(Circulation. 2001;103:2230.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Assessment of Myocardial Perfusion in Coronary Artery Disease by Magnetic Resonance
A Comparison With Positron Emission Tomography and Coronary Angiography
From the Division of Cardiology (J.S., M.B., T.F.L.), the Clinic of Nuclear Medicine (S.K., G.K.v.S.), and the Institute of Diagnostic Radiology (D.N., K.B., P.R.K., B.M.), University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
Correspondence to J. Schwitter, MD, Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, Raemistrasse 100, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland. E-mail karscz{at}usz.unizh.ch
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Abstract |
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Background—Monitoring contrast medium wash-in kinetics in hyperemic myocardium by magnetic resonance (MR) allows for the detection of stenosed coronary arteries. In this prospective study, the quality of a multislice MR approach with respect to the detection and sizing of compromised myocardium was determined and compared with positron emission tomography (PET) and quantitative coronary angiography.
Methods and Results—A
total of 48 patients and 18 healthy subjects were studied by MR
using a multislice hybrid echo-planar pulse sequence for monitoring the
myocardial first pass kinetics of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine
pentaacetic acid bismethylamide
(Omniscan; 0.1 mmol/kg injected at 3 mL/s
IV) during hyperemia (dipyridamole 0.56 mg/kg).
Signal intensity upslope as a measure of myocardial perfusion
was calculated in 32 sectors per heart from pixelwise
parametric maps in the subendocardial layer and for full wall
thickness. Before coronary angiography, coronary flow
reserve (hyperemia induced by dipyridamole 0.56
mg/kg) was determined in corresponding sectors by
13N-ammonia PET. Receiver-operator
characteristic analysis of subendocardial upslope data revealed
a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 94%, respectively, for the
detection of coronary artery disease as defined by PET (mean
coronary flow reserve minus 2SD of controls) and a sensitivity
and specificity of 87% and 85%, respectively, in comparison with
quantitative coronary angiography (diameter stenosis
50%). The number of pathological sectors per patient on PET and MR
studies correlated linearly (slope, 0.94;
r=0.76;
P<0.0001).
Conclusions—The presented MR approach reliably identifies patients with coronary artery stenoses and provides information on the amount of compromised myocardium, even when perfusion abnormalities are confined to the subendocardial layer. This modality may qualify for its clinical application in the management of coronary artery disease.
Key Words: imaging • perfusion • heart diseases
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), clinical decisions regarding the need for angioplasty or bypass surgery are based on the evaluation of coronary anatomy and are ideally combined with an assessment of the hemodynamic significance of the disease. Therefore, perfusion assessment by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) plays a key role in patient management. However, the method suffers from attenuation artifacts1 and exposes patients to radiation. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging corrects for attenuation and allows for the quantification of perfusion,2 3 but it is not widely available.
In the early 1990s, myocardial first-pass magnetic resonance
(MR) perfusion imaging was shown to detect CAD in
patients.4 Because the extent
of disease relates to the patient’s prognosis, multislice approaches
were developed. The application of multislice techniques to highly
selected patient populations with documented single-vessel disease
yielded sensitivities of
100%.5 6 However,
the application of a multislice mode to a mixed unselected study
population either yielded low sensitivity (44% in 10
patients)7 or low specificity
(44% in 45 patients).8 In a
recent prospective study using a single-slice approach, sensitivity and
specificity were 90% and 83%, respectively, for the detection of
stenosis 75%.9 In
that study, a high sampling rate of one image per heartbeat allowed
calculation of contrast medium (CM) first-pass kinetics but precluded a
multislice acquisition. In MR perfusion studies evaluated thus far in
patients with coronary artery
stenoses,4 5 6 7 9 10
data acquisition windows (including inversion recovery preparation)
amounted to 650 to 750 ms. In the present study, a hybrid
echo-planar readout was
used11 12 and
combined with a saturation recovery approach, which reduced the data
acquisition window to 239 ms. We hypothesized that such an approach
would yield highly reliable perfusion data, even in a multislice mode,
and moreover, it would allow evaluation of perfusion indexes
quantitatively within distinct myocardial
layers.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Study Population
We prospectively studied 48 patients with suspected CAD who were referred for coronary angiography. Exclusion criteria were unstable angina, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease, a history of revascularization, or previous myocardial infarction as indicated by (1) history, (2) Q waves in the resting 12-lead ECG, or (3) wall motion abnormalities at rest (by echocardiography or MR). Within 2 weeks before coronary angiography, patients underwent MR and PET perfusion studies in random order. Antianginal medication was withdrawn
24
hours before the tests, as were caffeinated beverages or food. The
volunteers (n=18, aged 29±3 years) were at low risk for
CAD13 because of their
medical history, normal physical examination, and normal resting and
stress ECGs. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics
Committee, and all subjects gave written informed consent. MR, PET, and
angiographic data were analyzed and stored without knowledge of
the findings obtained during the other
procedures.
MR Examination
All subjects were examined in the supine position
with a 1.5T system (CV/i, GE Medical Systems), and a 4-element
phased-array radiofrequency coil was used for signal reception. After
the assessment of resting cardiac function, vasodilation was induced by
dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg IV over 4 minutes). During a
breath-hold, the extravascular CM, gadolinium-diethylenetriamine
pentaacetic acid bismethylamide (Omniscan,
gadodiamide injection; Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway), was injected
into a cubital vein (0.1 mmol/kg at 3 mL/s;
Medrad), and its first pass was monitored using
a hybrid echo-planar pulse sequence (repetition time/echo time,
6.6/2.0 ms; echo train length, 4; preparation pulse, 90°; delay time,
120 ms; slice thickness per gap, 8/5 mm; rectangular field of
view, 34 to 40 cm by 26 to 30 cm; matrix, 128x96, with a pixel size of
2.7x3.5 mm interpolated to 1.3 to 1.6 mm for further
analysis) that acquires a complete image within 119
ms12 and yields 4 slices
every 2 R-R intervals up to a heart rate of 125 beats/min. During the
study, blood pressure and heart rate were acquired at 2-minute
intervals, and ECG was monitored continuously (MR Equipment, Model
9500).
After manual correction of images for gross cardiac motion,
endocardial and epicardial contours were drawn and 8 equiangular
sectors per slice were generated automatically (rotating clockwise
using the anterior septal insertion of the right ventricle as a
reference point;
Figure 1
); these sectors were further subdivided into an
inner and outer half (ie, into a subendocardial and subepicardial
layer, respectively), which resulted in 64 regions per heart. For each
slice, an algorithm then extracted the maximal slope in each pixel of
the myocardium and the left ventricular blood
pool (5-point and 3-point linear fit, respectively) using a sliding
window. Relative upslope was obtained by dividing the upslope data by
the precontrast signal intensity. Finally, mean slopes were calculated
in all sectors (subendocardial layer and full wall thickness) and
divided by the upslope of the signal in the left
ventricular cavity, which was regarded as a measure of the
input
function.7 9
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PET Examination
Dynamic PET measurements were performed using a
whole-body PET scanner (Advance, GE Medical Systems). Images were
reconstructed using filtered backprojection (Hanning filter;
cutoff, 5 mm transaxial and 8.5 mm axial) and a 128x128
pixel output matrix. Beginning with the intravenous bolus
administration of 700 to 800 MBq of
13N-ammonia, serial images were acquired for
15 minutes. After a delay time of at least 50 minutes to allow for
13N decay (physical half-life, 9.9 minutes),
hyperemia was induced by dipyridamole (same
regimen as for MR study), and flow measurement was repeated followed by
a transmission scan for attenuation correction. On reformatted
short-axis views, 8 regions of interest per slice were placed using the
anterior septal insertion of the right ventricle as a reference point
(Figure 1
). From the resulting 32 regions of interest per
heart, regional myocardial tissue time-activity curves were obtained.
The arterial input function was derived from a region of
interest in the left ventricular blood pool. As a direct
estimator of myocardial blood flow,
13N-ammonia uptake (K1)
(in mL · min–1 ·
g–1) was calculated from the time-activity
curves using a previously validated 2-compartment model
(K1, 13N-ammonia
washout rate (k2),
spill-over
correction2 ). In each
myocardial region of interest, coronary flow reserve (CFR) was
calculated as hyperemic/resting myocardial blood
flow.
Receiver-Operator Characteristics of MR
Perfusion Imaging Versus PET and X-Ray Coronary
Angiography
The studies were also performed in healthy
volunteers, who were randomly divided into 2 groups. Group 1 (n=8) was
used to generate reference values
(slopeendo.norm and
slopetrans.norm for the subendocardial layer and
full-wall thickness, respectively; values are mean±SD). Group 2 (n=10)
was added to the patient cohort to simulate the relatively high
proportion of normal subjects that are typically referred for
noninvasive testing to achieve a more reliable calculation of
specificity. For the comparison of PET versus quantitative
coronary angiography (QCA), the study cohort of 41 patients (33
with documented CAD, 8 without CAD) was supplemented by an additional 8
low-likelihood subjects (collected randomly from our normal database)
for the same reasons. Receiver-operator characteristic (ROC)
analyses14 were
employed to determine the diagnostic performance of
MR upslope data for the detection of CAD. CAD was defined either
anatomically as 1 stenosis 50% in diameter in any of the 3
coronary arteries (and their side branches with a diameter
2 mm) or hemodynamically as 1 sector with a
CFR <1.65 (mean minus 2SD of the normal database at our institution),
which is in agreement with CFR threshold values of 1.2 to
1.7.15 16
Further, ROC analyses were performed separately for 1-, 2-, and
3-vessel disease. To test the performance of MR perfusion
imaging for each coronary artery, sectors 1 and/or 8, 3, and 5
and/or 6 from all slices were assigned to the left anterior
descending, the circumflex, and the right coronary artery,
respectively, assuming these sectors as centers of corresponding
perfusion territories (sectors 2, 4, and 7 were not used for this
analysis). The coronary angiograms were analyzed by an
automated geometric-densitometric edge-detection
algorithm.17
Statistical Analysis
Values are given as mean±SD. Using the reference
values derived from the normal group 1 subjects
(slopeendo.norm and
slopetrans.norm), the threshold values [given
as slopenorm minus (xxSD)] were
determined by ROC analyses in the patient cohort that best
discriminated patients with CAD (defined either
hemodynamically or anatomically) from those without
CAD.14 To compare disease
extent by MR and PET, a repeated measures ANOVA was performed followed
by paired t tests and
Bonferroni correction. Sensitivities and specificities of the MR
approach in different vascular territories and in patients with 1-, 2-,
and 3-vessel disease were compared using
2 tests. Intraobserver and interobserver
variabilities of MR slope data are reported as mean±2SD of differences
of paired
analyses.18
P<0.05 was considered
statistically significant.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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A total of 48 patients were studied by MR, PET, and coronary angiography, and an additional 18 healthy volunteers were examined by MR. All examinations were well tolerated without complications. One MR and 2 PET studies were excluded from analysis for technical reasons. One PET study was cancelled for logistic reasons, and 4 were lost due to a storage media failure, resulting in 41 PET examinations available for comparison with MR. Demographics of patients and healthy subjects (normal group 2) included in the ROC analyses are given in Table 1
, and hemodynamic data for patients
and volunteers are given in
Table 2.
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Diagnostic Performance of
MR Perfusion Imaging
Detection of CAD
In
Figure 1, MR images demonstrate wash-in of CM is delayed
transmurally in territories supplied by stenosed coronary
arteries. In corresponding sectors, hyperemic flow on PET is
impaired
(Figure 1H). The ROC analysis in
Figure 2A revealed a high diagnostic reliability
of subendocardial MR upslope data for detection of
hemodynamically significant CAD; corresponding results
for the detection of anatomically defined CAD are given in
Figure 2B.
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Assessment of Extent of CAD
For a direct visualization of MR perfusion data, polar
map representations of the signal intensity upslope in the
subendocardial layer were generated
(Figure 3). In
Figure 4, the number of myocardial sectors with impaired
subendocardial flow on MR (slopeendo.norm minus
1.75SD) and reduced CFR on PET (<1.65) are compared (8.1±6.5 sectors
versus 9.0±5.7 sectors, respectively; overall
P=0.22). The number of
pathological sectors measured by MR and PET correlated linearly (slope,
0.94; r=0.76;
P<0.0001). Sectors with
transmurally reduced flow underestimated the extent of disease
(4.9±5.34 sectors versus 9.0±5.7 sectors with PET;
P<0.005). In
Figures 5 and 6, the influence of the number and type of
coronary artery involvement, as determined by QCA, on the
sensitivity and specificity of MR data is shown,
respectively.
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P<0.01 vs no disease (2-way ANOVA for repeated measures, Bonferroni-corrected; error bars represent SEM).
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For the intraobserver variability of slopeendo and slopetrans (evaluated in 320 sectors of 10 randomly chosen patients), the mean differences (with the 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) were -0.3% (-18.3% to 17.7%) and -2.5% (-14.3% to +9.4%), respectively. For interobserver variability, the results were 5.6% (-15.3% to 26.5%) and 4.7% (-14.7% to 24.1%), respectively.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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There are 3 major findings in this study: (1) the presented MR first-pass perfusion approach reliably detects and quantifies perfusion deficits in patients with CAD; (2) the presented MR technique resolves transmural differences in perfusion and generates polar maps of perfusion deficits in the subendocardium; and (3) the robustness of this MR approach is demonstrated even when combined with a peripheral CM injection.
Diagnostic Performance of
MR Perfusion Imaging
The diagnostic performance of MR
perfusion imaging was evaluated with respect to anatomically and
functionally defined
CAD.13 N-ammonia PET is well
established for quantifying blood
flow,2 3 and it was
used as a reference for myocardial perfusion. The best results for the
detection of CAD by MR perfusion imaging were obtained when CM wash-in
was assessed in the subendocardial layer, which is most sensitive to an
ischemic challenge. The presented MR perfusion approach
yielded a sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 94%, respectively,
for the detection of patients with reduced CFR as defined by PET.
Moreover, the amount of compromised myocardium, as assessed
by MR, closely agreed with PET measurements. Thus, the
presented MR approach provides an estimate of disease extent
that includes important prognostic information and is therefore
essential for patient management.
Recently, similar sensitivities and specificities were reported for an MR perfusion approach that detected angiographically defined CAD; however, the technique was limited to perfusion assessment in a single slice.9 In this and most other MR perfusion studies published so far,4 5 6 7 10 19 20 a fast low-angle shot readout lasting 360 to 450 ms was used and was combined with an inversion pulse involving preparation times of 300 to 400 ms.4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 In the present study, a hybrid echo-planar readout of 119 ms duration was combined with a saturation recovery approach, reducing the preparation time to 120 ms. The short acquisition window allows a high sampling rate of perfusion data, even in multislice mode, and reduces motion-induced blurring, whereas the preparation time of 120 ms places data collection into phases of minimal cardiac motion. As a result, the MR data were of adequate quality to perform a linear fit of the signal increase on a pixel by pixel basis, and reproducibility of the mean upslope/sector was high for both full-wall thickness and the subendocardial layer. To our knowledge, this is the first time that polar maps of subendocardial zones of hypoperfusion were derived observer-independently from linear fits of MR first-pass data by applying threshold values to patient data.
In highly selected patients with documented severe proximal left anterior descending coronary artery stenosis, 100% agreement between a multislice MR approach and SPECT data were reported.5 In unselected patient populations, however, multislice approaches performed worse, with a sensitivity7 or specificity8 <50%. In the present study, which was performed prospectively in unselected patients, the sensitivity and specificity for detecting anatomically defined CAD were 87% and 85%, respectively, which compared favorably with the values obtained with PET. With the MR approach, similar sensitivities and specificities were observed for all 3 vascular territories, indicating that all myocardial segments were visualized with similar image quality.
Limitations
Patients with previous myocardial infarctions were
excluded from this study, and the performance of the MR
technique in these patients remains to be determined. Specifically, the
influence of altered hemodynamics on CM first-pass
kinetics, and hence on the applicability of thresholds to myocardial
upslope data, warrants further investigation. To identify necrotic/scar
tissue, a so-called late-enhancement MR technique could be
employed.21 22
Similarly, conventional scintigraphy typically includes a
resting study to allow redistribution of tracer to identify viability.
For detection of ischemia, however, PET studies provide
evidence that hyperemic flow is as accurate a predictor for the
presence of significant coronary stenoses as flow
reserve.15 16 23 24 25
We therefore refrained from performing an additional resting MR study
for ischemia detection.
Conclusions and Implications
This novel MR approach reliably identifies and
quantifies perfusion deficits in an unselected patient population, and
it specifically allows assessment of perfusion in distinct myocardial
layers. In comparison with PET and QCA, the ROC analyses
indicate a high diagnostic performance of this MR
technique. With the short examination time of 
1 hour and a
time-efficient analysis (<15 minutes on average), this MR
perfusion approach emerges as an easy and fast method for the
noninvasive assessment of CAD, even when perfusion deficits are
restricted to the subendocardial layer. The robustness of this
technique may qualify it for clinical application in the management of
patients with known or suspected
CAD.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation (J.S., G.K.v.S), the Swiss Heart Foundation, and Nycomed Imaging AS, Oslo, Norway, which also kindly provided Omniscan (gadodiamide injection). We thank Dr Burkhardt Seifert, Institute of Biostatistics, University of Zurich, Switzerland, for his assistance in performing the statistical analyses; Thomas Berthold for his technical help in performing the PET studies; and Prof P. August Schubiger and the Cyclotron staff for providing 13N-ammonia.
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Footnotes |
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Dr von Schulthess has received research support from GE Medical Systems; he has also served as a consultant to Nycomed-Amersham.
Supplementary material, including an additional Figure, can be found Online at http://www.circulationaha.org.
Received October 18, 2000; revision received January 29, 2001; accepted February 5, 2001.
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