doi: 10.1161/hc2401.092234
(Circulation. 2001;103:2882.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
Rapid Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Clinically Feasible Alternative for Precise and Accurate Measurement of Left Ventricular Volumes
From the Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine (M.B., K.T., D.J., J.B.S.) and the Department of Diagnostic Radiology (J.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn.
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Abstract |
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Background—Clinical applicability of conventional ultrasonographic systems using mechanical adapters for 3D echocardiographic imaging has been limited by long acquisition and processing times. We developed a rapid (6-s) acquisition technique that collects apical tomograms using a continuously internally rotating transthoracic transducer. This study was performed to examine the clinical feasibility of rapid-acquisition 3D echocardiography to estimate left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes using electron-beam computed tomography as the reference standard.
Methods and Results—We collected a series of 6 to 11 apical echocardiographic tomograms, depending on heart rate, in 11 patients. There was good correlation, low variability, and low bias between rapid 3D echocardiography and electron-beam computed tomography for measuring left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r=0.96; standard error of the estimate, 21.34 mL; bias, -4.93 mL) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (r=0.96; standard error of the estimate, 14.78 mL; bias, -6.97 mL).
Conclusions—The rapid-acquisition 3D echocardiography extends the use of a multiplane, internally rotating handheld transducer so that it becomes a precise and clinically feasible tool for assessing left ventricular volumes and function. A rapid-image acquisition time of 6 s would allow repeated image collection during the course of a clinical echocardiographic examination. Additional work must address rapid and automated data processing.
Key Words: echocardiography • ventricles • tomography
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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Three-dimensional echocardiography has demonstrated superior accuracy and reproducibility over conventional 2D echocardiography for measuring left ventricular (LV) volume, because no geometric assumptions are necessary about LV shape.1 Real-time volumetric 3D echocardiography2 with a very fast, internally rotating crystal array for real-time 3D imaging,3 various mechanical adapters for rotation or translation with conventional transthoracic echocardiography transducers,4 or free-hand 3D image acquisition with magnetic5 or spark-gap6 spatial positioning systems were investigated in an effort to use the 3D approach in a clinical setting. However, the clinical application of these techniques is not widespread because of compromised image quality, challenging technical design, or slow acquisition times. The initial experience with a prototype handheld transducer with an internally rotating crystal array for multiplane image acquisition was reported recently.7 The transthoracic echocardiography transducer is comparable in size to conventional probes and is stable during multitomographic data acquisition, because the rotating crystal array is not in direct contact with the body surface.
Using the 180° continuous-rotation mode of the multiplane transducer, we developed a rapid 3D image-acquisition technique that addresses the issue of clinical practicality of 3D echocardiography.
The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical feasibility and the precision and accuracy of the new rapid, 3D echocardiographic acquisition technique for measuring LV end-diastolic (LVEDV) and end-systolic (LVESV) volumes. Electron-beam computed tomography (EBCT) was used as the reference standard.
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Methods |
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Study Population
We performed a rapid 3D apical scan in patients for whom a standard transthoracic echocardiographic examination was clinically indicated. Patients with a variety of cardiac pathologies were considered in an attempt to cover a large range of LV volumes. Exclusion criteria were cardiac arrhythmias, sinus bradycardia, and any clinical condition preventing 6 s of suspended respiration. Thirteen patients entered the study; echocardiographic data from 2 patients were excluded because the image quality from remote myocardial regions was not adequate for determining the endocardial border. In the other 11 patients (8 men; mean age, 54 years; range, 36 to 68 years), the clinical transthoracic echocardiographic study was requested for ischemic heart disease (n=2), mitral regurgitation (n=2), aortic regurgitation (n=2), cardiac amyloidosis (n=1), constrictive pericarditis (n=1), pulmonary fibrosis (n=1), and pulmonary hypertension (n=1). In the final patient, LV function was evaluated before liver transplantation. The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Mayo Foundation. Informed consent was obtained before the study from all patients.
3D Echocardiographic Study
We used a HP 2500 system
(Hewlett-Packard) fitted with a prototype
5-MHz multiplane transthoracic transducer. An internal
crystal array continuously rotates and collects images over 180°
about its imaging axis. The desired diastolic and
systolic tomograms are selected during subsequent off-line data
processing on the basis of a synchronously acquired
electrocardiographic signal. The number of tomograms obtained from the
6-s 180° rotation cycle depends on the patient’s heart rate. For
example, with a rate of 80 beats/min, 8 tomograms are obtained. The
end-diastolic (temporally related to the R wave on the ECG)
and end-systolic (smallest chamber volume during the cardiac
cycle) phases were identified at each cardiac cycle. Images were
digitized, and LV endocardial borders were traced manually, including
the LV outflow tract up to the aortic valve. The mitral valve plane was
traced as the straight line between the boundaries of the mitral
annulus. Two independent observers (K.T. and D.J.), who were blinded to
the LV volumes obtained with the reference EBCT measurements, performed
endocardial diastolic and systolic tracings, which
took about 20 minutes per left ventricle. The LVEDV and LVESV were
measured from computer-generated LV cavity casts, which were
reconstructed from the interactive tracings using the Sun
SPARC station 20 and a custom software algorithm; this took
another 15 minutes.
EBCT Study
Each EBCT (Imatron C-100) study was performed within
48 hours of the echocardiographic examination. Each
subject was positioned in the scanner to obtain parallel tomographic
images in the short axis (transverse cardiac) from the LV apex to the
base of the right ventricular outflow tract. During
imaging, an intravenous infusion of nonionic contrast
medium was delivered at 3 mL/s for 20 s. Eight to 12 parallel
tomographic scans were obtained from the LV apex through the base,
depending on the overall long-axis dimensions of the ventricle. The
endocardial borders were traced manually, and the LVEDV and LVESV were
obtained using a disk summation method.
Statistical Evaluation
To assess precision, LV volumes estimated from rapid
3D echocardiography by 2 independent observers were
averaged and compared with those measured with EBCT by linear
regression. Interobserver variability was expressed as the coefficient
of variation between the 2 observers. To determine whether the
difference in the values between the 2 methods was statistically
significant, a paired t test
was performed; the level of significance was set to
P<0.05. The accuracy of the
rapid 3D echocardiography with respect to the EBCT
measurements was examined by a limits-of-agreement analysis.
The bias was expressed as the mean difference between the 2 methods,
and the limits of agreement as 2 SDs of the difference of the 2
methods.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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The mean±SD of the testing 3D echocardiographic and reference EBCT measurements were 165.1±68.0 mL and 160.2±67.6 mL, respectively, for LVEDV and 70.4±47.9 mL and 63.5±54.0 mL for LVESV. A regression analysis and a Bland and Altman plot for LVEDV measurements are shown in Figures 1A
and 1B, respectively. Linear regression indicated
a high correlation (r=0.96;
P<0.0001) between the
reference and the testing methods, with a standard error of estimate of
21.34 mL. The limits-of-agreement analysis demonstrated a
minimal mean difference (bias, -4.93±20.44 mL). The
t test indicated no significant
mean differences between the 2 methods. The results of LVESV regression
and agreement analysis, which are shown in
Figures 1C and 1D, also demonstrated high precision and
accuracy (r=0.96;
P<0.001; standard error of
estimate, 14.78 mL; bias, -6.97±16.22 mL) and no significant mean
differences between the 2 methods. Systolic volumes were not
distributed as proportionally along the correlation line as the
diastolic volumes, and the results were influenced by a
large LVESV in one patient with ischemic heart
disease.
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The linear regression and agreement plots of corresponding
LVEDV and LVESV values estimated from the 3D
echocardiographic data by 2 independent observers are
shown in Figure 2. These results showed excellent correlation and
only a small bias. In the estimation of the LVEDV and LVESV values,
interobserver variability was 6.11% and 9.14%,
respectively.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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We report a new rapid (6-s) 3D echocardiographic image acquisition method that uses a prototype handheld transducer with an internally rotating crystal array. This approach represents a practical solution to a clinically feasible acquisition of 3D data and provides precise and accurate diastolic and systolic volumes for a functional assessment of the left ventricle. In the present implementation, diastolic and systolic frames, which are required for 3D reconstruction of volumetric data, are selected a posteriori during off-line processing, although on-line processing is conceivable.
Advantages of Rapid 3D Echocardiography
The technique allows the rapid collection of data
during 6 s of suspended respiration, which makes the technique
feasible in most clinical scenarios. The prototype transducer is
capable of all current Doppler and harmonic imaging modalities.
Rotational geometry has been applied successfully to 3D
reconstruction,8 9 10
and the approach discussed herein represents a practical
extension of these efforts. An important characteristic of this
geometry is that the images are equispaced and particularly useful for
reconstructing the whole left ventricle. In addition, this system could
sample sufficient 4D data for a dynamic analysis of LV function
and shape.
Limitations
The manual delineation and off-line data processing
were time-consuming; however, this was not an issue from the viewpoint
of our experimental objectives and did not prolong the time needed to
examine a patient. The present implementation of the method is
limited to patients with a heart rate 
60 beats/min to collect a
minimum of 6 tomograms. Multiplane transducers equipped with an
adjustable rate of rotation would overcome this limitation.
The 5-MHz frequency of the transducer was not optimal for adult echocardiography but was dictated by the initial prototype design using transesophageal transducer mechanics. Consequently, limited signal penetration led to the exclusion of 2 patient data sets from analysis. A production system would certainly use a rotating transducer with lower frequency for transthoracic clinical applications.
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Conclusions |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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Rapidly acquired 3D data sets of 6 to 11 sequential tomograms provide precise and accurate measurements of LV volumes and ejection fractions in humans. Because of the short duration of acquisition (6 s), the technique is clinically feasible, and it allows, if necessary, repeated collection of 3D data during the course of a clinical examination, further enhancing the results. Additional work must concentrate on rapid and automated data processing before this technique can be used widely.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported in part by grant HL 52494 from the National Institutes of Health.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Marek Belohlavek, MD, PhD, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905.
Received March 16, 2001; revision received April 23, 2001; accepted April 30, 2001.
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References |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionConclusionsReferences |
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6. King DL, Harrison MR, King DL Jr, et al. Improved reproducibility of left atrial and left ventricular measurements by guided three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1238–1245.[Abstract]
7. Papavassiliou D, Doelling NR, Bowman MK, et al. Initial experience with an internally rotating transthoracic three-dimensional echocardiographic probe and image acquisition on a conventional echocardiogram machine. Echocardiography. 1998;15:369–376.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
8. Belohlavek M, Foley DA, Gerber TC, et al. Three- and four-dimensional cardiovascular ultrasound imaging: a new era for echocardiography. Mayo Clin Proc. 1993;68:221–240.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
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