(Circulation. 2001;103:3117.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Differential Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases After Stent Implantation and Balloon Angioplasty in the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit
From U460 INSERM (L.J.F., M.M, A.S., J.-F.D., E.D., C.B.-C., P.G.S., M.-P.J.) and Service d’Anatomo-Pathologie (D.H.), CHU Bichat, Paris, and Service de Pathologie Cellulaire/INSERM 99-24, CHU Grenoble (E.B.), France.
Correspondence to Laurent J. Feldman, MD, PhD, U460 INSERM, Faculté Xavier Bichat, 16, rue Henri Huchard, 75018 Paris, France. E-mail laurent.feldman{at}bch.ap-hop-paris.fr
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Abstract |
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Background—Intimal hyperplasia is the principal mechanism of in-stent restenosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in intimal growth after balloon angioplasty (BA). Little is known, however, about MMP expression after stent implantation (ST). We investigated whether MMP9 and MMP2 are differentially expressed after ST and BA.
Methods and
Results—Hypercholesterolemic
rabbits underwent ST and BA in the right and left iliac arteries,
respectively. The expression of MMPs and their inhibitors
(TIMPs) was studied at various time points in the injured arteries by
use of zymography, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction,
and immunohistochemistry. MMP2, but not MMP9, was constitutively
expressed in uninjured arteries. MMP9 expression was rapidly induced
after injury, whereas the increase in MMP2 expression was delayed. At
all time points, pro-MMP9 activity and MMP9 mRNA levels were 
2-fold
(ANOVA, P=0.002) and 3-fold
(P<0.0001) higher after ST
than after BA, respectively. Active MMP9 was detected only after ST.
Although the increases in MMP2 mRNA levels were of similar magnitudes
after ST and BA, pro-MMP2 activity was slightly higher 7 and 30 days
after ST, and MMP2 activity was 2-fold higher 7 to 60 days after ST
(P=0.002). No difference in
TIMP expression was observed between stented and balloon-injured
arteries. Cellular distributions of MMPs and TIMP1 were similar after
ST and BA. Early inflammatory cell recruitment and 30-day intimal
growth were more severe after ST.
Conclusions—Stent implantation results in more intense and sustained expression of MMP9 and activation of MMP2 than balloon angioplasty.
Key Words: metalloproteinases • stents • angioplasty • restenosis
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Stent implantation has become the principal revascularization technique used by interventional cardiologists worldwide.1 Although stents reduce restenosis rates in highly selected coronary artery lesions, essentially via an improved immediate luminal gain, in-stent restenosis still remains a frequent and unsolved clinical issue in the "real world."2 Anatomically, in-stent restenosis results almost exclusively from intimal hyperplasia, whereas constrictive remodeling of the arterial wall is abrogated by the radial force of the metallic stent.3 Experimental4 and clinical5 studies have emphasized that neointimal area is
2-fold greater after
stent implantation than after balloon angioplasty. The biological basis
of in-stent intimal hyperplasia and the extent to which it compares to
common—ie, post–balloon angioplasty—intimal hyperplasia, however,
are unclear. Platelet deposition, leukocyte recruitment, and intimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation are landmarks in the early response of the arterial wall to stent implantation.4 5 6 Intimal cells secrete abundant quantities of extracellular matrix, which composes the bulk of the intimal lesion at later time points.5 Early inhibition of leukocyte recruitment with anti–Mac-1 antibodies6 or interleukin-104 and acceleration of endothelium regrowth7 reverse in-stent intimal hyperplasia in rabbits.
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and among them MMP9 (gelatinase B) and MMP2 (gelatinase A), play a key role in extracellular matrix degradation, which is required for cell migration into the intima after arterial injury.8 MMPs are therefore considered important contributors to intimal growth and restenosis.9 We hypothesized that MMP expression is greater after stent implantation than after balloon angioplasty and may participate in the more robust intimal hyperplasia observed after stenting.
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Methods |
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Models of Intimal Hyperplasia
New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.6 to 4.0 kg were fed a 0.3% cholesterol diet starting 14 days before angioplasty. Bilateral iliac artery balloon angioplasty was performed with a 3-mm-diameter balloon (3X1-minute inflation, 10 atm); then a 15-mm-long Crown stent (Cordis) mounted over the balloon was implanted in the right iliac artery only (30-second inflation, 10 atm), as described.4 The animal protocol was approved by the Bichat University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Animals were euthanized by pentobarbital overdose at 1 (n=4), 3 (n=4), 7 (n=13), 30 (n=4), and 60 (n=3) days after injury. At each time point, right (stent) and left (balloon angioplasty) iliac arteries were harvested, flushed with ice-cold saline, cleaned of any adipose tissue, and divided into 2 or 3 segments. The proximal and distal segments were used for reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and gelatin zymography, respectively. In animals killed 1, 7, and 30 days after injury, an additional segment was taken from the center of the injury site and used for morphometric analyses and immunohistochemistry. Unless indicated, stent struts were not removed before analysis so as to prevent the loss of MMP originating from adhering cells. The iliac arteries from 3 sham-operated (no arterial injury), hypercholesterolemic rabbits were used as negative controls. No significant variation in cholesterol levels was observed between baseline (620±150 mg/dL) and death (610±210, 595±150, 605±200, 625±115, and 618±175 mg/dL at 1, 3, 7, 30, and 60 days, respectively).
Organ Culture and SDS-PAGE Zymography
Arterial segments were cut into rings
1 mm long and incubated for 24 hours in 1 mL serum-free DMEM
(BioMedia) at 37°C in humidified 5% CO2/95%
air. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that organ culture did not
induce microscopically detectable tissue injury (data not shown). The
conditioned medium was collected and stored at -20°C.
Gelatinolytic activities of 20-µL samples of
conditioned medium were measured as
described.10 Results are
expressed in densitometric units/mg wet wt. To verify the
metalloproteinase nature of the detected enzymes, identical gels were
incubated in the presence of 30 mmol/L EDTA, an
inhibitor of MMPs, or 1 mmol/L
Pefabloc, a serine protease
inhibitor.
Because binding of MMPs to their inhibitors (TIMPs) may have reduced MMP activity in conditioned media, samples were subjected to reduction in 2.5 mmol/L dithiothreitol and alkylation in 2.5 mmol/L iodoacetamide before electrophoresis.11 In addition, reverse zymography was performed to measure TIMP1 and TIMP2 inhibitory activities in conditioned media, as described.12
Densitometric analyses of scanned gelatinolytic bands was performed with NIH Image 1.55 software.
Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain
Reaction
Arterial segments were immediately frozen
in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C. Procedures used for total
RNA extraction and RT-PCR have been
described.12 All RNA samples
were run in parallel during the same PCR reaction, allowing for
head-to-head comparisons between stented and balloon-injured arteries.
The primers used to measure rabbit MMP9, MMP2, TIMP1, TIMP2, and GAPDH
mRNA levels are listed in the
Table
.
Results are expressed in arbitrary units and adjusted for GAPDH mRNA
levels.
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Morphometry and Immunohistochemistry
Stented and nonstented arterial segments
were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and processed as
described.4 Morphometric
analyses were performed on 3
hematoxylin-phloxin-safran–stained cross sections for each
artery.4
Arterial specimens retrieved 7 days after injury
were used for immunohistochemistry. Stent struts were gently removed
with microforceps. Then arterial segments were embedded in
OCT compound, frozen in liquid nitrogen–chilled
isopentane, and stored at -80°C. Four-micrometer cross
sections were obtained from each block and immunostained
with mouse monoclonal antibodies (1:50 dilution, all from Oncogene
unless indicated) directed against (1) MMP9 (Ab-1); (2) MMP2 (Ab-3);
(3) TIMP1 (Ab-1); (4) TIMP2 (Ab-2); (5) RAM-11, a marker of rabbit
macrophage cytoplasm (Dako); and (6) smooth muscle 
-actin
(HHF-35, Enzo Diagnostics), as
described.4 For negative
control experiments, primary antibodies were
omitted.
Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean±SD. MMP/TIMP activities
and mRNA levels in stented versus balloon-injured arteries were
compared by 2-way ANOVA (Statview 5.0, SAS
Institute Inc), which tested the effect of injury type, time, and the
interaction of the two. When ANOVA indicated an overall difference
between stented and balloon-injured arteries, specific differences at
each time point (intergroup differences) and temporal differences
within each injury group were tested by 1-way ANOVA and post hoc
Fisher’s protected least significant difference test. Morphometric
data in stented versus balloon-injured arteries were compared by a
nonparametric Mann-Whitney
U test. A value of
P<0.05 was considered
significant.
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Results |
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MMP Activities
In uninjured arteries, a single 70-kDa gelatinolytic band representing the latent form of MMP213 was observed (Figure 1
).
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P<0.005; 
P=0.02; 
P=0.01. E, Representative examples of gelatinolytic activities at various time points after stenting or balloon injury.
Intense pro-MMP9 activity (98 kDa) was detected as soon as 1
day after arterial injury. At all time points, pro-MMP9
activity was 2-fold higher in stented arteries than in
balloon-injured arteries (stent versus balloon,
P=0.002; time effect,
P<0.0001; interaction,
P=0.17). Sixty days after stent
implantation, pro-MMP9 activity was still 20-fold greater than
control levels, whereas it was not different from control levels in
balloon-injured arteries.
In 4 of 13 stented arteries studied 7 days after injury (but in none at other time points), a faint gelatinolytic band was observed at 80 kDa, which presumably represents the active form of MMP9.13 In no case was the active form of MMP9 detected in balloon-injured arteries.
There was no significant difference in pro-MMP2 activity between balloon-injured, stented, and uninjured arteries until day 7. At this time, pro-MMP2 activity increased in injured arteries, with slightly higher activities measured in stented arteries 7 and 30 days after injury (stent versus balloon, P=0.006; time effect, P<0.0001; interaction, P=0.23).
An additional gelatinolytic band at 60
kDa, representing the active form of
MMP2,13 was observed 3 days
after arterial injury. MMP2 activity peaked at day 30, then
rapidly decreased. Seven to 60 days after arterial injury,
MMP2 activity was 2-fold higher in stented than in balloon-injured
arteries (stent versus balloon,
P=0.002; time effect,
P<0.0001; interaction,
P=0.02). Sixty days after
injury, MMP2 activity was still detectable in stented arteries but not
in balloon-injured arteries.
All gelatinolytic activities were
inhibited by EDTA but not by Pefabloc, suggesting that MMPs accounted
for these activities (data not shown). Reduction-alkylation before
gelatin zymography resulted in an 20% increase in pro-MMP9
activity, suggesting that part of pro-MMP9 was bound to its specific
TIMP. This increase in pro-MMP9 activity, however, was similar in
stented and balloon-injured arteries (data not shown).
Reduction-alkylation had no effect on pro-MMP2 and MMP2
activities.
MMP Expression
Background MMP9 mRNA levels were measured in uninjured
arteries. One day after injury, MMP9 mRNA levels increased
dramatically, remained stable until day 30, then decreased
(Figure 2). At each time point, MMP9 mRNA levels were
3-fold higher in stented arteries than in balloon-injured arteries
(stent versus balloon,
P<0.0001; time effect,
P=0.0003; interaction,
P=0.2). Sixty days after
injury, high MMP9 mRNA levels were still present in stented
arteries (5-fold greater than baseline) but not in balloon-injured
arteries.
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Constitutive MMP2 expression was found in uninjured arteries. MMP2 mRNA levels decreased slightly 1 day after injury, then increased significantly over time. Although MMP2 mRNA levels were slightly higher in stented arteries than in balloon-injured arteries between day 3 and day 30, no significant difference was observed (stent versus balloon, P=0.3; time effect, P<0.0001; interaction, P=0.9).
TIMP Inhibitory Activity and
Expression
Both reverse zymography and RT-PCR demonstrated
constitutive expressions of TIMP1 and TIMP2
(Figure 3). There was a nonsignificant increase of TIMP1
inhibitory activity after injury, with no difference
between stented and balloon-injured arteries (stent versus balloon,
P=0.3; time effect,
P=0.06; interaction,
P=0.2). TIMP2 activity
decreased significantly 1 day after injury and returned to baseline
levels 30 days after injury. No difference in TIMP2 activity was
observed between stented and balloon-injured arteries (stent versus
balloon, P=0.3; time effect,
P=0.002; interaction,
P=0.8).
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After arterial injury, both TIMP1 and TIMP2 mRNA levels increased transiently, with no difference between stented and balloon-injured arteries (TIMP1: stent versus balloon, P=0.8; time effect, P=0.004; interaction, P=0.9; TIMP2: stent versus balloon, P=0.8; time effect, P<0.0001; interaction, P=0.7).
Morphometry and Immunohistochemistry
The anatomy of the arterial wall
appeared normal at baseline, ie, after 14 days on the
hyperlipidemic diet (data not shown). An intense
recruitment of inflammatory cells with morphological features of
polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) or monocytes was observed 1 day
after injury in both stented and balloon-injured arteries
(Figure 4). The number of adherent PMNs and monocytes was
significantly higher after stenting (74.5±21.1 versus 21±8.2 per
arterial section,
P<0.0001). Thirty days after
injury, a circumferential neointima was present in both
stented and balloon-injured arteries, with a larger intimal area
(2.4±0.5 versus 1.5±0.1 mm2,
P=0.001) and intima/media ratio
(4.2±0.8 versus 1.8±0.4,
P<0.0001) in stented arteries.
Typically, the intima of stented arteries was composed of a thin,
fibromuscular layer covering a large, foam cell–rich outermost layer.
No such compartmentalization of the intima was observed in
balloon-injured arteries.
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Immunostainings of adjacent cryosections
revealed the constitutive expression of MMP2 and TIMP1 in medial SMCs
of uninjured arteries (data not shown). MMP9 was found only in injured
arteries and colocalized with intimal macrophages,
intimal/medial SMCs, and adventitial fibroblasts
(Figure 5). MMP2 was detected in intimal/medial SMCs and in
adventitial fibroblasts. TIMP1 immunostaining was
present in intimal/medial SMCs. TIMP2 was not detectable by
immunohistochemistry. The cellular distribution of MMP9, MMP2, and
TIMP1 was similar in stented and balloon-injured
arteries.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In the present study, we compared the impact of stent implantation and balloon angioplasty on the expression and activity of MMP9 and MMP2 in the iliac arteries of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. MMP9 expression was rapidly induced after arterial injury but more intensely and more durably after stent implantation. Stented arteries secreted higher levels of pro-MMP9 for
60 days after injury. In addition,
active MMP9 was detected only in stented arteries. In contrast, the
increase in constitutive MMP2 expression was delayed and of similar
magnitude in stented and balloon-injured arteries. The activation and,
to a lesser extent, the production of pro-MMP2, however, were
more pronounced in stented arteries. The expression of TIMPs did not
differ between stented and balloon-injured arteries. The net increased
proteolytic activity observed in stented arteries was associated with a
more severe recruitment of inflammatory cells at day 1 and an enhanced
neointimal growth at day 30 after arterial
injury. Previous studies performed in mice,14 rats,15 16 17 18 19 and rabbits20 21 22 have demonstrated that arterial injury is a potent activator of the MMP system. In the normocholesterolemic rabbit, balloon angioplasty of the iliac artery upregulates the transcription of the MMP2 gene and stimulates the transformation of pro-MMP2 into active MMP2. MMP9 activity, however, remains undetectable.21 23 In fact, in this model, only the combination of balloon injury and low flow results in detectable pro-MMP9 and MMP9 activities.21 In contrast, balloon injury combined with sustained atherogenic diet results in substantial pro-MMP9 activity, in addition to high MMP2 activity in both its pro-MMP2 and activated forms.22
Our study brings new insight to the field of MMP response to
arterial injury, in that we have included metallic stents,
the principal technique used for percutaneous
coronary
interventions,1 in the design
of our model. The main result of the present study is that overall,
stents are more potent stimuli of MMP expression than balloon
angioplasty. Given the key role of MMPs in cell migration and intimal
growth15 and the recent
findings that in-stent restenosis results almost exclusively
from intimal hyperplasia,3 it
is likely that MMPs are important contributors to in-stent
restenosis. Indeed, we found that intimal area was 1.6-fold
larger in stented arteries than in balloon-injured
arteries.
Whether the more severe increase in MMP expression observed after stenting results from the recruitment of a larger population of MMP-expressing inflammatory cells or from a more pronounced upregulation of MMP expression in SMCs is difficult to determine. We were not able to fully investigate the cellular distribution of MMPs in stented arteries because, on the one hand, methyl methacrylate–embedded tissues do not lend themselves to standard immunohistochemistry protocols,24 and on the other hand, immunostaining of arterial cryosections requires that stent struts be retrieved before sectioning. This resulted in severe tissue damage (data not shown), precluding quantitative analysis of immunostained areas. Hence, no attempt was made to measure the specific contribution of each cell type to MMP9 and MMP2 activities. It is likely, however, that the more massive recruitment of PMNs observed 1 day after stent implantation participates in the early increase in MMP9 expression in stented arteries.25 Alternatively, MMP9-immunopositive SMCs were present in the media 7 days after arterial injury, whereas no MMP9 staining was detectable in uninjured arteries. Hence, MMP9 gene expression is induced in SMCs after arterial injury and may contribute to the higher MMP9 expression found in stented arteries.
We also provide evidence that MMP activation occurs after
stenting. Activation of latent MMP9 was found only in stented arteries.
However, it was inconstant (4 of 13 arteries), transient (
7 days),
and hardly quantifiable by zymography. In contrast, active MMP2 was
detectable in both stented and balloon-injured arteries, but with much
higher levels in stented arteries 7 to 60 days after
injury.
Several mechanisms may be involved in the differential expression/activation patterns of MMPs in stented versus balloon-injured arteries. MMPs are regulated at 3 different levels: gene transcription, activation of latent pro-MMPs, and inactivation of MMPs by TIMPs.26 Proinflammatory cytokines—eg, interleukin-1—are key contributors to in-stent intimal hyperplasia4 and may be responsible, at least in part, for the induction of MMP expression in stented arteries.26 Recent studies suggest that reactive oxygen species27 or cell-cell28 or cell-matrix29 interactions may play a role as well.
Using both reduction-alkylation studies and direct measurements of TIMP expression, we provide evidence that the higher levels of MMP activities in stented arteries do not result from lower levels of TIMPs. Rather, the role of soluble activators of MMP9, such as plasmin,14 and the expression of MT1-MMP, a potent activator of pro-MMP2,30 deserve to be investigated.
Our study may have important implications for the understanding of the pathophysiology of in-stent restenosis and hence, the prevention of this phenomenon. Several authors have investigated the efficacy of MMP inhibitors on intimal growth after balloon injury. In rodents, synthetic MMP inhibitors only partially inhibited neointima formation,9 17 whereas overexpression of TIMPs, either via gene transfer31 or in genetically engineered mice,32 was more protective. N-Acetylcysteine has potent inhibitory effects on MMP9 in foam cells27 and deserves to be tested in vivo. On the basis of our findings that upregulation of MMP expression and MMP activation occur at much higher levels after stent implantation than after balloon angioplasty, the impact of MMP inhibitors on restenosis should be considered in stent models.
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Acknowledgments |
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Dr Feldman was supported by grants from the Fondation de l’Avenir (ET6-167) and the Fondation de France (97003880 and 98004139). Dr Scheuble was supported by a grant from the Fédération Française de Cardiologie. Dr De Benedetti was supported by a grant from the Fonds National Suisse de la Recherche Scientifique. We are grateful to Cordis France for providing the Crown stents. We wish to thank Isabelle Prevost, Michelle Saadoun, Elisabeth Soustre, Laurence Le Men, and Graziella Ferrec for expert technical assistance.
Received September 20, 2000; revision received February 7, 2001; accepted February 21, 2001.
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 H. Hlawaty, A. San Juan, M.-P. Jacob, R. Vranckx, D. Letourneur, and L. J. Feldman Inhibition of MMP-2 gene expression with small interfering RNA in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2007; 293(6): H3593 - H3601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Uemura, M. Li, T. Tsutsumi, T. Yamazaki, T. Kawada, A. Kamiya, M. Inagaki, K. Sunagawa, and M. Sugimachi Efferent vagal nerve stimulation induces tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbit Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2007; 293(4): H2254 - H2261. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. A. Ali, N. J. Alp, H. Lupton, N. Arnold, T. Bannister, Y. Hu, S. Mussa, M. Wheatcroft, D. R. Greaves, J. Gunn, et al. Increased In-Stent Stenosis in ApoE Knockout Mice: Insights from a Novel Mouse Model of Balloon Angioplasty and Stenting Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2007; 27(4): 833 - 840. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. T. Jones, I. P. Kay, J.W. S. Chu, G.T. Wilkins, L.V. Phillips, M. McCormick, A.M. van Rij, and M.J.A. Williams Elevated Plasma Active Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Level Is Associated With Coronary Artery In-Stent Restenosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2006; 26(7): e121 - e125. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Sharony, G. Pintucci, P. C. Saunders, E. A. Grossi, F. G. Baumann, A. C. Galloway, and P. Mignatti Matrix metalloproteinase expression in vein grafts: role of inflammatory mediators and extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1 and -2 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1651 - H1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P.G. Sluijter, D. P.V. de Kleijn, and G. Pasterkamp Vascular remodeling and protease inhibition-bench to bedside Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 595 - 603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. C. Newby Matrix metalloproteinases regulate migration, proliferation, and death of vascular smooth muscle cells by degrading matrix and non-matrix substrates Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 614 - 624. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. T. Peterson The importance of estimating the therapeutic index in the development of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors Cardiovasc Res, February 15, 2006; 69(3): 677 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Hyafil, J.-P. Laissy, M. Mazighi, D. Tchetche, L. Louedec, H. Adle-Biassette, S. Chillon, D. Henin, M.-P. Jacob, D. Letourneur, et al. Ferumoxtran-10-Enhanced MRI of the Hypercholesterolemic Rabbit Aorta: Relationship Between Signal Loss and Macrophage Infiltration Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2006; 26(1): 176 - 181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Krams, S. Verheye, L. C.A. van Damme, D. Tempel, B. M. Gourabi, E. Boersma, M. M. Kockx, M. W.M. Knaapen, C. Strijder, G. van Langenhove, et al. In vivo temperature heterogeneity is associated with plaque regions of increased MMP-9 activity Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2005; 26(20): 2200 - 2205. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. C. Newby Dual Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (Matrixins) in Intimal Thickening and Atherosclerotic Plaque Rupture Physiol Rev, January 1, 2005; 85(1): 1 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H. D. Danenberg, G. Golomb, A. Groothuis, J. Gao, H. Epstein, R. V. Swaminathan, P. Seifert, and E. R. Edelman Liposomal Alendronate Inhibits Systemic Innate Immunity and Reduces In-Stent Neointimal Hyperplasia in Rabbits Circulation, December 2, 2003; 108(22): 2798 - 2804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Lu, K. Fukuda, K. Seki, Y. Nakamura, N. Kumagai, and T. Nishida Inhibition by Triptolide of IL-1-Induced Collagen Degradation by Corneal Fibroblasts Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., December 1, 2003; 44(12): 5082 - 5088. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 V. Fontaine, M.-P. Jacob, X. Houard, P. Rossignol, D. Plissonnier, E. Angles-Cano, and J.-B. Michel Involvement of the Mural Thrombus as a Site of Protease Release and Activation in Human Aortic Aneurysms Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2002; 161(5): 1701 - 1710. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.-P. Jacob, M. Cazaubon, A. Scemama, D. Prie, F. Blanchet, M.-C. Guillin, and J.-B. Michel Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 as a Marker of Blood Stasis in Varicose Veins Circulation, July 30, 2002; 106(5): 535 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Li, W. J. Cantor, N. Nili, R. Robinson, L. Fenkell, Y. L. e Tran, H. A. Whittingham, W. Tsui, A. N. Cheema, J. D. Sparkes, et al. Arterial repair after stenting and the effects of gm6001, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 5, 2002; 39(11): 1852 - 1858. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. J. Chase, M. Bond, M. F. Crook, and A. C. Newby Role of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Activation in Metalloproteinase-1, -3, and -9 Secretion by Human Macrophages In Vitro and Rabbit Foam Cells Produced In Vivo Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2002; 22(5): 765 - 771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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