(Circulation. 2001;103:871.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Magnetic Resonance Characterization of the Peri-Infarction Zone of Reperfused Myocardial Infarction With Necrosis-Specific and Extracellular Nonspecific Contrast Media
From Departments of Radiology (M.S., G.L., M.F.W., J.B., C.B.H.), University of California, San Francisco, Calif, and Schering AG (H.-J.W.), Berlin, Germany.
Correspondence to Maythem Saeed, DVM, PhD, Department of Radiology, UCSF, 505 Parnassus Ave, L308, San Francisco, CA 94143-0628. E-mail Maythem.Saeed{at}radiology.ucsf.edu
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Abstract |
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Background—Because ischemically injured myocardium is frequently composed of viable and nonviable portions, a method to discriminate the two is useful for clinical management.
Methods and
Results—Ischemically injured myocardium was
characterized with extracellular nonspecific (Gd-DTPA) and
necrosis-specific (mesoporphyrin) MR contrast media in rats. Relaxation
rates (R1) were measured on day 1 and day 2 by inversion-recovery
echoplanar imaging. Spin-echo imaging was used to define
contrast-enhanced regions and regional wall thickening. Gadolinium
concentration, area at risk, and infarct size were measured at
postmortem examination. 
R1 ratio
(R1myocardium/R1blood)
after administration of Gd-DTPA was greater in ischemically injured
myocardium (1.20±0.15) than in normal myocardium (0.47±0.05,
P<0.05), which was attributed
to differences in gadolinium concentration and water content. The
Gd-DTPA–enhanced region on day 2 was larger (32.8±0.9%) than true
infarction as demonstrated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)
(24.6±1.4%, P<0.001,
r=0.21). Bland-Altman analysis
revealed that the Gd-DTPA–enhanced region overestimated true infarct
size by 7.8±5.9%. On the other hand, the mesoporphyrin-enhanced
region (26.9±1.8%, P=NS,
r=0.87) and true infarct size
were identical. The difference in the areas demarcated by the 2 agents
is the peri-infarction. Systolic and diastolic MR images revealed no
wall thickening in the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region (0.3±3.3%) but
reduced thickening in the Gd-DTPA–enhanced rim (8.5±5.5%,
P<0.05).
Conclusions—The Gd-DTPA–enhanced region encompasses both viable and nonviable portions of the ischemically injured myocardium. The Gd-DTPA–enhanced area overestimated infarct size, but the mesoporphyrin-enhanced area matched true infarct size. The salvageable peri-infarction zone can be characterized with double-contrast–enhanced and functional MR imaging; the mismatched area of enhancement between the 2 agents shows residual wall thickening.
Key Words: magnetic resonance imaging • myocardial infarction
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Introduction |
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Timely coronary artery reperfusion reduces infarct size and improves left ventricular (LV) function.1 2 It has been suggested that preservation of the rim of injured myocardium might be sufficient to prevent or lessen infarct expansion and LV remodeling.3 4 Therefore, detection of residual viability in ischemically injured myocardium and accurate sizing of nontransmural infarction are critical for management decisions.
MR contrast media have been used for detection and characterization of myocardial injuries.5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Extracellular MR contrast media such as Gd-DTPA are passively distributed into the interstitium from intact capillaries in normal myocardium. Disruption of cellular membrane, expansion of interstitium, and increased blood volume provide an expanded distribution volume for these agents. Several studies12 13 14 have indicated that nonspecific extracellular contrast media overestimate infarct size, suggesting that the enhanced region encompasses both viable and nonviable portions. Until recently, the peri-infarction zone has not been mapped and characterized with a single technique because of spatial or contrast-resolution constraints of available imaging techniques.
A new contrast-enhanced MR imaging method has been described recently for sizing the peri-infarction zone.14 Paramagnetic metalloporphyrins, represented by mesoporphyrin, are known to be tumor-specific MR contrast media.15 Ni et al16 have converted metalloporphyrins from tumor-seeking agents into markers of necrotic myocardium. Mesoporphyrin provides accurate sizing of occlusive and reperfused infarctions.17 18 19
The purpose of this study was (1) to characterize the peri-infarction zone in moderately injured myocardium by use of the combination of Gd-DTPA and mesoporphyrin MR contrast media and (2) to determine the function (wall thickening) of regions enhanced by Gd-DTPA and mesoporphyrin. The major hypothesis of this study is that the difference in the areas demarcated by the 2 agents is the salvageable border zone with reduced but residual contractile function.
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Methods |
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MR Contrast Media
The nonspecific gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA) and necrosis-specific bis-gadolinium-mesoporphyrin (mesoporphyrin) were synthesized by Schering AG. T1 and T2 relaxivities of mesoporphyrin are higher (8.9 and 8.9 mmol-1 · s-1) than Gd-DTPA (3.7 and 5.6 mmol-1 · s-1). The molecular weights of Gd-DTPA and mesoporphyrin are 938 and 1697 Da, respectively.20 21
Experimental Protocol
Animal care and use was in accordance with the
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals.
Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from Simonson Laboratory (Modesto,
Calif). Anesthetized rats (n=20) were subjected to 30 minutes of
coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. Four rats died
immediately after coronary occlusion due to ventricular arrhythmia.
Ischemically injured myocardium after 30 minutes of occlusion is
expected to contain viable and nonviable
portions.22 Two groups were
studied (n=8 rats per group). Group 1 animals received 0.3 mmol/kg
Gd-DTPA on day 1 (2-hour reperfusion) and on day 2 (24-hour
reperfusion) and were imaged after each injection. Group 2 animals
received 0.05 mmol/kg mesoporphyrin on day 1 (2-hour reperfusion) and
were imaged on day 2 (24-hour reperfusion); then, 0.3 mmol/kg Gd-DTPA
was administered, and another set of images was acquired. To directly
compare the size and extent of the enhanced regions, the following
steps were taken: (1) mesoporphyrin- and Gd-DTPA–enhanced areas were
determined in a single imaging session on day 2 without removal of the
animal from the magnet; (2) identical imaging parameters were used to
measure the enhanced areas and wall thickening; and (3) MR images were
acquired at identical times after the contrast
injection.
MR Imaging
ECG-triggered MR images were acquired with a
2.0-T system (Bruker Instruments). Inversion-recovery echo-planar
(IR-EPI) MR images were used to monitor regional changes in T1. Each T1
value was obtained from a set of 20 images. The imaging parameters have
been described previously.23
Regional T1 (normal, ischemically injured myocardium and LV blood) was
measured every 5 minutes for 30 minutes at 2 and 24 hours of
reperfusion in group 1 rats and at 24 hours of reperfusion in group 2
animals. A relaxation rate (R1) value was derived from 1/T1. The R1
ratio
(R1myocardium/R1blood)
provides an approximation of partition coefficients and fractional
distribution volume (fDV) of
Gd-DTPA.10 11 We
calculated fDV using the formula fDV=R1
ratio(myocardium/blood)x
(1-hematocrit).10 11 22
T1-weighted spin-echo images were acquired after IR-EPI (30
minutes after Gd-DTPA). A single imaging sequence was used to measure
regional signal intensity (SI) and contrast (SI ischemically injured/SI
normal myocardium), determine the size of the differentially enhanced
myocardium, and measure wall thickening between end-diastolic (QRS
complex) and end-systolic images (
45% R-R interval time). The
imaging parameters have been described
previously.14 SI values were
normalized to SI of Gd-DTPA phantom (T1=1.1 seconds), which was
included in each image acquisition. Heterogeneity in vascular
distribution resulted in a high degree of intersubject variability in
the injured area after coronary occlusion. Therefore, measurements of
wall thickening were done in accordance with the extent of enhanced
regions with Gd-DTPA and mesoporphyrin. LV wall thickening was
determined in the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region and rim of the
Gd-DTPA–enhanced region and in the remote region represented by the
centers of the posterior and septal walls.
Postmortem Measurements
After imaging, the coronary artery was reoccluded.
Phthalocyanine blue dye was injected intravenously to demarcate the
area at risk. The LV was sliced into 2-mm-thick sections corresponding
to MR images and scanned with a flatbed scanner (LaCie Limited)
connected to a computer (Apple Computer). Slices were incubated in 2%
triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) and rescanned, and the infarcted
region was traced with National Institutes of Health image-analysis
software. Regional Gd-DTPA concentration was measured by inductive
coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Schering AG), and myocardial water
content was determined with the wet/dry weight
ratio.
Statistics
Data were presented as mean±SEM. Measurements were
compared between the 2 groups by ANOVA and Scheffé’s F test. Linear
regression and Bland-Altman analysis were used to determine correlation
and agreement between MR and histomorphometry. The null hypothesis was
rejected for
P<0.05.
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Results |
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Characterization of Gd-DTPA–Enhanced Region (Group 1)
On baseline IR-EPI, T1 values were higher in ischemically injured myocardium (1.15±0.03 seconds) than in normal myocardium (1.05±0.03 seconds, P<0.05). Gd-DTPA caused greater reduction in T1 of ischemically injured myocardium (0.20±0.04 seconds) than that of normal myocardium (0.40±0.03 seconds, P<0.05). Peak reduction in T1 was noted 5 minutes after Gd-DTPA.
R1 ratio was greater in
ischemically injured myocardium (1.20±0.15) than in normal myocardium
(0.47±0.05, P<0.05) and was
almost constant after 10 minutes
(Figure 1
), indicating near-equilibrium distribution of
Gd-DTPA between blood and myocardium. Because a near-equilibrium
condition was reached, fDV could be estimated from the R1
ratio.10 11 22
fDV of Gd-DTPA was identical on day 1 and day 2 in normal (0.21±0.02)
and ischemically injured (0.62±0.08) myocardium.
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Ischemically injured myocardium was discernible as a bright
zone (SI=0.64±0.12 arbitrary units [AU]) compared with normal
myocardium (0.42±0.09 AU,
P<0.05) after Gd-DTPA but was
not discriminated on precontrast spin-echo images
(Figure 2). Prolonged reperfusion (22 hours) resulted in no
significant change in contrast (1.58±0.06 on day 1 versus 1.61±0.06
on day 2) on Gd-DTPA–enhanced images. However, the Gd-DTPA–enhanced
region was smaller on day 2 (32.8±0.9% of LV surface area) than on
day 1 (37.0±0.5%, P<0.0001)
(Figure 3). Linear regression analysis showed poor
correlation between true infarct size demarcated by TTC and the
Gd-DTPA–enhanced region on day 1 (Y=36.6+0.013xX,
r=0.04,
P=NS) and on day 2
(Y=29.7+0.19xX, r=0.21,
P=NS). On day 1, Bland-Altman
analysis revealed an overestimation of infarct size (12.4±4.1% of LV
surface area) on the Gd-DTPA–enhanced region compared with true
infarct size as defined by TTC (24.6±1.4%). The overestimation
of infarct size by Gd-DTPA (8.3±4.1% of LV surface area) was less on
day 2. On both days, the Gd-DTPA–enhanced region was smaller than the
true area at risk defined at postmortem examination (49.6±1.9% of LV
surface area, P<0.001)
(Figure 3).
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P<0.001 Gd-DTPA day 2 vs area at risk or true infarction.Gadolinium concentration in ischemically injured myocardium (487±145 nmol/g) was greater than that in normal myocardium (252±73 nmol/g, P<0.05). Similarly, wet/dry weight ratio was greater (4.70±0.17) in ischemically injured than in normal myocardium (4.33±0.11, P<0.05).
Characterization of Mesoporphyrin-Enhanced
Region (Group 2)
On mesoporphyrin-enhanced IR-EPI, T1 values were
shorter in ischemically injured myocardium (0.65±0.03 seconds) than in
normal myocardium (0.90±0.01 seconds,
P<0.001). T1 values of LV
blood (1.23±0.15 seconds) and normal myocardium (0.91±0.01 seconds)
were identical to the baseline T1 values in group 1 animals (1.21±0.15
and 1.05±0.03 seconds, P=NS),
indicating that mesoporphyrin was completely cleared from the blood and
normal myocardium.
Ischemically injured myocardium appeared as a homogenously
bright region on mesoporphyrin and Gd-DTPA–enhanced spin-echo images
(Figure 4). The homogenous enhancement of ischemically
injured myocardium suggests that the contrast medium is delivered and
homogeneously distributed in this region. After mesoporphyrin, SI of
normal myocardium (0.42±0.06 AU) was significantly lower than SI of
ischemically injured myocardium (0.67±0.09 AU,
P<0.001). On day 2, the
contrast was 1.63±0.07 after mesoporphyrin and 1.96±0.09
(P<0.01) after mesoporphyrin
plus Gd-DTPA.
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The size of the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region (mean 26.9±1.8%, range 15.7% to 36.4% of LV surface area) was identical to the true infarct size as demarcated by TTC (mean 26.9±1.6%, range 18.7% to 38.4%, P=NS). Strong correlation was found between the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region and true infarct size as defined by TTC (r=0.87, slope=0.98, intercept=0.49, P>0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis also showed close agreement (0.0±2.87%) between the 2 measurements.
Demarcation of the Peri-Infarction Zone
Figure 5 shows examples of the size of the mesoporphyrin and
Gd-DTPA–enhanced MR regions, as well as TTC-defined true infarct size
and area at risk. Gd-DTPA administration to animals that had previously
received mesoporphyrin increased the size of the enhanced region from
26.9±1.8% to 34.7±0.7% of LV surface area
(P<0.01). The difference in
the size of the enhanced regions (7.8±5.9% of LV surface area by
Bland-Altman analysis) represents the injured but uninfarcted zone
(peri-infarction zone). This peri-infarction zone represented
16.1±12% of the mean area at risk. Poor correlation was found between
the Gd-DTPA and mesoporphyrin-enhanced regions
(r=0.35, slope=0.27,
intercept=27.43,
P=NS).
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The Gd-DTPA–enhanced region covered 70% of the true area at risk defined at postmortem examination (48.5±1.9%, P<0.001). There was no difference in area at risk between group 1 animals (49.6±1.9%) and group 2 animals (48.5±1.9%, P=NS). The size of the Gd-DTPA–enhanced region on day 2 was similar in group 1 (32.8±0.9%) and group 2 (34.7±0.7%, P=NS).
LV Wall Thickening
Short-axis images acquired at the midventricular
level during systole and diastole revealed substantial reduction in
regional function in contrast-enhanced regions
(Figure 6A). Posterior and septal walls, which were remote
from the ischemic region, demonstrated a 22.0±5.5% and 26.0±3.5%
thickening
(Figure 6B). There was no wall thickening at the
mesoporphyrin-enhanced region (0.3±3.3%) or the center of the
Gd-DTPA–enhanced region (0.3±3.3%,
P=NS). However, there was
reduced but residual wall thickening at the rim of the
Gd-DTPA–enhanced region (8.5±5.5%). There a significant difference
in wall thickening between the periphery of the Gd-DTPA–enhanced
region and the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region
(P<0.05).
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Discussion |
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The present study describes a strategy for the use of a combination of nonspecific and necrosis-specific MR contrast media for mapping the potentially salvageable peri-infarction zone. The double-contrast–enhanced MR technique was performed in 1 imaging session on day 2. Gd-DTPA alone was not accurate in sizing infarcted myocardium. Unlike mesoporphyrin, Gd-DTPA overestimated infarcted myocardium by putatively including the peri-infarction zone. Overestimation of the infarct size by Gd-DTPA confirms previously published data in occlusive and reperfused infarctions.12 13 14 The difference in the enhanced regions demarcated by the agents may represent the peri-infarction zone. Functional MR imaging confirmed that the outer rim of the Gd-DTPA–enhanced zone (peri-infarction zone) is hypokinetic rather than akinetic, whereas the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region is entirely akinetic. Correlation between regional contrast enhancement and contractile function in ischemically injured myocardium may be important for assessment of viability in patients.
Sizing of Peri-Infarction Zone
Subtraction of the size of the Gd-DTPA–enhanced region
from the mesoporphyrin-enhanced region provided quantitative estimation
of the potentially salvageable peri-infarction zone. The following
findings support the notion that the peri-infarction zone is viable:
(1) Gd-DTPA overestimated infarct size determined by the gold standard
of staining TTC; (2) a significant diminution in the size of
Gd-DTPA–enhanced region was observed over the course of 22-hour
reperfusion; and (3) residual wall thickening was found in the
Gd-DTPA–enhanced rim. The peri-infarction zone has been characterized
previously by invasive and noninvasive
techniques.24 25 26 27
Using histopathological methods, Reimer et
al27 reported that the
peri-infarction zone develops less cellular necrosis than the core of
the infarction. Using autoradiography, Arheden et
al22 found that the fDV of
99mTc-DTPA is enlarged in the
peri-infarction zone compared with normal myocardium but is
significantly less than in completely infarcted myocardium. Bogaert et
al24 combined positron
emission tomography with tagged MR imaging to verify viability in a
peri-infarction zone with reduced contractile function.
The double-contrast approach used in this study for mapping the peri-infarction zone takes advantage of both the specific and prolonged binding properties of mesoporphyrin in necrotic myocardium and the nonspecific distribution of Gd-DTPA in infarcted and peri-infarcted myocardium. The practical advantages of the double-contrast approach are as follows: (1) it has the potential to document both the infarcted zone, which will not recover function, and the peri-infarction zone, which may recover function; (2) when contrast-enhanced images are combined with functional images, the enhanced zone of infarction provides a landmark for relating improvement in wall thickening; and (3) accurate sizing of infarcted and peri-infarcted zones will improve the prediction of infarct expansion and LV remodeling.
Characterization of Ischemically Injured
Myocardium
Coronary occlusion and reperfusion initiate a
progression of changes in myocardium at both cellular (membrane damage)
and microvascular (increase in intracapillary blood volume) levels that
cause a significant increase in regional T1. T1 changes were clearly
demonstrated on unenhanced IR-EPI imaging but not on T1-weighted
spin-echo imaging, because the IR-EPI sequence is more T1 sensitive
than the spin-echo
sequence.22 The loss of
cellular integrity and edema in ischemically injured myocardium have a
profound influence on the distribution of MR contrast media that can be
detected on both contrast-enhanced IR-EPI and spin-echo
sequences.
In this animal model, fast IR-EPI imaging illustrated the
equilibrium distribution of Gd-DTPA, which is crucial for computation
of
fDV.10 11 22 23
Over the course of 22 hours of reperfusion, there was no significant
change in fDV of Gd-DTPA or R1 ratio, suggesting that the core of
ischemically injured myocardium had undergone complete necrosis
during occlusion and early reperfusion. Investigators have previously
reported that cell death and reperfusion injury occur during ischemia
and the first few minutes of
reperfusion.28 29
The larger fDV in ischemically injured myocardium due to cellular necrosis and edema was supported by the greater gadolinium concentration and water content in ischemically injured versus normal myocardium. Greater gadolinium concentration and water content in ischemically injured versus normal myocardium have been reported previously in rats and pigs.30 31 Further studies are needed to explore the difference in Gd-DTPA concentration between viable and nonviable portions within the ischemically injured myocardium. The distribution of 99mTc-DTPA has been used recently as a surrogate agent for Gd-DTPA to study viable and nonviable portions within the ischemically injured myocardium by autoradiography.22
Clinical studies7 8 have drawn attention to the enhancement pattern of nonspecific MR contrast media to characterize ischemically injured myocardium. These studies have indicated that enhancement of ischemically injured myocardium is associated not only with necrosis but also with edema. Dendale et al7 and Rogers et al8 found 3 patterns of enhancement: (1) hypoenhancement (HYPO) on first-pass images; (2) isointense enhancement on first-pass and hyperenhancement on delayed images (HYPER); and (3) hypoenhancement on first-pass and hyperenhancement on delayed images (COMB). Regions characterized as HYPER exhibited improvement in function between weeks 1 and 7, signifying viability; HYPO regions showed no functional improvement; and COMB regions exhibited mixed improvement. These protocols may prove useful for the assessment of potentially salvageable myocardium in patients by Gd-DTPA alone.
In contrast to a previous report,14 the present study used moderate myocardial injury to create a sizable peri-infarction zone. Multiphase spin-echo MR imaging was used to characterize regional wall thickening. MR images were acquired in 1 session with identical spin-echo parameters for contrast enhancement and function to directly compare the enhanced areas of mesoporphyrin and Gd-DTPA, eliminate differences in spatial resolution of different techniques, and eliminate the effect of cardiac geometry or slice thickness. Therefore, the overestimation of the infarction by Gd-DTPA is not likely attributable to differences in spatial resolution, cardiac geometry, or slice thickness.
Choi et al19 claimed that mesoporphyrin produced maximum enhancement 1 to 3 hours after intravenous injection in cats with reperfused myocardial infarction. It is certainly true that greater myocardial enhancement by mesoporphyrin occurs early after the agent is administered. However, in the present study, imaging was done 22 hours after administration of mesoporphyrin to ensure that mesoporphyrin was completely cleared from plasma (plasma half-life=90 minutes20 ) and did not contribute to any nonspecific contrast enhancement in the injured region. Certainly, the proposed method (double-contrast and functional MR imaging) can be used with a shorter postinjection delay than 22 hours to improve clinical acceptability.
Study Limitations
The Gd-DTPA–enhanced region was significantly smaller
than the true area at risk measured by postmortem histomorphometry.
This finding may be attributed to washout of Gd-DTPA from the rim of
the area at risk during the 30 minutes of elapsed time between contrast
administration and spin-echo MR imaging, and/or the 30 minutes of
coronary occlusion was insufficient to produce detectable edema in the
rim of the area at risk by spin-echo imaging. The concentration of
Gd-DTPA and water content were not measured in viable and nonviable
portions within the ischemically injured myocardium.
In conclusion, the Gd-DTPA–enhanced region encompasses viable (peri-infarction zone) and nonviable portions. Nonspecific extracellular Gd-DTPA overestimated the infarct size, but the necrosis-specific mesoporphyrin did not. The difference between the 2 enhanced regions may represent the peri-infarction zone. Functional MR imaging confirmed that the peri-infarction zone was viable. The complementary use of double-contrast–enhanced and functional MR imaging can precisely characterize the peri-infarction zone.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by a gift from Schering AG, Berlin, Germany.
Received June 9, 2000; revision received August 17, 2000; accepted August 17, 2000.
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