| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2001;103:1823.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
AHA Science Advisory |
Lyon Diet Heart Study
Benefits of a Mediterranean-Style, National Cholesterol Education Program/American Heart Association Step I Dietary Pattern on Cardiovascular Disease
Key Words: AHA Science Advisory • diet • cardiovascular diseases
Diet
is a cornerstone of cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention and
treatment efforts. Step I and Step II diets are widely
recommended as the first line of CVD
intervention.1 At the core of
this dietary guidance are the recommendations to decrease saturated fat
and cholesterol and to consume more fruits, vegetables, and whole grain
products. Information from an extensive database, especially regarding
saturated fat, indicates that these diets significantly lower blood
cholesterol levels, a major risk factor for CVD. Consequently, it is
beyond debate that these diets reduce CVD risk. Since the advent of
Step I and Step II diets, nutritionists have sought to develop
effective implementation strategies, including identifying dietary
patterns that augment the beneficial effects of these diets. Recent
findings indicate that we are making impressive progress in attaining
these goals. There is provocative evidence from the Lyon Diet Heart
Study2 suggesting that a
Mediterranean-style, Step I diet (emphasizing more bread, more root
vegetables and green vegetables, more fish, less beef, lamb and pork
replaced with poultry, no day without fruit, and butter and cream
replaced with margarine high in 
-linolenic acid) has effects that
may be superior to those observed for the usual Step I diet. These
findings raise the interesting, but not yet corroborated, question of
whether a modified Step I diet (ie, a Mediterranean-style Step I diet)
that features a dietary pattern consistent with the new American Heart
Association (AHA) Dietary Guidelines may augment the Step I or Step II
diets that are presently implemented in clinical practice.
Defining a Mediterranean-style diet is challenging given the
broad geographical region, including at least 16 countries, that
borders the Mediterranean Sea. As would be expected, there are
cultural, ethnic, religious, economic, and agricultural production
differences that result in different dietary practices in these areas
and that preclude a single definition of a Mediterranean-style diet.
Nonetheless, there is a dietary pattern that is characteristic of
Mediterranean-style diets. This pattern emphasizes a diet that is high
in fruits, vegetables, bread, other forms of cereals, potatoes, beans,
nuts, and seeds. It includes olive oil as an important fat source and
dairy products, fish, and poultry consumed in low to moderate amounts;
eggs consumed zero to 4 times weekly; and little red meat. In addition,
wine is consumed in low to moderate amounts. This dietary pattern is
based on food patterns typical of many regions in Greece and southern
Italy in the early 1960s. The Mediterranean-style Step I diet used in
the Lyon Diet Heart Study was comparable to this pattern but uniquely
different in that it was high in -linolenic acid.
The Lyon Diet Heart Study, a randomized, controlled trial
with free-living subjects, tested the effectiveness of a
Mediterranean-type diet (consistent with the new AHA Dietary
Guidelines) on composite measures of the coronary recurrence rate after
a first myocardial infarction. Subjects in the experimental group were
instructed by the research cardiologist and dietitian to adopt a
Mediterranean-type diet that contained more bread, more root vegetables
and green vegetables, more fish, fruit at least once daily, less red
meat (replaced with poultry), and margarine supplied by the study to
replace butter and cream. The saturated fatty acid (15% kcal) and
oleic acid (48% kcal but 5.4% kcal 18:1 trans) contents in the
margarine were comparable to those in olive oil, with the exception
that the margarine was higher in linoleic acid (16.4% versus 8.6%
kcal) and more so in -linolenic acid (4.8% versus 0.6% kcal).
Exclusive use of rapeseed oil and olive oil was recommended for salads
and food preparation. Use of olive oil exclusively was not recommended
because it was not acceptable as the only oil source in the diet. Wine
in moderation was allowed with meals. Subjects in the experimental
group participated in a 1-hour counseling session. In contrast, control
subjects received no specific dietary advice apart from that generally
provided by hospital dietitians or attending physicians.
The diet of the control group did not meet the AHA Step I
diet guidelines (<30% of calories from fat, 8% to 10% from
saturated fat, and <300 mg/d cholesterol;
Table
).
The AHA recommends a Step II diet for individuals who have heart
disease or who have not met the LDL cholesterol treatment goals of
<160 mg/dL (in individuals without coronary heart disease and with <2
risk factors) or <130 mg/dL (in individuals without coronary heart
disease and with 
2 risk factors) after having followed a Step I diet.
The Step II diet allows <30% of calories from fat, <7% of calories
from saturated fat, and <200 mg/d cholesterol
(Table).
Subjects in the control group consumed a diet that included 
34% of
calories from fat, 12% from saturated fat, 11% from monounsaturated
fat, 6% from polyunsaturated fat, and 312 mg/d of cholesterol. This
diet is comparable to that presently consumed in the United States. In
contrast, subjects on the Mediterranean-style diet averaged 30% of
calories from fat, 8% from saturated fat, 13% from monounsaturated
fat, 5% from polyunsaturated fat, and 203 mg/d of cholesterol
(Table).
Moreover, these subjects consumed less linoleic acid (3.6% versus
5.3% kcal) and more oleic acid (12.9% versus 10.8% kcal),
-linolenic acid (0.84% versus 0.29% kcal), and dietary
fiber. Plasma fatty acid analysis conducted after 52 weeks of
follow-up confirmed the dietary fatty acid data. The experimental group
had higher plasma levels of oleic acid, linolenic acid, and
eicosapentaenoic acid and lower levels of stearic acid, linoleic acid,
and arachidonic acid. Thus, the experimental group modified dietary fat
and cholesterol, consistent with the National Cholesterol Education
Program/AHA Step I diet, and implemented a Mediterranean-style dietary
pattern.
|
After 46 months of follow-up, 204 control and 219 experimental subjects (93% of the original cohort) participated in the final examination. A total of 302 experimental and 303 control group subjects were randomized into the study; however, the study was stopped early because of significant beneficial effects noted in the original cohort. Despite a similar coronary risk factor profile (plasma lipids and lipoproteins, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and smoking status), subjects following the Mediterranean-style diet had a 50% to 70% lower risk of recurrent heart disease, as measured by 3 different combinations of outcome measures including (1) cardiac death and nonfatal heart attacks; (2) the preceding plus unstable angina, stroke, heart failure, and pulmonary or peripheral embolism; and (3) all of these measures plus events that required hospitalization.
Although these results are quite impressive, there are methodological limitations that raise questions about the true impact of this diet on the risk of recurrent heart disease and related measures. Specifically, the baseline diet was only assessed in the experimental group at the beginning of the study, and the diet of the control group at baseline was presumed to be comparable. Moreover, nutrient intake in the control group was only assessed at the conclusion of the study so the dietary behavior of these subjects would not be influenced. Thus, it is not clear whether any dietary changes were made by the control group. In addition, dietary data are reported for only 83 (of 303 randomized into the study) and 144 (of 302 randomized into the study) subjects in the control and experimental groups, respectively. With only 30% of the total control cohort and <50% of the total experimental group providing dietary data at the conclusion of the study, the diet of the other subjects who completed the study is not known. This raises questions about the role of diet in accounting for the results reported for recurrent coronary events.
The findings from the Lyon Diet Heart Study illustrate the
potential importance of a dietary pattern that emphasizes fruits,
vegetables, breads and cereals, and fish, as well as -linolenic acid
within the context of a Step I diet. The clinical findings from the
Lyon Diet Heart Study implicate risk factors beyond lipids and
lipoproteins, which have historically been our primary targets of
intervention. The fact that omega-3 fatty acids exert cardioprotective
effects via multiple mechanisms (ie, prevent arrhythmia, have
anti-inflammatory properties, decrease synthesis of cytokines and
mitogens, stimulate endothelial-derived nitric oxide, are
anti-thrombotic, are prostaglandin and leukotriene precursors, and
inhibit atherosclerosis) suggest that they could have accounted for the
cardioprotective effect observed. The unprecedented reduction in
coronary recurrence rates, despite the fact that lipid/lipoprotein risk
factors were comparable, clearly points to other important risk factor
modifications as major influences in the development of CVD. There is a
pressing need to identify these risk factor(s) and effective
intervention strategies. Moreover, had this dietary pattern been
prescribed with a Step II diet, as is presently recommended for
individuals with CVD, the beneficial effects of the diet intervention
could have been even more remarkable. Irrespective of this, a
Mediterranean-style Step I diet can be followed by free-living people,
although this diet plan has not yet been evaluated in a long-term
primary prevention model.
It would be short-sighted to not recognize the enormous
public health benefit that this diet could confer with adoption by the
population-at-large if the findings are confirmed. Thus, the task at
hand is to corroborate the results of the Lyon Diet Heart Study in both
primary and secondary prevention models as expediently as possible and
verify, as would be expected, that this dietary pattern is safe. In the
meantime, we should take advantage of the possible opportunity to
dramatically lower CVD risk in the population by widely recommending a
Step I diet that features a dietary pattern that includes fruits, root
vegetables (ie, carrots, turnips, potatoes, onions, radishes), leafy
green vegetables, breads and cereals, fish, and foods high in
-linolenic acid such as vegetable oils (ie, flaxseed, canola),
vegetable oil products (ie, salad dressing and margarine made with
nonhydrogenated oils high in -linolenic acid), and nuts and seeds
(walnuts and flaxseed).
In conclusion, the AHA and its partners should take
advantage of the remarkable opportunity to dramatically lower CVD risk
in the population by funding further nutrition-based research. Research
is needed to resolve what dietary constituents confer the
cardioprotective effect seen in the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Although the
authors propose that -linolenic acid plays an independent role in
lowering CVD risk, other dietary differences between the experimental
and control groups could account for the observed effects. Studies are
also needed to clarify whether additional effects can be attained when
-linolenic acid is included in a Step I and Step II diet. It will
also be important to ascertain the specific effects of an increased
intake of fruits and vegetables. These studies will provide important
information about the effects of a unique dietary pattern that
emphasizes fruits, vegetables, breads and cereals, fish, and
-linolenic acid in a Step I or Step II diet. Funding is needed to
address these questions and move us closer to our long-sought goal of
developing and implementing dietary strategies that have a major
beneficial impact on CVD risk. The public health benefits that now seem
to be achievable by dietary intervention, using emerging evidence,
clearly warrant an investment of significant research funding by the
AHA and its partners.
Footnotes
This statement was approved by the American Heart Association Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee in July 2000. A single reprint is available by calling 800-242-8721 (US only) or writing the American Heart Association, Public Information, 7272 Greenville Ave, Dallas, TX 75231-4596. Ask for reprint No. 71-0202.
References
-
National
Cholesterol Education Program. Second
Report of the Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of
High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II).
Bethesda, Md: National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and
Blood Institute; 1993. NIH Publication No.
93-3095.
-
de Lorgeril M,
Salen P, Martin JL, et al. Mediterranean diet, traditional risk
factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial
infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study.
Circulation. 1999;99:779–785.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  J. Dai, A. H. Miller, J. D. Bremner, J. Goldberg, L. Jones, L. Shallenberger, R. Buckham, N. V. Murrah, E. Veledar, P. W. Wilson, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Inversely Associated With Circulating Interleukin-6 Among Middle-Aged Men: A Twin Study Circulation, January 15, 2008; 117(2): 169 - 175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Paccagnella, A. Mauri, C. Baruffi, R. Berto, R. Zago, M. L. Marcon, D. Pizzolato, F. Fontana, L. Rizzo, M. Bisetto, et al. Application Criteria of Enteral Nutrition in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: Correlation Between Clinical and Psychological Data in a "Lifesaving" Treatment JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, May 1, 2006; 30(3): 231 - 239. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Ambring, M. Johansson, M. Axelsen, L. Gan, B. Strandvik, and P. Friberg Mediterranean-inspired diet lowers the ratio of serum phospholipid n-6 to n-3 fatty acids, the number of leukocytes and platelets, and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy subjects Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2006; 83(3): 575 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. H.K. Vogel, S. F. Bolling, R. B. Costello, E. M. Guarneri, M. W. Krucoff, J. C. Longhurst, B. Olshansky, K. R. Pelletier, C. M. Tracy, R. A. Vogel, et al. Integrating Complementary Medicine Into Cardiovascular Medicine: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (Writing Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Complementary and Integrative Medicine) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 5, 2005; 46(1): 184 - 221. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. Holguin, M. M. Tellez-Rojo, M. Lazo, D. Mannino, J. Schwartz, M. Hernandez, and I. Romieu Cardiac Autonomic Changes Associated With Fish Oil vs Soy Oil Supplementation in the Elderly Chest, April 1, 2005; 127(4): 1102 - 1107. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Leon, B. A. Franklin, F. Costa, G. J. Balady, K. A. Berra, K. J. Stewart, P. D. Thompson, M. A. Williams, and M. S. Lauer Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: An American Heart Association Scientific Statement From the Council on Clinical Cardiology (Subcommittee on Exercise, Cardiac Rehabilitation, and Prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (Subcommittee on Physical Activity), in Collaboration With the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Circulation, January 25, 2005; 111(3): 369 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Bellido, J. Lopez-Miranda, L. M. Blanco-Colio, P. Perez-Martinez, F. J. Muriana, J. L. Martin-Ventura, C. Marin, P. Gomez, F. Fuentes, J. Egido, et al. Butter and walnuts, but not olive oil, elicit postprandial activation of nuclear transcription factor {kappa}B in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, December 1, 2004; 80(6): 1487 - 1491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Desroches, M.-E. Paradis, M. Perusse, W. R. Archer, J. Bergeron, P. Couture, N. Bergeron, and B. Lamarche Apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, and VLDL-B-100 metabolism in men: comparison of a low-fat diet and a high-monounsaturated fatty acid diet J. Lipid Res., December 1, 2004; 45(12): 2331 - 2338. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Hayward, T. P. Hofer, E. A. Kerr, and S. L. Krein Quality Improvement Initiatives: Issues in moving from diabetes guidelines to policy Diabetes Care, May 1, 2004; 27(suppl_2): B54 - B60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 K. W. Lee and G. Y. H. Lip Effects of Lifestyle on Hemostasis, Fibrinolysis, and Platelet Reactivity: A Systematic Review Arch Intern Med, October 27, 2003; 163(19): 2368 - 2392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. D. Sesso, S. Liu, J. M. Gaziano, and J. E. Buring Dietary Lycopene, Tomato-Based Food Products and Cardiovascular Disease in Women J. Nutr., July 1, 2003; 133(7): 2336 - 2341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. S. Yancy Jr, E. C. Westman, P. A. French, and R. M. Califf Diets and Clinical Coronary Events: The Truth Is Out There Circulation, January 7, 2003; 107(1): 10 - 16. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. de Lorgeril, P. Salen, F. Paillard, F. Laporte, F. Boucher, and J. de Leiris Mediterranean diet and the French paradox: Two distinct biogeographic concepts for one consolidated scientific theory on the role of nutrition in coronary heart disease Cardiovasc Res, June 1, 2002; 54(3): 503 - 515. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. I. COVAS, J. MARRUGAT, M. FITO, R. ELOSUA, and C. DE LA TORRE-BORONAT Scientific Aspects That Justify the Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Mild-to-Moderate Versus Heavy Drinking Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., May 1, 2002; 957(1): 162 - 173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Kromhout, A. Menotti, H. Kesteloot, and S. Sans Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease by Diet and Lifestyle: Evidence From Prospective Cross-Cultural, Cohort, and Intervention Studies Circulation, February 19, 2002; 105(7): 893 - 898. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. A. Kreisberg and A. Oberman Lipids and Atherosclerosis: Lessons Learned from Randomized Controlled Trials of Lipid Lowering and Other Relevant Studies J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., February 1, 2002; 87(2): 423 - 437. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. M. Robertson and L. Smaha Can a Mediterranean-Style Diet Reduce Heart Disease? Circulation, April 3, 2001; 103(13): 1821 - 1822. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||