
and diastolic pulmonary artery pressures, and mean right atrial
pressure were obtained during expiration. Arterial pressures were
measured with a pressure transducer in the arterial line. Heart rate
was derived from the continuously monitored ECG. CI, stroke index, and
systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances were calculated according
to standard formulas.
Neurohormone and Pharmacokinetic
Measurements
Blood samples for ET-1 and tezosentan assessments
were taken through the cordis sheath of the catheter at 0, 1, 3, 6, 7,
8, and 20 to 24 hours after the start of the infusion. Plasma ET-1
concentrations were determined by a quantitative sandwich enzyme
immunoassay with chemiluminescence (R&D Systems Europe), with a lower
limit of quantification of 0.16 pg/mL. Plasma tezosentan concentrations
were determined by using a validated liquid chromatography–tandem mass
spectrometry method with a limit of quantification of 2.50
ng/mL.
Safety Data
Adverse events were monitored throughout the infusion
and until discharge. Serious adverse events, whether related or
unrelated to treatment, that came to the attention of the investigator
within 28 days after stopping treatment were also reported. ECG,
routine clinical laboratory tests (hematology, multipanel blood
chemistry, and urinalysis), and vital signs (blood pressure and pulse
rate) were assessed at baseline and at follow-up
(discharge).
Statistical Analysis
All patients were included in the safety analysis.
For hemodynamic evaluation, 4 patients (1 from each tezosentan dosage
group) were excluded from the primary (per-protocol) analysis because
of major protocol violations that could interfere with evaluation of
the drug. The decision to exclude these patients was made before the
results of the double-blind study were revealed. The primary efficacy
parameter was mean change from baseline to the end of infusion (hour 6)
in CI for each tezosentan group compared with placebo, which was tested
by use of the Dunnett 1-tailed test (
=0.05); the corresponding
2-tailed 90% confidence limits derived from the Dunnett test
were calculated. As a confirming analysis, 2-tailed 95% Dunnett
confidence limits were also calculated. Mean changes from baseline to
hour 6 for secondary variables (PCWP, pulmonary artery pressures
[systolic, diastolic, and mean], mean right atrial pressure, arterial
pressures [systolic, diastolic, and mean], heart rate, stroke index,
and vascular resistances [systemic and pulmonary]) were displayed
with 95% confidence limits. Demographic, baseline, pharmacokinetic,
pharmacodynamic, and safety parameters were analyzed descriptively or
tabulated.
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
A total of 61 patients were randomized into the present study. All patients were included in the safety analyses, but 1 patient from each tezosentan group was excluded from efficacy analyses: 3 were excluded because of protocol-prohibited concomitant medication (furosemide), and 1 was excluded because a leaky catheter resulted in an incorrect infusion rate. The decision to exclude these patients was made before revealing the results and was based on the supposition that the violations could interfere with the ability to interpret the actual hemodynamic effects of tezosentan. In all parameters assessed, results from the intent-to-treat analysis, which included all enrolled patients, were very similar to those of the standard analysis in the present study; statistical results were identical with 2 exceptions: changes from baseline (1) in pulmonary vascular resistance with 5 mg/h tezosentan and (2) in mean pulmonary arterial pressure with 50 mg/h did not reach statistical significance in the intent-to-treat population.
No patients were prematurely discontinued from the present
study. Despite the small number of patients, the 5 treatment groups
were fairly well matched, with the exception of heart failure cause
(Table 1
). A greater proportion of patients in the 50
and 100 mg/h tezosentan groups had ischemic heart disease than in other
groups, and correspondingly fewer had dilated cardiomyopathy. The mean
age of patients in the treatment groups ranged from 55 to 64 years.
Most patients were male (73% to 92%) and white (54% to
73%).
|
All patients in the study were taking concomitant
medications for CHF before the study with no obvious differences among
treatment groups
(Table 1
). Nearly all patients were taking furosemide (range
85% to 100%), a few were taking torsemide or bumetanide,
>73% were taking digoxin, and 73% to 100% were taking an ACE or
angiotensin II inhibitor.
Hemodynamic Effects
Cardiac Index
At baseline, CI was similar in all treatment groups,
ranging from 1.78±0.11
L · min-1 · m-2
in the 100-mg/h group to 2.04±0.09
L · min-1 · m-2
in the 20-mg/h group
(Table 2). Tezosentan infusion produced a dose-dependent
increase in CI
(Figure 1). The improvement in CI was apparent as early as 30
minutes and peaked within the first 90 to 120 minutes of drug infusion.
Compared with placebo, the increases in CI observed in the tezosentan
groups were clearly larger, reaching statistical significance with the
100-mg/h infusion (treatment effect, 0.72
L · min-1 · m-2).
At hour 6 of the infusion, the change (mean±SE) from baseline in CI
was significant in each tezosentan-treated group (26.9±6.8%,
24.4±8.8%, 30.9±13.6%, and 49.9±13.9% for 5, 20, 50, and 100
mg/h, respectively). In contrast, the change from baseline in the
placebo group was not significant (3.0±6.1%). Dose-trend analysis of
the change from baseline to the end of treatment (hour 6) in CI with
the 4 tezosentan dosages showed a significant dose relationship
(P=0.038).
|
|
Other Hemodynamic Variables
Treatment with each of the 4 dosages of tezosentan
resulted in decreases in PCWP, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and
systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances
(Figure 2). The change from baseline to hour 6 for each of
these parameters was significant in most tezosentan-treated groups but
was not significant in the placebo group
(Table 2).
|
Treatment with tezosentan was associated with small
decreases from baseline in mean blood pressure, occurring primarily
within the first 90 minutes of infusion and reaching statistical
significance only in the 100-mg/h group
(Table 2,
Figure 3A). No instances of symptomatic hypotension were
observed, and no dose reduction was needed. There were no significant
changes in heart rate as assessed by continuous telemetry in the
tezosentan-treated groups
(Table 2,
Figure 3B).
|
Safety of Tezosentan
As would be expected in this patient population, there
were many adverse events reported. The incidence of adverse events
(including those considered unrelated to the study drug) in the
tezosentan groups ranged from 38.5% to 81.8%. All combined, 62.0% of
the patients receiving tezosentan (n=50) experienced at least 1 adverse
event compared with 63.6% in the placebo group (n=11). Overall, there
were few adverse events considered treatment-related, and no apparent
relationship to dose was observed for any individual event
(Table 3). There was no evidence of a rebound effect (eg,
worsening of heart failure) either within the first 24 hours after the
start of infusion or the next 28 days. No deaths occurred during
treatment. One patient awaiting cardiac transplantation who had
received tezosentan (100 mg/h) experienced ventricular fibrillation and
died 5 days after the end of infusion, but the death was considered
unrelated to tezosentan.
|
During the 28 days after the infusion, 3 (27%) of the 11 patients on placebo and 9 (18%) of the 50 patients on tezosentan experienced a serious adverse event. All 12 serious adverse events were judged to be unrelated to treatment and showed no relationship to treatment or dose.
There were no episodes of ventricular tachycardia requiring drug termination or pharmacological or electrical cardioversion. No signs of hemodynamic rebound were observed when tezosentan infusion was stopped. No clinically relevant differences in heart rate or blood pressure or changes in serum chemical parameters, including liver function tests, were observed between the placebo- and tezosentan-treated groups.
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic
Variables
The plasma concentration of tezosentan was dose
dependent, with near maximum concentrations reached within the first
hour of the infusion
(Figure 4A). When the infusion was stopped, tezosentan
concentration rapidly declined to near baseline (zero) within 1 hour,
consistent with the short half-life of the drug.
|
Plasma concentrations of ET-1 rapidly increased during
infusion with tezosentan in a dose-dependent manner
(Figure 4B). When the infusion was stopped, ET-1
concentrations rapidly decreased within the first 2 hours in
tezosentan-treated patients.
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
This double-blind placebo-controlled study in patients with moderate to severe CHF demonstrated that intravenous infusion of the dual ET receptor antagonist tezosentan resulted in rapid dose-dependent improvements in central and peripheral hemodynamic parameters and was well tolerated. The effect of tezosentan on CI, the primary efficacy parameter, was evident after only 30 minutes and was statistically significant at the 6-hour end point. Tezosentan also dose-dependently decreased PCWP, pulmonary artery pressures, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances, and blood pressure but had no consistent effect on heart rate.
The likely mechanism by which tezosentan improved CI is the antagonism of the vasoconstrictor effect of ET-1. ET receptors are present in both arterial and venous vessels,19 and the hemodynamic responses to tezosentan suggest that it blocks these receptors in both arteries and veins. Another potential benefit of ET receptor antagonism may be related to its effect on the contractile state of the heart. Although ET-1 exerts positive inotropic effects in normal myocardium,20 experimental and clinical evidence suggests that in failing myocardium, ET-1 exerts negative inotropic effects.21 22 Accordingly, antagonizing the deleterious actions of excessive ET-1 in patients with heart failure may restore contractile properties of the failing myocardium. Regardless of the mechanism by which tezosentan improved hemodynamics, it was achieved in the absence of significant hypotension or arrhythmia.
In the failing myocardium, experimental and patient data suggest an alteration in ET receptor sensitivity, such that the response to ETA receptor stimulation is diminished and the activation of ETB receptors is enhanced, resulting in a relatively greater vasoconstrictor response.23 Additionally, both the ETA and ETB pathways may contribute to myocardial hypertrophy in vivo,24 25 26 27 28 29 as suggested by the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells and increased collagen turnover caused by long-term in vitro exposure to ET.30 31 Therefore, the ability of tezosentan to compete for both ETA and ETB receptors18 may be more advantageous than selective antagonism of either receptor.
Short-term goals of heart failure management are to relieve symptoms such as shortness of breath, decreased exercise tolerance, and lower-extremity edema and to improve functional capacity and quality of life. Long-term goals include decreasing mortality and slowing or reversing the underlying cardiac structural abnormalities. Conventional treatment, including the use of catecholamine-like drugs, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, nitrates, direct vasodilators, and diuretics, has achieved only limited success, inasmuch as this syndrome continues to carry an extremely poor prognosis. Moreover, these drugs are capable of inducing significant ischemia, increasing the incidence of arrhythmia,32 and producing symptomatic hypotension.33 In the case of nitrates, continuous therapy can provoke the development of early tolerance.34 Therefore, the ideal agent should substantially improve hemodynamics without a significant effect on ischemic burden or arrhythmogenicity and should maintain its effectiveness.
Studies with oral ET receptor antagonists such as bosentan15 16 (mixed receptor antagonist) and LU13525217 (selective ETA antagonist) indicate that short-term treatment with bolus intravenous or oral dosages is associated with improved systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics. The short-term effects are promising, but these compounds are being developed for the chronic treatment of heart failure. Only long-term studies will determine whether the short-term effects translate into long-term benefit. In contrast, tezosentan is being developed specifically for the short-term intravenous treatment of acute heart failure; therefore, its immediate hemodynamic effects will determine its value in the setting of acute heart failure.
In summary, the present study demonstrated that dual ET receptor antagonism in patients with moderate to severe heart failure led to an improved hemodynamic profile and was safe and well tolerated. Moreover, these observations add to the already impressive body of evidence supporting the importance of the ET system in the pathophysiology of heart failure. Finally, the present study provides the rationale for conducting larger studies to define the full clinical benefits of tezosentan in patients with acute heart failure.
|
Acknowledgments |
|---|
This study was supported by a grant from Actelion, Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Guest Editor for this article was Bertram Pitt, MD, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Mich.
Received August 3, 2000; revision received October 6, 2000; accepted October 16, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
-
Heart
Failure Society of America. Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA)
practice guidelines: HFSA guidelines for management of patients with
heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic
dysfunction–pharmacological approaches.
J Card Fail. 1999;5:357–382.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Heart failure:
evaluation and treatment of patients with left ventricular systolic
dysfunction: Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR).
J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998;46:525–529.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Stevenson L.
Inotropic therapy for heart failure.
N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1848–1850.
[Free Full Text]
-
Coodley E. Newer
drug therapy for congestive heart failure.
Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:1177–1183.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Margulies KB,
Hildebrand FL Jr, Lerman A, et al. Increased endothelin in
experimental heart failure.
Circulation. 1990;82:2226–2230.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Krum H, Goldsmith R,
Wilshire-Clement M, et al. Role of endothelin in the exercise
intolerance of chronic heart failure.
Am J Cardiol. 1995;75:1282–1283.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Pacher R, Stanek B,
Hulsmann M, et al. Prognostic impact of big endothelin-1 plasma
concentrations compared with invasive hemodynamic evaluation in severe
heart failure. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 1996;27:633–641.[Abstract]
-
Sakurai T,
Yanagisawa M, Masaki T. Molecular characterization of endothelin
receptors. Trends Pharmacol
Sci. 1992;13:103–108.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Ohlstein E, Douglas
S. Endothelin-1 modulates vascular smooth muscle structure and
vasomotion: implications in cardiovascular pathology.
Drug Dev Res. 1993;29:108–128.
-
Takayanagi R,
Kitazumi K, Takasaki C, et al. Presence of non-selective type of
endothelin receptor on vascular endothelium and its linkage to
vasodilation. FEBS Lett. 1991;282:103–106.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Kobayashi T,
Miyauchi T, Sakai S, et al. Expression of endothelin-1, ETA and ETB
receptors, and ECE and distribution of endothelin-1 in failing rat
heart. Am J Physiol. 1999;276:H1197–H1206.
-
Picard P, Smith
PJ, Monge JC, et al. Coordinated upregulation of the cardiac endothelin
system in a rat model of heart failure.
J Cardiovasc Pharmacol.
1998;31(suppl 1):S294–S297.
-
Docherty CC,
MacLean MR. Endothelin B receptors in rabbit pulmonary resistance
arteries: effect of left ventricular dysfunction.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998;284:895–903.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Cannan CR, Burnett
JC Jr, Lerman A. Enhanced coronary vasoconstriction to
endothelin-B-receptor activation in experimental congestive heart
failure. Circulation. 1996;93:646–651.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Kiowski W, Sütsch
G, Hunziker P, et al. Evidence for endothelin-1-mediated
vasoconstriction in severe chronic heart failure.
Lancet. 1995;346:732–736.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Sütsch G,
Kiowski W, Yan X-W, et al. Short-term oral endothelin-receptor
antagonist therapy in conventionally treated patients with symptomatic
severe chronic heart failure.
Circulation. 1998;98:2262–2268.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Spieker LE,
Mitrovic V, Noll G, et al. Acute hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects
of selective ETA receptor blockade in patients
with congestive heart failure. J Am
Coll Cardiol. 2000;35:1745–1752.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Clozel M, Ramuz H,
Clozel J, et al. Pharmacology of tezosentan, new endothelin receptor
antagonist designed for parenteral use.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;290:840–846.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Seo B, Oemar B,
Siebenmann R, et al. Both ETA and ETB receptors mediate contraction to
endothelin-1 in human blood vessels.
Circulation. 1994;89:1203–1208.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Miyauchi T, Masaki
T. Pathophysiology of endothelin in the cardiovascular system.
Annu Rev Physiol. 1999;61:391–415.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Onishi K, Ohno M,
Little W, et al. Endogenous endothelin-1 depresses left ventricular
systolic and diastolic performance in congestive heart failure.
J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;288:1214–1222.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
MacCarthy PA,
Grocott-Mason R, Prendergast BD, et al. Contrasting inotropic effects
of endogenous endothelin in the normal and failing human heart: studies
with an intracoronary ET(A) receptor antagonist.
Circulation. 2000;101:142–147.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Love M, Haynes W,
Gray G, et al. Vasodilator effects of endothelin-converting enzyme
inhibition and endothelin ETA receptor blockade in chronic heart
failure patients treated with ACE inhibitors.
Circulation. 1996;94:2131–2137.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Hocher B, George
I, Rebstock J, et al. Endothelin system-dependent cardiac remodeling in
renovascular hypertension.
Hypertension. 1999;33:816–822.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Matsumura Y,
Hashimoto N, Taira S, et al. Different contributions of endothelin-A
and endothelin-B receptors in the pathogenesis of deoxycorticosterone
acetate-salt-induced hypertension in rats.
Hypertension. 1999;33:759–765.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Oie E, Bjonerheim
R, Grogaard HK, et al. ET-receptor antagonism, myocardial gene
expression, and ventricular remodeling during CHF in rats.
Am J Physiol. 1998;275:H868–H877.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Schunkert H,
Orzechowski HD, Bocker W, et al. The cardiac endothelin system in
established pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy.
J Mol Med. 1999;77:623–630.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Serneri GG,
Modesti PA, Boddi M, et al. Cardiac growth factors in human
hypertrophy: relations with myocardial contractility and wall stress.
Circ Res. 1999;85:57–67.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Ueno M, Miyauchi
T, Sakai S, et al. Effects of physiological or pathological pressure
load in vivo on myocardial expression of ET-1 and receptors.
Am J Physiol. 1999;277:R1321–R1330.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Shubeita H,
McDonough P, Harris A, et al. Endothelin induction of inositol
phospholipid hydrolysis, sarcomere assembly, and cardiac gene
expression in ventricular myocytes: a paracrine mechanism for
myocardial cell hypertrophy. J Biol
Chem. 1990;265:20555–20562.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Guarda E, Katwa L,
Myers P, et al. Effects of endothelins on collagen turnover in cardiac
fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res. 1883;27:2130–2134.
-
Parmley W. Factors
causing arrhythmias in chronic congestive heart failure.
Am Heart J. 1987;114:1267–1272.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Lindenfeld J,
Lowes B, Bristow M. Hypotension with dobutamine: beta-adrenergic
antagonist selectivity at low doses of carvedilol.
Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:1266–12679.[Abstract]
-
Elkayam U,
Kulick D, McIntosh N, et al. Incidence of early tolerance to
hemodynamic effects of continuous infusion of nitroglycerin in patients
with coronary artery disease and heart failure.
Circulation. 1987;76:577–584.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. J. V. McMurray, J. R. Teerlink, G. Cotter, R. C. Bourge, J. G. F. Cleland, G. Jondeau, H. Krum, M. Metra, C. M. O'Connor, J. D. Parker, et al. Effects of Tezosentan on Symptoms and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Acute Heart Failure: The VERITAS Randomized Controlled Trials JAMA, November 7, 2007; 298(17): 2009 - 2019. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Konrad, M. Haney, G. Johansson, M. Wanecek, E. Weitzberg, and A. Oldner Cardiac effects of endothelin receptor antagonism in endotoxemic pigs Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2007; 293(2): H988 - H996. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. Battistini, N. Berthiaume, N. F. Kelland, D. J. Webb, and D. E. Kohan Profile of Past and Current Clinical Trials Involving Endothelin Receptor Antagonists: The Novel "-Sentan" Class of Drug. Experimental Biology and Medicine, June 1, 2006; 231(6): 653 - 695. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care, Authors/Task Force Members, M. S. Nieminen, M. Bohm, M. R. Cowie, H. Drexler, G. S. Filippatos, G. Jondeau, Y. Hasin, J. Lopez-Sendon, et al. Executive summary of the guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of acute heart failure: The Task Force on Acute Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2005; 26(4): 384 - 416. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Yan, R. T. Yan, and P. P. Liu Narrative Review: Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Heart Failure: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials Ann Intern Med, January 18, 2005; 142(2): 132 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M Tovar and J. G Gums Tezosentan in the Treatment of Acute Heart Failure Ann. Pharmacother., December 1, 2003; 37(12): 1877 - 1883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D B McKenzie and A J Cowley Drug therapy in chronic heart failure Postgrad. Med. J., November 1, 2003; 79(937): 634 - 642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Torre-Amione, J. B. Young, W. S. Colucci, B. S. Lewis, C. Pratt, G. Cotter, K. Stangl, U. Elkayam, J. R. Teerlink, A. Frey, et al. Hemodynamic and clinical effects of tezosentan, an intravenous dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 2, 2003; 42(1): 140 - 147. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Kaluski, I. Kobrin, R. Zimlichman, A. Marmor, O. Krakov, O. Milo, A. Frey, S. Kaplan, R. Krakover, A. Caspi, et al. RITZ-5: randomized intravenousTeZosentan (an endothelin-A/B antagonist)for the treatment of pulmonary edema: A prospective, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 15, 2003; 41(2): 204 - 210. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. P. Rossi, C. Ganzaroli, M. Cesari, A. Maresca, M. Plebani, G. G. Nussdorfer, and A. C. Pessina Endothelin receptor blockade lowers plasma aldosterone levels via different mechanisms in primary aldosteronism and high-to-normal renin hypertension Cardiovasc Res, January 1, 2003; 57(1): 277 - 283. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fraccarollo, J. Bauersachs, M. Kellner, P. Galuppo, and G. Ertl Cardioprotection by long-term ETA receptor blockade and ACE inhibition in rats with congestive heart failure: mono- versus combination therapy Cardiovasc Res, April 1, 2002; 54(1): 85 - 94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. O. Cheng Endothelin Receptor Blockade in Congestive Heart Failure Circulation, October 30, 2001; 104 (18): e96 - e96. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Torre-Amione, J.-B. Durand, S. Nagueh, M. T. Vooletich, I. Kobrin, and C. Pratt A Pilot Safety Trial of Prolonged (48 h) Infusion of the Dual Endothelin-Receptor Antagonist Tezosentan in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure Chest, August 1, 2001; 120(2): 460 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Nonselective Endothelin Receptor Antagonist Improves Hemodynamics in CHF Patients Journal Watch Cardiology, May 4, 2001; 2001(504): 11 - 11. [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. E. Spieker, G. Noll, F. T. Ruschitzka, and T. F. Luscher Endothelin receptor antagonists in congestive heart failure: a new therapeutic principle for the future? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 1, 2001; 37(6): 1493 - 1505. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||