doi: 10.1161/hc2301.092122
(Circulation. 2001;103:2776.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Brief Rapid Communications |
Mobilization of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
From the Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Internal Medicine III, Kurume University, and the Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University (Y.O.), Japan.
Correspondence to Toyoaki Murohara, MD, PhD, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kurume University, 67 Asahi, Kurume, 830-0011 Japan. E-mail toyom{at}med.kurume-u.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Background—Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) circulate in adult peripheral blood (PB) and contribute to neovascularization. However, little is known regarding whether EPCs and their putative precursor, CD34-positive mononuclear cells (MNCCD34+), are mobilized into PB in acute ischemic events in humans.
Methods and Results—Flow cytometry revealed that circulating MNCCD34+ counts significantly increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction (n=16), peaking on day 7 after onset, whereas they were unchanged in control subjects (n=8) who had no evidence of cardiac ischemia. During culture, PB-MNCs formed multiple cell clusters, and EPC-like attaching cells with endothelial cell lineage markers (CD31, vascular endothelial cadherin, and kinase insert domain receptor) sprouted from clusters. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, more cell clusters and EPCs developed from cultured PB-MNCs obtained on day 7 than those on day 1. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor significantly increased, peaking on day 7, and they positively correlated with circulating MNCCD34+ counts (r=0.35, P=0.01).
Conclusions—This is the first clinical demonstration showing that lineage-committed EPCs and MNCCD34+, their putative precursors, are mobilized during an acute ischemic event in humans.
Key Words: angiogenesis • endothelium • stem cells • ischemia
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Introduction |
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Postnatal neovascularization has been thought to result exclusively from the proliferation and migration of preexisting vascular endothelial cells (ECs),1 a process referred to as angiogenesis. However, in a previous study, we identified circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs)2 that contributed to neovascularization in a manner consistent with postnatal vasculogenesis.3 Although tissue ischemia could mobilize EPCs from bone marrow into peripheral blood (PB) in animals,3 this issue was not investigated in humans. Accordingly, we examined whether EPCs and their putative precursor, CD34-positive mononuclear cells (MNCCD34+), were mobilized in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Patients
Patients with AMI (mean age, 64 years; 11 men and 5 women) and control subjects (mean age, 65 years; 5 men and 3 women) who had atypical chest pain but no evidence of cardiac ischemia were enrolled. AMI patients met the following criteria: chest pain lasting for >30 minutes that was not relieved by sublingual nitroglycerin, abnormal Q waves on the ECG, and elevated serum creatine kinase levels. Angiography revealed the total occlusion of one of the 3 major coronary artery branches. AMI patients underwent angioplasty and were treated with heparin, isosorbide dinitrate, and aspirin. Control subjects underwent coronary angiography to rule out ischemic heart disease on the day of admission. There were no significant differences regarding the use of ß-adrenoceptor blockers, calcium antagonists, and ACE inhibitors between the control and AMI patients. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee, and informed consent was obtained from all subjects.
Quantification of
MNCCD34+
The circulating MNCCD34+
count was quantified on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. In brief,
peripheral white blood cells were stained with a
fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated anti-CD34 monoclonal
antibody (Becton-Dickinson). Samples were
subjected to a 2D side scatter-fluorescence dot plot
analysis (FACScan,
Becton-Dickinson).4
After appropriate gating, the number of
MNCCD34+ with low cytoplasmic granularity
(low sideward scatter) was quantified and expressed as number of
cells per 106 white blood cells. In control
subjects, circulating PB-MNCCD34+ were
quantified on days 1 and 7.
Cell Culture Assay for Circulating EPCs
PB (20 mL) was obtained on days 1 and 7, and MNCs
were isolated by a density-gradient centrifugation
method.5 MNCs were cultured
on gelatin-coated 6-well plates in medium-199 containing 20% FBS, EC
growth supplement, antibiotics (Gibco), and heparin (10 U/mL). EPCs
were defined by the expression of EC lineage-markers (kinase insert
domain receptor [KDR], vascular endothelial [VE]-cadherin, CD31,
and
1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate–labeled
acetylated LDL [DiI-acLDL] incorporation) and by negative CD45
antigen.2 5 Thirty
microscopic fields from 6 randomly selected wells were examined in each
sample at day 7 of culture, and numbers of EPCs and cell clusters were
expressed as number of cells or clusters per original PB (1
mL).
Biochemical Measurements
PB (5 mL) was collected from patients with AMI on
days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Complete cell counts and serum creatine
kinase levels were examined as routine tests, and plasma levels of
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic
fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor
(G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-8 levels were measured
using commercially available ELISA kits. In control subjects, PB (5 mL)
was obtained on days 1 and 7 to measure plasma VEGF
levels.
Statistics
Values are expressed as mean±SE. Data were subjected
to 1-way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s test for comparison between any 2
means. Differences of P<0.05
were considered significant.
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Results |
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Circulating MNCCD34+
Figure 1A
shows the time course of circulating
MNCCD34+ counts.
MNCCD34+ increased after the onset of AMI
and peaked on day 7. MNCCD34+ then gradually
decreased, but the number on day 28 was still greater than that on day
1. In controls, circulating MNCCD34+ counts
on days 1 and 7 were similar (113±8 and
117±13/106 WBCs). The
MNCCD34+ counts did not differ between the
AMI and control groups on day 1, but they were significantly greater in
the AMI group than in the control group on day 7
(P<0.001).
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EPC Culture Assay
From cultured PB-MNCs, cell clusters developed and
spindle-shaped attaching cells sprouted from the clusters. The
morphological appearance of attaching cells resembled that of EPCs
differentiated from human PB, which we reported
previously.2 5 More
than 80% of attaching cells expressed EC lineage-markers (KDR,
VE-cadherin, and CD31) and took up DiI-acLDL.
Representative photomicrographs of KDR- and
CD31-immunostaining and DiI-acLDL incorporation are
shown in
Figure 1B
. Attaching cells, however, did not express CD45, a
common leukocyte antigen (data not shown). Attaching cells thus
expressed multiple EC antigens, and we defined attaching cells as a
major population of EPCs.
Cell culture assays revealed that more cell clusters and
EPCs developed from MNCs obtained on day 7 than those obtained on day 1
in AMI patients
(Figures 1C and 1D). In contrast, the numbers of EPCs and cell
clusters did not change between day 1 and day 7 in controls
(Figure 1D).
Plasma Levels of
Cytokines
The
Table
shows the time course of circulating white blood cell counts, serum
creatine kinase, and plasma VEGF, bFGF, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-8
levels after the onset of AMI. Only plasma VEGF levels were
significantly elevated, peaking on day 7; the levels of the other 5
cytokines were unchanged. Because it was only VEGF that was
elevated in the plasma of AMI patients, we measured only plasma VEGF
levels in the control group. VEGF levels slightly but significantly
increased on day 7 compared with day 1 (100±6 versus 72±2 pg/mL) in
the control group. However, on day 7, plasma VEGF levels were
significantly greater in the AMI group than in the control group
(171±31 versus 100±6 pg/mL,
P<0.01).
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Circulating VEGF and
MNCCD34+
We examined the potential relationship between
MNCCD34+ counts and plasma cytokine
levels in AMI. Simple regression analysis revealed that the
number of circulating MNCCD34+ positively
correlated with the plasma levels of VEGF
(r=0.35,
P=0.01;
Figure 2). There were no significant relationships between
MNCCD34+ counts and bFGF
(P=0.06), G-CSF
(P=0.07), GM-CSF
(P=0.24), IL-3
(P=0.56), or IL-8
(P=0.09) (plots not shown). The
MNCCD34+ counts did not correlate with
maximum serum creatine kinase levels
(P=0.52). In control subjects,
plasma levels of VEGF did not correlate with
MNCCD34+ counts (plots not
shown).
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Discussion |
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Because EPCs differentiate from MNCCD34+ and mobilize from bone marrow,2 3 we first quantified circulating MNCCD34+. Circulating MNCCD34+ counts significantly increased in patients with AMI, peaking on day 7, but they did not change in controls. Our results suggest that AMI likely stimulated bone marrow, and MNCCD34+ were subsequently mobilized.
Currently, little is known about how
MNCCD34+ are mobilized after AMI.
Inflammatory cytokines are released from ischemic
tissues and may stimulate bone marrow to release EPCs and
MNCCD34+.3
Indeed, Asahara et
al3 6 reported that
hematopoietic/angiogenic cytokines (eg, VEGF and GM-CSF)
mobilized EPCs in animals. Thus, we analyzed the time course of
plasma levels of major hematopoietic/angiogenic cytokines in
AMI patients. Among the 6 cytokines we measured, only plasma
VEGF levels were significantly elevated
(Table).
The precise origin(s) of circulating VEGF is unknown, but
ischemic cardiac tissues likely secrete VEGF because the
promoter sequence of the VEGF
gene contains hypoxia-responsive elements. In fact, a recent
study showed that myocardial VEGF expression was enhanced in patients
with AMI.7 Interestingly,
plasma VEGF levels positively correlated with the numbers of
MNCCD34+ in AMI
(Figure 2) in the present study, which is
consistent with a recent report showing that VEGF functions as
a mobilizer for EPCs in patients with coronary artery disease
receiving therapeutic VEGF gene
transfer.8
Because MNCCD34+ give rise to
EPCs and to hematopoietic progenitors, we analyzed the number
of circulating EPCs by PB-MNC culture assay. In our previous studies, a
subset of PB-MNCs differentiated into EPCs during
culture.2 5 In the
present study, PB-MNCs formed multiple cell clusters, and
spindle-shaped attaching cells sprouted from the clusters. The
morphological appearance of attaching cells resembled that of EPCs
originating from human PB, which we reported
recently.2 5 In
addition, >80% of attaching cells expressed EC-lineage markers and
function (KDR, VE-cadherin, CD31, and DiI-acLDL uptake). Thus, we
defined attaching cells as a major population of EPCs. A greater number
of EPCs and cell clusters developed from a culture of PB-MNCs obtained
on day 7 than those obtained on day 1 in AMI patients. Given the fact
that EPCs derive from
MNCCD34+,2 5
the results of the culture assay for circulating EPCs are
consistent with the time course of the circulating
MNCCD34+ counts
(Figure 1A).
The present study has several limitations. First, we do not know whether EPCs participate in neovascularization after AMI. Because one cannot obtain cardiac tissues from AMI patients and because bone marrow–derived ECs cannot be distinguished from native ECs due to the lack of exclusive markers, this issue may be difficult to prove. Nevertheless, a recent study showed that bone marrow–derived EPCs had participated in neovascularization in patients with fatal AMI with preceding allogenic bone marrow transplantation.9 10 Also, Asahara et al3 showed that EPCs were mobilized from bone marrow and accumulated within the ischemic border zone after AMI in animals. Thus, the elevated circulating EPCs likely contribute to neovascularization (postnatal vasculogenesis), although it is unknown whether EPCs can vascularize scar tissues as well. Second, mature ECs may also circulate in the PB. However, Mutin et al11 reported that the number of circulating mature ECs was low, even in patients with AMI (10 to 100 cells/mL blood), whereas circulating EPCs ranged between 0.3 to 1x104 cells/mL.5 8 Moreover, mature ECs have a low proliferative activity and do not participate in neovascularization.9 12 13 Third, doses of medications, such as isosorbide dinitrate and aspirin, were different between the AMI and control groups. However, no study has reported that such drugs alter either hematopoiesis or MNCCD34+ mobilization. Thus, it is less likely that EPCs were mobilized in response to these drugs in AMI patients. Finally, all subjects underwent cardiac catheterization using heparin; thus, the catheterization procedure itself did not likely account for the augmented EPC mobilization.
In summary, the present study is the first to demonstrate that EPCs and their putative precursor, MNCCD34+, are mobilized into PB during an acute ischemic event in humans. The functional roles of mobilized EPCs should be determined further.
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Acknowledgments |
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Supported by grants from the Ministry of Health and Welfare and the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan (No. 11158220, No. 11557058, No. 12032220, and No. 12470161). We thank Kimiko Kimura for technical assistance.
Received February 12, 2001; revision received April 26, 2001; accepted April 26, 2001.
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References |
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