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(Circulation. 2001;103:2891.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Benefit of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes and Troponin T–Positive Status
The PARAGON-B Troponin T Substudy
From the Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (L.K.N., E.M.O., R.A.H., V.H., R.M.C.); University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore (R.H.C.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (D.J.M., E.J.T.); Green Lane Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand (H.D.W.); University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada (P.W.A.); Catholic University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium (F.V.d.W.); and University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland (M.P.).
Correspondence to L. Kristin Newby, MD, Duke Clinical Research Institute, PO Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715. E-mail newby001{at}mc.duke.edu
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background—Troponin T (TnT) is valuable for short- and long-term risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). It also may predict which ACS patients will benefit from glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa blockade.
Methods and Results—We
prospectively studied 1160 patients with non–ST-segment elevation ACS
randomized in PARAGON-B to receive lamifiban, an
intravenous GP IIb/IIIa antagonist, or placebo.
TnT levels were obtained before study treatment began and 24 to 72
hours later; assays were performed by a blinded core laboratory. At
baseline, 40.2% of patients were TnT-positive (
0.1 ng/mL); these
patients were older and more often male or smokers. Patients positive
at baseline had a significantly higher rate of the primary end point
(composite of death, myocardial [re]infarction, or severe recurrent
ischemia at 30 days; odds ratio, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.1) than
those who were TnT-negative. Lamifiban was associated with significant
reduction in the primary end point (from 19.4% to 11.0%,
P=0.01) among TnT-positive
patients but not among TnT-negative patients (11.2% for placebo versus
10.8% for lamifiban, P=0.86;
P=0.08 for test of interaction
between TnT status and treatment assignment). This pattern held for the
end points of death alone and death or myocardial (re)infarction at 30
days. Peak TnT level at 48 hours did not differ with lamifiban
treatment.
Conclusions—TnT predicts poor short-term outcomes in non–ST-segment elevation ACS. Treatment benefit with lamifiban is limited almost exclusively to TnT-positive patients, reducing 30-day adverse outcomes to a rate nearly identical to that of negative patients.
Key Words: coronary disease • troponins • prognosis • platelets • inhibitors
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Patients with non–ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes (ACS) who are troponin T (TnT)–positive at admission are at higher risk for death and myocardial (re)infarction (MI),1 2 and angiographic studies show that they also are more likely to have an "active" plaque with thrombus in the culprit vessel.3 4 Retrospective studies suggest that such patients may show an enhanced treatment effect with platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors5 6 or low-molecular-weight heparin.7 GP IIb/IIIa inhibition may also modulate the magnitude of troponin release.8
In the c7E3 Fab AntiPlatelet Therapy in Unstable REfractory angina (CAPTURE) study, 1265 patients with refractory unstable angina scheduled for angioplasty were randomized to abciximab or placebo after a mean of 5 days of hospitalization.5 There was 60% less death or nonfatal MI at 6 months with abciximab treatment among patients who were TnT-positive at randomization, whereas patients who were TnT-negative showed no treatment effect. In a retrospective analysis of 2222 patients enrolled in the Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) study, troponin status at a mean of 8.4 hours after symptom onset was determined.6 The rate of death or MI among patients given tirofiban and aspirin who were troponin I (TnI)–positive was 4.3%, compared with 13% for those receiving heparin and aspirin. Patients who were TnI-negative showed no significant treatment effect.
The Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonism for the Reduction of Acute coronary syndrome events in a Global Organization Network (PARAGON)-B study was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the effect of lamifiban, a short-acting, nonpeptide, small-molecule GP IIb/IIIa antagonist, dosed according to renal function to achieve target plasma concentrations, on 30-day outcomes.9 We conducted a prospective substudy of PARAGON-B to assess any interaction between treatment effects and baseline TnT status among patients receiving aspirin and heparin for non–ST-segment elevation ACS. Our primary hypothesis was that treatment effect would be greater among patients who were TnT-positive at baseline. We also explored the relation between treatment effect and peak TnT level at 24 to 72 hours.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The TnT substudy was designed simultaneously with the overall PARAGON-B project. A total of 1160 patients from 105 hospitals in 14 countries participated. The institutional review board at each site approved the substudy protocol.
Patient Population
The PARAGON-B protocol has been described in
detail.9 In brief, patients
>21 years of age with non–ST-segment elevation ACS who
presented within 12 hours of symptom onset and who had symptoms
lasting 10 minutes were eligible. All patients were required to have
evidence of cardiac ischemia, either ECG changes or elevated
creatine kinase-MB or TnT or TnI by local laboratory standards.
Excluded were patients with increased bleeding risk, planned or recent
thrombolysis, use of other GP IIb/IIIa therapy, recent
major surgery, estimated creatinine clearance <30 mL/min,
or contraindication to aspirin or heparin.
Eligible patients were randomized equally to either
lamifiban or placebo in a double-blind fashion. Patients assigned to
lamifiban received a bolus of 500 µg, followed by an infusion
adjusted for renal function targeting a steady-state plasma lamifiban
concentration of 18 to 42 ng/mL. Study drug was continued for up to 72
hours, and all patients received standard-dose aspirin and
intravenous heparin (unfractionated or low molecular
weight). Medical stabilization was recommended for 24 hours before
any percutaneous coronary intervention
(PCI).
TnT Determinations
For all substudy patients, 10 mL of blood was
collected for TnT measurement at enrollment; in 346 patients at
selected sites, another sample was obtained at 24 to 72 hours after
randomization but before study drug was terminated. All samples were
collected in tubes containing either citrate (to yield plasma) or no
anticoagulant (allowed to clot for 30 minutes, to yield serum).
Specimens were centrifuged for 10 minutes at
1500g, and the resulting plasma
or serum was frozen immediately and maintained locally at -20°C or
lower. Samples were shipped in batches on dry ice to the core
laboratory (University of Maryland).
All TnT measurements were performed with the
third-generation TnT STAT
electrochemiluminescence immunoassay on the Elecsys 2010 system (Roche
Diagnostics Corp). The minimum detectable concentration of
this system is 0.01 ng/mL, and typical precision is 6.2% at
concentrations of both 0.15 and 6 ng/mL. The prespecified positive
threshold used in this study was a TnT level 0.1 ng/mL, based on
studies that have identified this level as optimal for risk
stratification for 30-day
mortality.1 Personnel
performing the TnT analyses were blinded to both treatment
assignment and clinical outcomes.
Data Collection and Statistical
Analysis
Baseline demographic and clinical information was
derived from the main PARAGON-B database. The study’s primary end
point was a 30-day composite of death, MI, or severe recurrent
ischemia requiring urgent intervention. The main secondary end
point was a composite of death or MI. End points were defined and
adjudicated by a central committee as in the main trial.
Descriptive statistics (medians with interquartile ranges
for continuous variables and percentages for discrete
variables) were generated for baseline characteristics and
outcomes. Logistic regression was used to assess the relation of
baseline TnT status to clinical outcomes and any interaction between
baseline TnT status and treatment effect. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95%
CIs were calculated for the primary and main secondary end points, and
likelihood ratio tests were performed. Nonparametric
testing was used to compare median TnT levels at baseline and during
follow-up. All statistical tests were performed at a significance level
of 
=0.05. Logistic regression modeling assessed the interaction of
troponin status at baseline with treatment as follows: Log
odds=+ß1x(treatment=lamifiban)+
ß2x(TnT-positive at
baseline)+ß3x(lamifiban and TnT-positive).
Two-sided, 95% likelihood ratio CIs were constructed, and an -level
of 0.05 was used to declare statistical significance of the interaction
term.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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A baseline TnT sample was obtained for 1160 substudy patients; 346 patients had a second, 24- to 72-hour, sample. There were no major differences in baseline characteristics between patients in the substudy (22% of the total PARAGON-B population) and those who were in the larger study (Table 1
). There were more patients from Eastern Europe in
the substudy than in the larger group (34% versus 5%) and fewer
patients from Western Europe and the United States (20% versus 47%
and 10% versus 29%, respectively). The 30-day mortality rate was
2.67% in the substudy compared with 3.25% among patients in the
larger study (P=0.320). The
adjudicated rate of MI was slightly higher in the substudy (11.03%
versus 8.63%; P=0.013),
whereas the rate of severe recurrent ischemia was slightly
lower (0.86% versus 1.67%;
P=0.048). The primary composite
end-point rates did not differ significantly between patients in the
substudy and those in the larger study (12.76% versus 11.98%,
P=0.480).
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Overall, 466 patients (40.2%) tested TnT-positive and 694
(59.8%) were TnT-negative at enrollment. The median TnT level in
positive patients was 0.43 ng/mL (interquartile range, 0.21 to 0.93
ng/mL), and the corresponding value for negative patients was 0 ng/mL
(0 to 0.03 ng/mL). TnT-positive patients were older, were more likely
to be men and current smokers, and had had chest pain longer before
enrollment
(Table 1
). The most common presenting ECG finding in
positive patients was ST-segment depression (51.7%), whereas T-wave
inversion was most common in negative patients (50.3%). Although
unusual, normal ECGs were more frequent among TnT-negative patients, as
was transient ST-segment elevation among TnT-positive patients. No
other major differences in baseline characteristics were
observed.
Clinical end points by TnT status are shown in
Table 2. TnT-positive patients had significantly higher
rates of the primary composite end point
(P=0.025), the composite of
death or MI (P=0.007),
mortality alone (P=0.007), and
MI alone (P=0.044) than the
TnT-negative patients.
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The treatment effect of lamifiban by TnT status is shown in
Table 3. Three patients, 2 TnT-positive and 1 TnT-negative,
for whom treatment information was unavailable were eliminated from
these analyses. In the TnT-positive group, significant
treatment effects of lamifiban were noted for both the primary end
point (P=0.013) and the
composite of death or MI
(P=0.018). In an exploratory
analysis, results were similar among 331 medically treated
TnT-positive patients. For both the primary end point and the death or
MI composite, the event rate among lamifiban-treated patients was
10.9%, compared with 16.9% in the placebo group; OR 0.60 (0.32, 1.1).
No such effect was noted in the TnT-negative patients
(P=0.86 and
P=0.75, respectively). Most of
the treatment effect reflected reductions in mortality (39%) and MI
(46%). The treatment effect of lamifiban on mortality in TnT-positive
patients, however, did not reach statistical significance
(P=0.29) with this sample size.
At 6 months, the composite of death or MI did not differ significantly
in TnT-positive patients treated with lamifiban versus placebo
(P=0.21).
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The interaction between treatment and TnT status is shown in
Figure 1. Patients who were TnT-positive had significantly
higher rates of the primary end point (OR, 1.91;
P=0.006) and the composite of
death or MI (OR, 2.04;
P=0.003), but there was no
difference with lamifiban versus placebo treatment in the substudy
overall (OR, 0.96; P=0.86 and
OR, 0.92; P=0.92,
respectively). Although formal tests for interaction were not
significant, there were trends for interactions between treatment
effect and troponin status for the primary end point (OR, 0.54;
P=0.085) and the death or MI
composite (OR, 0.57;
P=0.132).
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The effects of lamifiban among TnT-positive and -negative
patients on other selected clinical outcomes and bleeding complications
are shown in
Table 4. Overall, TnT-positive patients had higher rates of
PCI and bypass surgery than did TnT-negative patients. Major bleeding
did not differ by troponin status. There were no significant
differences in these events by treatment in either the TnT-positive or
-negative group, but the rates of PCI and readmission were somewhat
lower among lamifiban- versus placebo-treated TnT-positive patients.
Although the absolute numbers were low, the difference in stroke rates
between lamifiban- and placebo-treated TnT-positive patients was
greater than the difference by treatment in TnT-negative patients.
There was no difference in the effect of lamifiban versus placebo on
bleeding rates by TnT status.
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Follow-up samples were available in 346 patients at a median 45.3 (27.3 to 49.3) hours after randomization. Among patients who were TnT-positive at baseline, TnT levels increased slightly at the second sample, from 0.50 (0.23 to 1.38) to 0.78 (0.23 to 1.46) ng/mL; P=0.197. Overall, the median TnT level at the second sample did not differ significantly by treatment [0.14 (0 to 0.76) ng/mL for lamifiban versus 0.10 (0 to 0.70) for placebo; P=0.76]. Results were similar when patients who underwent revascularization between the first and second samples (n=38) were excluded (data not shown).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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This prospective study supports the proposition that a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist can neutralize the heightened risk of TnT-positive patients with non–ST-segment elevation ACS. As evidenced by the borderline-significant interaction term between troponin status and treatment, which held true for both the primary end point and the composite of death or MI, this study strongly suggests that the treatment effect of lamifiban in patients with ACS is focused among those who are TnT-positive.
Previous studies carried out in North America or in single European countries have noted greater mortality among troponin-positive patients.1 2 5 10 This study extends the observation of the powerful ability of TnT elevation to predict an increased risk of mortality or nonfatal MI to a broad range of healthcare settings and practice patterns around the world.
This study is now the third published to suggest that the
treatment effect of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists is amplified in
patients with a positive troponin level. As shown in
Table 5, however, our study differs in several important
ways from previous studies. First, the 2 previous
studies5 6 were
retrospective; the substudies were not initiated until after the main
trials were completed. Second, the study methods and patient
populations in these studies varied widely and were limited in their
ability to generalize to practice settings. In the CAPTURE trial of
abciximab, only patients who had failed standard medical therapy and
were suitable for PCI after angiography were
enrolled.11 The PRISM trial
tested only tirofiban, without concomitant heparin, for 48 hours of
medical stabilization, without continued therapy during
PCI.12 Nevertheless, the
findings from our study with lamifiban are similar to those described
by Heeschen and colleagues6
with tirofiban. Although it was not a statistically proper subgroup
comparison in our study, like the PRISM investigators, we found that
our results are similar in medically and interventionally treated
patients.
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Figure 2 displays a systematic overview of the relationship
of troponin status and treatment effect on the end point of death or MI
in 3 published studies. Odds ratios from the 3 studies were combined by
use of an empirical Bayes random-effects
model.13
Consistently in all studies, there was no evidence of benefit
with a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist in troponin-negative patients
(combined OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.78 to 1.43). Among troponin-positive
patients, however, each study showed a significant treatment effect
(combined OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.58). As noted, because of our
limited sample size, we could not show a statistically significant
interaction of troponin status with treatment. Nonetheless,
consistent with both PRISM and CAPTURE, the point estimate
supports such an interaction, and for the 3 studies, the combined odds
ratio for treatment effect by troponin is highly significant (OR, 0.33;
95% CI, 0.19 to 0.57). The consistency of these 3
investigations suggests the particular benefit of GP IIb/IIIa receptor
antagonists in troponin-positive patients across a spectrum
of treatment indications and use patterns.
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The overall results of the PARAGON-B study revealed a nonsignificant effect of lamifiban across a spectrum of patients with non–ST-segment elevation ACS. Our substudy suggests, however, that had enrollment in PARAGON-B been restricted to TnT-positive patients, the overall results might have been influenced in favor of treatment with lamifiban. The mechanism for the differential treatment effect of GP IIb/IIIa antagonists or low-molecular-weight heparins among troponin-positive versus -negative ACS patients most likely reflects their ability to prevent or minimize microvascular embolization or obstruction. Patients with positive troponins have been shown to have more extensive coronary disease, more complex lesions, and more often thrombus at the site of an active lesion.3 4 In the CAPTURE study, a comparison of angiography before and after administration of study drug showed a greater likelihood of thrombus resolution and greater improvement in Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade among patients receiving abciximab, supporting such a mechanism for improved outcomes in TnT-positive patients receiving GP IIb/IIIa antagonists.3 Thus, an elevated troponin level might serve as a marker for the optimal use of these agents in clinical practice in patients with ACS. Whether a similar effect of GP IIb/IIIa inhibition might occur in cohorts identified by other markers of increased risk, such as elevated creatine kinase-MB or profound ST-segment depression, remains to be investigated.
The treatment benefit with lamifiban among TnT-positive patients did not appear to be undermined by increased bleeding. The rates of intracranial hemorrhage, major bleeding, and blood transfusions were similar between this group and both the lower-risk, TnT-negative patients and the overall study cohort. The previously described studies have not reported similar data for tirofiban or abciximab.
There appeared to be no effect of lamifiban on the magnitude of TnT values in later samples, obtained a median of 45 hours after the infusion was started. One small study of 105 patients showed lower peak and mean TnI levels on serial sampling over 24 hours in patients randomized to tirofiban plus heparin in the PRISM-PLUS trial.8 Although this could reflect less myocardial damage with GP IIb/IIIa inhibition, no studies have identified the optimal timing of troponin sampling to "size" MIs, and there may be differences between troponins T and I. Previous investigators have described a bimodal distribution of peak TnT levels, but not TnI levels, after MI.14 15 The first TnT peak occurs in the first 12 to 24 hours after symptom onset, whereas the second, more sustained peak occurs at 72 to 96 hours. With only a single second sample obtained at 24 to 72 hours, we could have missed the true peaks in a substantial proportion of patients.
There are some limitations to the present study. The rate of troponin positivity (40%) in this study was slightly higher than in other observations (30%), suggesting that higher-risk patients were recruited. The PRISM trial showed a lower rate of TnT-positivity (29%),6 yet the results among those TnT-positive patients are similar to those of the present study. Nevertheless, one should be cautious in extending these observations to lower-risk cohorts of TnT-positive patients.
The results of our study and 2 previous studies are in
conflict with the preliminary results of the Global Use of Strategies
To open Occluded arteries-IV Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IV ACS)
study presented at the XXII Congress of the European Society of
Cardiology, although consistent with a small
subgroup of PRISM-PLUS (J.L. Januzzi, personal communication)
(Table 5). GUSTO IV ACS showed no benefit of abciximab for
treatment of ACS in a population in which local laboratory
troponin-positive status was used in part to define study eligibility.
The unexpected results of GUSTO IV ACS may be explained by one or a
combination of several factors: (1) the lack of PCI in GUSTO IV (<2%
compared with 100% in CAPTURE), (2) slightly different entry criteria
from other ACS trials, (3) dosing strategies of abciximab that are
probably suboptimal in ACS, or (4) differences between local and core
laboratory troponin measurements. The evidence from 4 of 5 studies,
however, supports an enhanced effect of GP IIb/IIIa
antagonists in patients who are troponin-positive at
baseline.
In summary, our results further confirm that TnT status is a powerful tool for risk stratification. In addition, although the rate of death or MI at 30 days remained nearly 10% even among TnT-negative patients, the use of a GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist such as lamifiban appeared to neutralize the heightened risk for adverse cardiac events among TnT-positive patients, resulting in a level similar to that of TnT-negative patients. Given the diversity of the non–ST-segment elevation ACS population and inherent limitations in clinical and ECG risk stratification, our results, in conjunction with similar findings in previous studies, suggest that positive TnT status is an important additional consideration in the decision to use a GP IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland; Roche Diagnostics Corp, Indianapolis, Ind; and Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany. The authors extend their gratitude to several coworkers whose dedication reflects the quality of this study: Lindsay Lambe, project leader; Pat French, editor; Betty Summers, secretary; Lisa Berdan, overall project coordinator; John Wallens and Andreas Wallnöfer, sponsor representatives; Cornelia Irl, statistician; Tonya Miller, assistant; and the research staff and principal investigators at the 105 participating hospitals.
Received January 29, 2001; revision received March 30, 2001; accepted April 4, 2001.
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 P. Jeetley, L. Burden, and R. Senior Stress echocardiography is superior to exercise ECG in the risk stratification of patients presenting with acute chest pain with negative Troponin Eur J Echocardiogr, March 1, 2006; 7(2): 155 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. K. Newby, M. T. Roe, A. Y. Chen, E. M. Ohman, R. H. Christenson, C. V. Pollack Jr, J. W. Hoekstra, W. F. Peacock, R. A. Harrington, R. L. Jesse, et al. Frequency and Clinical Implications of Discordant Creatine Kinase-MB and Troponin Measurements in Acute Coronary Syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 17, 2006; 47(2): 312 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. S. Ginsburg, M. P. Donahue, and L. K. Newby Prospects for Personalized Cardiovascular Medicine: The Impact of Genomics J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 2005; 46(9): 1615 - 1627. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Heeschen, C. W. Hamm, V. Mitrovic, N.-H. Lantelme, H. D. White, and for the Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic S N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels for Dynamic Risk Stratification of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, November 16, 2004; 110(20): 3206 - 3212. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Harrington, R. C. Becker, M. Ezekowitz, T. W. Meade, C. M. O'Connor, D. A. Vorchheimer, and G. H. Guyatt Antithrombotic Therapy for Coronary Artery Disease: The Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy Chest, September 1, 2004; 126(3_suppl): 513S - 548S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Okamatsu, M. Takano, S. Sakai, F. Ishibashi, R. Uemura, T. Takano, and K. Mizuno Elevated Troponin T Levels and Lesion Characteristics in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, February 3, 2004; 109(4): 465 - 470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. L. Miller, K. N. Garratt, M. F. Burritt, G. S. Reeder, and A. S. Jaffe Timing of Peak Troponin T and Creatine Kinase-MB Elevations After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Chest, January 1, 2004; 125(1): 275 - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Hersi, Y. Fu, B. Wong, K.W. Mahaffey, R.A. Harrington, R.M. Califf, F. Van de Werf, P.W. Armstrong, and for the PARAGON-B Investigators Does the discharge ECG provide additional prognostic insight(s) in non-ST elevation ACS patients from that acquired on admission? Eur. Heart J., March 2, 2003; 24(6): 522 - 531. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. K. Newby, B. U. Goldmann, and E. M. Ohman Troponin: an important prognostic marker and risk-stratification tool in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 31S - 36S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Cannon Small molecule glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors as upstream therapy in acute coronary syndromes: Insights from the TACTICS TIMI-18 trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 43S - 48S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. J. Topol A guide to therapeutic decision-making in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4_Suppl_S): 123S - 129S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Kaul, L. K. Newby, Y. Fu, V. Hasselblad, K. W. Mahaffey, R. H. Christenson, R. A. Harrington, E. M. Ohman, E. J. Topol, R. M. Califf, et al. Troponin T and quantitative ST-segment depression offer complementary prognostic information in the risk stratification of acute coronary syndrome patients J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 5, 2003; 41(3): 371 - 380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. E. Bertrand, M. L. Simoons, K. A.A. Fox, L. C. Wallentin, C. W. Hamm, E. McFadden, P. J. De Feyter, G. Specchia, and W. Ruzyllo Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2002; 23(23): 1809 - 1840. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Cannon Evidence-Based Risk Stratification to Target Therapies in Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, September 24, 2002; 106(13): 1588 - 1591. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Roffi, D.P. Chew, D. Mukherjee, D.L. Bhatt, J.A. White, D.J. Moliterno, C. Heeschen, C.W. Hamm, M.A. Robbins, N.S. Kleiman, et al. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition in acute coronary syndromes. Gradient of benefit related to the revascularization strategy Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2002; 23(18): 1441 - 1448. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Schoenhagen, E. M. Tuzcu, and S. G. Ellis Plaque Vulnerability, Plaque Rupture, and Acute Coronary Syndromes: (Multi)-Focal Manifestation of a Systemic Disease Process Circulation, August 13, 2002; 106(7): 760 - 762. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. de Lemos, D. A. Morrow, C. M. Gibson, S. A. Murphy, M. S. Sabatine, N. Rifai, C. H. McCabe, E. M. Antman, C. P. Cannon, and E. Braunwald The prognostic value of serum myoglobin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: Results from the TIMI 11B and TACTICS-TIMI 18 studies J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2002; 40(2): 238 - 244. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Quinn, E. F. Plow, and E. J. Topol Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors: Recognition of a Two-Edged Sword? Circulation, July 16, 2002; 106(3): 379 - 385. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Hamm Acute coronary syndrome: the struggle for the best in risk stratification and therapy Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2002; 23(14): 1074 - 1076. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S A Harding, N A Boon, and A D Flapan Antiplatelet treatment in unstable angina: aspirin, clopidogrel, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist, or all three? Heart, July 1, 2002; 88(1): 11 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. A. Harrington and E. Magnus Ohman Early invasive strategy for acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation: Has the time come for 'drive-through' angiography? Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2002; 23(3): 191 - 194. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Sabatine and E. Braunwald Will Diabetes Save the Platelet Blockers? Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2759 - 2761. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Roffi, D. P. Chew, D. Mukherjee, D. L. Bhatt, J. A. White, C. Heeschen, C. W. Hamm, D. J. Moliterno, R. M. Califf, H. D. White, et al. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors Reduce Mortality in Diabetic Patients With Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2767 - 2771. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, N. Rifai, M. J. Frey, R. Vicari, N. Lakkis, D. H. Robertson, D. A. Hille, P. T. DeLucca, P. M. DiBattiste, et al. Ability of Minor Elevations of Troponins I and T to Predict Benefit From an Early Invasive Strategy in Patients With Unstable Angina and Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Results From a Randomized Trial JAMA, November 21, 2001; 286(19): 2405 - 2412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Quinn and D. J. Moliterno Troponins in Acute Coronary Syndromes: More TACTICS for an Early Invasive Strategy JAMA, November 21, 2001; 286(19): 2461 - 2462. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. W. Hamm Cardiac Biomarkers for Rapid Evaluation of Chest Pain Circulation, September 25, 2001; 104(13): 1454 - 1456. [Full Text] [PDF]
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