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(Circulation. 2001;103:125.)
© 2001 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Local Delivery of Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Accelerates Spontaneous Angiogenesis in Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia
From the Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare (C.E., A.M., A.Z., S.S., M.C.C.) and Third Vascular Surgery Division (G.B., F.S.), Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata, Rome, Italy; National Laboratory of the National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems (C.E., M.B.S., L.G., P.M.), Osilo, Italy; the Institute of Internal Medicine (P.M.) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (M.G.T.), University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy; and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (J.C., L.C., R.S.), Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston.
Correspondence to Paolo Madeddu, MD, National Laboratory I.N.B.B., via Brigata Sassari 13, 07033 Osilo (Sassari), Italy. E-mail madeddu{at}yahoo.com
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Abstract |
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Background—Human tissue kallikrein (HK) releases kinins from kininogen. We investigated whether adenovirus-mediated HK gene delivery is angiogenic in the context of ischemia.
Methods and Results—Hindlimb ischemia, caused by femoral artery excision, increased muscular capillary density (P<0.001) and induced the expression of kinin B1 receptor gene (P<0.05). Pharmacological blockade of B1 receptors blunted ischemia-induced angiogenesis (P<0.01), whereas kinin B2 receptor antagonism was ineffective. Intramuscular delivery of adenovirus containing the HK gene (Ad.CMV-cHK) enhanced the increase in capillary density caused by ischemia (969±32 versus 541±18 capillaries/mm2 for control, P<0.001), accelerated blood flow recovery (P<0.01), and preserved energetic charge of ischemic muscle (P<0.01). Chronic blockade of kinin B1 or B2 receptors prevented HK-induced angiogenesis.
Conclusions—HK gene delivery enhances the native angiogenic response to ischemia. Angiogenesis gene therapy with HK might be applicable to peripheral occlusive vascular disease.
Key Words: gene therapy • angiogenesis • bradykinin • ischemia • muscles
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Introduction |
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Limb ischemia is a major health problem. Because of the absence of effective pharmacological treatment, this disabling condition follows an inexorable course, and at the end stage, amputation is undertaken as a unique solution to unbearable symptoms. Delivery of angiogenic factors as recombinant protein or by gene transfer proved to be effective in animal models of ischemia1 2 and is now emerging as a new therapeutic strategy in peripheral vascular disease not susceptible to revascularization.3 4 5
Circumstantial evidence suggests that kinins cleaved from kininogen by tissue kallikrein may participate in embryonic vasculogenesis6 and stimulate angiogenesis in vivo and in vitro.7 8 Kinins interact with G protein–coupled B1 and B2 receptors on the cell surface.9 10 Constitutively expressed B2 receptors mediate most biological effects of bradykinin (BK) and Lys-BK. In contrast, B1 receptors, which preferentially bind des-Arg9-BK and des-Arg10-kallidin, are induced by tissue damage and inflammation.11 Kinin-mediated stimulation of NO-cGMP and prostacyclin-cAMP pathways modulates a broad spectrum of biological functions,12 13 14 15 16 17 including vasodilation and endothelial cell proliferation. These properties led us to speculate that human tissue kallikrein (HK) may exert angiogenic effects, utilitarian in the context of ischemia.
To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether an intramuscular injection of replication-defective adenovirus containing the HK gene, a new approach for targeted potentiation of kinin generation in tissues,18 19 20 increases capillary density and facilitates functional recovery in a mouse model of hindlimb ischemia. In addition, the pathways implicated in HK-induced angiogenesis were studied.
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Methods |
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All procedures complied with the standards stated in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Academy of Sciences, Bethesda, Md). Male 4-month-old Swiss mice (Charles River, Comerio, Italy) were housed at constant room temperature (24±1°C) and humidity (60±3%).
Induction of Ischemia and Adenoviral Vector
Injection
With mice under the effect of 2,2,2-tribromoethanol
anesthesia (880 mmol/kg body wt IP,
Sigma-Aldrich), the left femoral artery was exposed, dissected
free, and excised.
Adenovirus containing the HK gene (Ad.CMV-cHK) or the ß-galactosidase gene under the control of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/promoter (Ad.CMV-LacZ) was prepared as described.18 A total of 3.6x108 plaque-forming units (in 9 µL) of Ad.CMV-cHK or Ad.CMV-LacZ or 9 µL vehicle was injected in 3 different sites of the adductor muscle of anesthetized mice.
Experimental Protocols
Effects of Ischemia on Muscular Capillary Density and
Gene Expression
Mouse tissue kallikrein, B1 receptor, and
B2 receptor mRNA levels were determined by
reverse transcription (RT)–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (see below)
in both adductors at 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after femoral artery excision
(n=3 per group). Capillary density (see below) was determined in
ischemic adductors at 7, 14, and 21 days after surgery (at
least 6 mice for each time point). Sections from nonoperated mice were
examined for reference. In separate experiments, capillary density was
measured 21 days after the induction of ischemia in mice given
the B1 receptor antagonist
des-Arg9-[Leu8]-BK (DALBK
from Sigma-Aldrich, 50 nmol/kg body wt per day, n=7), the
B2 antagonist
D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,D-Tic7,Oic8]-BK
(Icatibant, a gift from Aventis Pharmaceutical Co, at 1 µmol/kg
body wt per day; n=6), or saline (vehicle)
intraperitoneally via miniosmotic pumps (Alza Co).
Selectivity of antagonists has been reported
previously.8 15 Although the partial agonistic effect of
DALBK was recognized in the isolated mouse stomach,21 this
compound is devoid of residual agonistic activity in vivo (P.M.,
unpublished data, 1999).
HK Expression After Ad.CMV-cHK Injection
The expression level of HK transgene in hindlimb muscles and
liver was determined at 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after
intramuscular adenovirus (n=3 for each time point). Immunoreactive HK
was measured in muscle homogenates and plasma at the same
time points (n=3 for each group) by use of an ELISA specific for the
active form of the enzyme.18 Kinin, cAMP, and cGMP levels
in homogenates (at least 6 in each group) were determined
by radioimmunoassay (Phoenix). Protein concentration was determined by
the Lowry assay.
Effect of HK on Angiogenic Response to Ischemia
Seven days after femoral artery excision, Ad.CMV-cHK,
Ad.CMV-LacZ, or vehicle was injected in ischemic adductors (n=6
per group). Fourteen days later, muscular capillary density was
measured.
In additional experiments, ischemic mice were injected with Ad.CMV-cHK or Ad.CMV-LacZ and were infused with DALBK or Icatibant (same doses as above, n=6 per group). Capillary density was measured 14 days later.
Effect of HK on Perfusion Recovery
Hemodynamic parameters were
evaluated before and sequentially after gene delivery (Ad.CMV-cHK,
n=13; Ad.CMV-LacZ, n=10). Systolic blood pressure was measured
by tail-cuff plethysmography (Visitech Systems).22
Hindlimb and plantar perfusion was then measured in
anesthetized mice by laser Doppler flowmetry with
use of a perfusion imager system (Lisca Inc)23 and a
Transonic flowmeter, respectively. In separate experiments, muscular
blood flow was measured by radioactive microspheres (n=6 per
group for each time point). Microspheres (10 µm in
diameter), labeled with 141Ce (Dupont-NEN), were
injected into the left ventricle of anesthetized mice, and
reference arterial blood was withdrawn through 10 seconds
before injection and continuing for 60 seconds at a rate of 0.2 mL/min.
Tissue specimens were weighed and counted for radioactive emission by a
counter. Blood flow was calculated with the following equation:
blood flow=(withdrawal rate/tissue weight)x(counts of the
tissue/counts of blood sample), expressed as mL ·
min-1 · 100 g
tissue-1. The ratio of ischemic to
nonischemic blood flow was then calculated.
Effect of HK on Muscular Energetic Charge
Three days after the induction of unilateral ischemia,
Ad.CMV-cHK, Ad.CMV-LacZ, or saline was injected in both adductors (n=8
each group). Four days later, hindlimb muscles were harvested for
measurement of adenylate concentration by capillary
electrophoresis (P/ACE 2100 System, Beckman
Instruments).22 Energetic charge was calculated according
to the following formula: (ATP+1/2 ADP)x100/(ATP+ADP+AMP).
RT-PCR Analysis
Total RNA was isolated from frozen skeletal muscles and liver by
use of the RNAzol B method, in the presence of DNAase. The
Table
shows primers used for
RT-PCR.18 Primers for mouse tissue kallikrein gene were
kindly provided by Dr Pierre Meneton (INSERM, Paris, France). In
negative control experiments, RT was omitted. GADPH was used for
normalization in densitometric analysis.
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Histology and Morphometric Analysis
Anesthetized mice were perfused with PBS (1 minute) and
then with 10% buffered formalin (10 minutes) at 100 mm Hg via
the abdominal aorta. After paraffin embedding, 3-µm-thick sections
were cut from each sample with muscle fibers oriented in the transverse
direction, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined at x200
magnification.
Vascular endothelial cells were identified by immunohistochemical staining for factor VIII–related antigen (von Willebrand factor) with a rabbit polyclonal antibody (Dako). In control sections, the primary antibody was replaced with nonimmune rabbit immunoglobulin G. Sections (n=3 per animal) were analyzed in a blinded fashion by use of an ocular reticle (area 9604 µm2) at x1000 magnification. The number of capillary profiles (ncap) was used to compute capillary numerical density per square millimeter of muscle, according to the following formula: ncap/mm2=ncap in total fields/total field area.24
Statistical Analysis
All results are expressed as mean±SEM.
Multivariate repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to
test for interaction between time and grouping factor. In multiple
comparisons among independent groups in which ANOVA and F
test indicated significant differences, the statistical value was
determined according to the Bonferroni method. Differences within and
between groups were determined by the paired or unpaired Student
t test, respectively. A value of P<0.05 was
interpreted to denote statistical significance.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Effects of Ischemia on Muscular Capillary Density and Gene Expression
As shown in Figure 1
, B1 receptor gene expression in skeletal muscle
was increased by 7.5±1.2-fold (P<0.05) at 2 days after the
induction of ischemia. At the same time point,
B2 receptor and tissue kallikrein mRNA levels
were increased by 3.5±0.7- and 3.3±0.8-fold, respectively
(P<0.05). Seven days after surgery,
B1 and B2 receptor and
tissue kallikrein mRNA levels returned to baseline (data not
shown).
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As shown in Figure 2, muscular capillary
density was significantly increased by ischemia
(P<0.001). This response was blunted by chronic blockade of
B1 receptors (P<0.01) but not by
B2 receptor antagonism (Figure 3). Neither the B1
nor B2 receptor antagonist affected
capillary density in nonischemic muscle (data not shown).
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Histological examination of skeletal muscle at day 3 after induction of ischemia revealed scattered foci of inflammation, consisting in interstitial edema and perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, monocytes, and granulocytes. The cellular response was not altered by B1 receptor blockade. Furthermore, no inflammation was observed at 21 days after surgery.
HK Transgene Expression
HK mRNA was not detected in muscles injected with Ad.CMV-LacZ
(Figure 4, lane C). In
Ad.CMV-cHK–injected muscles, HK expression peaked between 3 and 7 days
and then declined to undetectable levels at day 28 (Figures 4 and 5). Secretion of recombinant protein
into the circulation was documented by recognition of immunoreactive HK
in plasma (Figure 5, bottom panel). HK expression was not
detected in the liver or in the adductor contralateral to the site of
Ad.CMV-cHK injection (data not shown).
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Seven days after Ad.CMV-cHK injection, muscular immunoreactive kinins were doubled (0.59±0.10 versus 0.30±0.05 pg/mg protein in controls, P<0.05). cAMP and cGMP levels after injection were also increased (1.02±0.06 and 99±5 fmol/mg protein, respectively) compared with control levels (0.48±0.04 and 68±5 fmol/mg protein, respectively; P<0.01).
Effect of HK on Angiogenic Response to Ischemia
Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that HK potentiates
the spontaneous angiogenic response to ischemia (Figure 6).
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As indicated in Figure 7, Ad.CMV-cHK–infected muscles showed increased capillary density
(969±32 versus 541±18 capillaries/mm2 in
controls, P<0.001); this effect was prevented by chronic
blockade of B1 or B2
receptors.
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Neither induction of ischemia nor injection of Ad.CMV-cHK in the left adductor altered capillary density in the contralateral nonischemic muscle (data not shown).
Effect of HK on Perfusion Recovery
Systolic blood pressure was not affected by femoral artery
removal or adenovirus injection (data not shown). As shown in Figures 8 and 9, a
dramatic drop of perfusion ratio was observed on removal of the femoral
artery. In mice given saline or Ad.CMV-LacZ, this effect was followed
by a gradual recovery, except for the most distal part of the
ischemic hindlimb. Gene therapy with HK accelerated
hemodynamic recovery of the whole limb
(P<0.01). Energetic charge was reduced in ischemic
muscles injected with saline (71±3% versus 85±3% in contralateral
muscles, P<0.01) or Ad.CMV-LacZ (66±4% versus 84±2%,
P<0.01). In contrast, energetic charge was preserved in
ischemic muscles of Ad.CMV-cHK–injected mice (84±1% versus
86±2%, P=0.66 [not significant]).
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Discussion |
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Increased kinin levels in the coronary sinus blood of dogs and humans have been reported after myocardial ischemia.25 26 The compensatory relevance of this phenomenon is intrinsic to the ability of kinin to cause vasodilation and preserve muscular energy content.16 27 Yet the possibility that kinins exert long-term protection on ischemic skeletal muscles by potentiation of angiogenesis has not been explored. We have shown that B1 receptor gene expression is activated in ischemic skeletal muscles. In the ischemic milieu, cells expressing this receptor may act as magnets for kinin peptides generated by kallikrein. Although identification of B1 receptor–positive cells was not addressed in the present study, the functional relevance of B1 receptors in postischemic angiogenesis was documented by antagonism with DALBK. The same antagonist did not alter the inflammatory response to ischemia, thus suggesting that different mechanisms modulate leukocyte recruitment after ischemia. However, B1 receptors might be implicated in other cellular events responsible for ischemia-induced angiogenesis. In vitro, BK induces proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, one of the initial events in angiogenesis, via activation of the B1 receptor–cAMP pathway.8 Furthermore, BK in synergism with interleukin-1
enhances the angiogenic response to the subcutaneous
implantation of a polyether sponge in rats; this potentiation is
abolished by B1 antagonism, whereas
B2 blockade is not effective.7 In
line with the above reports, native angiogenesis in the
ischemic hindlimb is partially prevented by DALBK but not by
Icatibant. The model used in the present study simulates the ischemia typical of patients with lower-extremity arterial occlusive disease. After an initial profound drop of blood flow, hindlimb perfusion progressively recovers, with morphometric evidence of muscular neovascularization. In the present study, a 7-day interval was incorporated between surgery and gene transfer to allow for the complete development of spontaneous angiogenesis. Successful infection by Ad.CMV-cHK was documented at mRNA and protein levels. The expression of HK transgene was limited to the site of injection and vanished within 28 days. Detection of recombinant protein in plasma demonstrates the secreted nature of the gene product, a property recognized to be relevant for therapeutic angiogenesis.4 Contrary to the possibility that secreted HK may trigger an immune response, antibodies against HK or kallikrein DNA were not developed up to 7 weeks after delivery of HK gene constructs.28
The success of HK gene therapy is documented by anatomic and functional evidence. Immunohistochemical identification of vascular endothelial cells demonstrated that HK gene transfer potentiates the angiogenic response to ischemia. This result was associated with improved perfusion recovery and preserved energetic charge of ischemic muscle, consistent with amelioration of blood supply and/or with a direct favorable metabolic effect of kinins.27
The increase in kinin levels caused by HK was insufficient to evoke hypotension in normal rats19 and mice, whereas systemic vasodilatory activity was documented in hypertensive animals.18 19 Furthermore, dissociation between the duration of HK transgene expression and improvement in perfusion suggests that the latter effect was due to augmented vascularity rather than to kinin-induced muscular vasodilation.
Various mechanisms may be implicated in HK-induced angiogenesis. Kallikrein, acting as a proteinase9 and activating the metalloproteinase type IV collagenase,29 might favor the degradation of vascular basal membrane and extracellular matrix protein, thus leading to endothelial cell invasion and migration. Generated kinins may stimulate vascular endothelial cell to proliferate.8 Experiments using kinin antagonists indicate that activation of B1 or B2 receptor signaling is implicated in the angiogenic process. Additional growth factors4 plus tissue kallikrein and kininogen substrate30 31 may be released from migrated leukocytes, thus amplifying the initial angiogenic response.
The possibility that NO, a well-known angiogenic factor,32 represents the final mediator of the vascular effects of HK is supported by previous studies showing that infection with Ad.CMV-cHK leads to activation of the NO-cGMP pathway.20 Consistently, we report in the present study increased cGMP levels in Ad.CMV-cHK–injected skeletal muscles. Furthermore, preliminary experiments showed that pharmacological inhibition of NO synthase prevents the angiogenic effect of HK in normoperfused skeletal muscle.32a
Prostacyclin represents an important mediator for kinin-induced vascular effects.20 Activation of B2 receptors stimulates phospholipase A2 with increased prostacyclin formation. Prostacyclin activates adenylate cyclase, which results in increased cAMP levels. Enhancement of cAMP by HK in vascular tissue20 and skeletal muscle might favor the involvement of prostaglandins as mediators of the angiogenic action of HK.33
Interestingly enough, kinins share important features with the potent angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Both induce plasma extravasation, vasodilation, and endothelial cell proliferation. On a molar basis, BK proved to be more potent than VEGF in in vitro proliferation assays using human coronary endothelial cells.8 34 However, only VEGF is able to stimulate cell migration. In vivo angiogenic activities of HK and VEGF appear to be superimposable, with both depending on the stimulation of NO release.32 35 However, scrotal edema, a side effect of VEGF angiogenesis gene therapy,36 was not observed in Ad.CMV-cHK–treated mice.
An increase in the capillary density of skeletal muscle and myocardium induced by ACE inhibitors has been hypothesized to be attributable in part to the prevention of kinin breakdown.37 38 The present study is the first to demonstrate that a continuous supply of HK by gene transfer potentiates angiogenesis in ischemic skeletal muscle. Altogether, these results suggest that pharmacological or genetic interventions able to enhance local kinins may deserve consideration as therapeutic strategies for patients with claudication and/or critical limb ischemia.
Angiogenesis therapy with HK is attractive for several reasons: (1) HK proved to be protective against neointimal formation in models of mechanical carotid injury,20 39 whereas concerns have been advanced for other angiogenic factors to accelerate atherosclerotic plaque growth.40 (2) The secreted nature of HK allows that much less myocytes need to be infected to achieve the desired biological effect, an important feature in consideration of the low capability of mature muscle fibers to be transduced by adenovirus.41 (3) HK-induced angiogenesis is limited to the site of injection. Thus, local delivery of HK may not augment the risk of pathological angiogenesis in distant tissues. (4) HK angiogenic activity is not restricted to the mouse, inasmuch as a favorable impact was observed in rats with limb ischemia (C.E., unpublished data, 2000). (5) Availability of potent and selective kinin receptor antagonists allows modulation of the biological effects of HK in case of an excessive or undesired angiogenic response.
In conclusion, the present study provides new insights into the role of the kallikrein-kinin system in vascular medicine and may have significant implications for gene therapy in the treatment of peripheral ischemia.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grants from Telethon-Onlus Foundation (grants A.61 and A.105), the Minister of Health (Ministro della Sanità), the Minister of Universities and Scientific Research (MURST ex 40% to P.M.), the Assessorato Pubblica Istruzione Regione Autonoma Sardegna, and the National Institute of Health (grants HL-29397 and HL-52196). Dr Renzo Filippetti, Vittorio Lelii, and Leandro Travaglini (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome) are acknowledged for assistance in animal care.
Received March 21, 2000; revision received July 21, 2000; accepted July 22, 2000.
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 C. Clapp, S. Thebault, M. C. Jeziorski, and G. Martinez De La Escalera Peptide Hormone Regulation of Angiogenesis Physiol Rev, October 1, 2009; 89(4): 1177 - 1215. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Bader Kallikrein-Kinin System in Neovascularization Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2009; 29(5): 617 - 619. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y.-Y. Yao, H. Yin, B. Shen, R. S. Smith Jr, Y. Liu, L. Gao, L. Chao, and J. Chao Tissue kallikrein promotes neovascularization and improves cardiac function by the Akt-glycogen synthase kinase-3{beta} pathway Cardiovasc Res, December 1, 2008; 80(3): 354 - 364. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Krankel, R. G. Katare, M. Siragusa, L. S. Barcelos, P. Campagnolo, G. Mangialardi, O. Fortunato, G. Spinetti, N. Tran, K. Zacharowski, et al. Role of Kinin B2 Receptor Signaling in the Recruitment of Circulating Progenitor Cells With Neovascularization Potential Circ. Res., November 21, 2008; 103(11): 1335 - 1343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Sanchez de Miguel, S. Neysari, S. Jakob, M. Petrimpol, N. Butz, A. Banfi, C. E. Zaugg, R. Humar, and E. J. Battegay B2-kinin receptor plays a key role in B1-, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-, and vascular endothelial growth factor-stimulated in vitro angiogenesis in the hypoxic mouse heart Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2008; 80(1): 106 - 113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Li, T. Kondo, Y. Numaguchi, K. Kobayashi, M. Aoki, N. Inoue, K. Okumura, and T. Murohara Role of Bradykinin, Nitric Oxide, and Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor in Imidapril-Induced Angiogenesis Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 252 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Madeddu, N. Kraenkel, L. S. Barcelos, M. Siragusa, P. Campagnolo, A. Oikawa, A. Caporali, A. Herman, O. Azzolino, L. Barberis, et al. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase {gamma} Gene Knockout Impairs Postischemic Neovascularization and Endothelial Progenitor Cell Functions Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2008; 28(1): 68 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Nagai, Y. Oike, K. Izumi-Nagai, T. Koto, S. Satofuka, H. Shinoda, K. Noda, Y. Ozawa, M. Inoue, K. Tsubota, et al. Suppression of Choroidal Neovascularization by Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme: Minimal Role of Bradykinin Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., May 1, 2007; 48(5): 2321 - 2326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. C. Munk, L. Sanchez de Miguel, M. Petrimpol, N. Butz, A. Banfi, U. Eriksson, L. Hein, R. Humar, and E. J. Battegay Angiotensin II Induces Angiogenesis in the Hypoxic Adult Mouse Heart In Vitro Through an AT2-B2 Receptor Pathway Hypertension, May 1, 2007; 49(5): 1178 - 1185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. Chao and L. Chao Kallikrein-kinin in stroke, cardiovascular and renal disease Exp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 90(3): 291 - 298. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Madeddu Therapeutic angiogenesis and vasculogenesis for tissue regeneration Exp Physiol, May 1, 2005; 90(3): 315 - 326. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Xu, O. A. Carretero, Y. Sun, E. G. Shesely, N.-E. Rhaleb, Y.-H. Liu, T.-D. Liao, J. J. Yang, M. Bader, and X.-P. Yang Role of the B1 Kinin Receptor in the Regulation of Cardiac Function and Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, April 1, 2005; 45(4): 747 - 753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. M. F. Leeb-Lundberg, F. Marceau, W. Muller-Esterl, D. J. Pettibone, and B. L. Zuraw International Union of Pharmacology. XLV. Classification of the Kinin Receptor Family: from Molecular Mechanisms to Pathophysiological Consequences Pharmacol. Rev., March 1, 2005; 57(1): 27 - 77. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A Del Rosso, O Distler, A F Milia, C Emanueli, L Ibba-Manneschi, S Guiducci, M L Conforti, S Generini, A Pignone, S Gay, et al. Increased circulating levels of tissue kallikrein in systemic sclerosis correlate with microvascular involvement Ann Rheum Dis, March 1, 2005; 64(3): 382 - 387. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. G. Ebrahimian, R. Tamarat, M. Clergue, M. Duriez, B. I. Levy, and J.-S. Silvestre Dual Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Angiogenesis in Type 1 Diabetic Mice Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, January 1, 2005; 25(1): 65 - 70. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Emanueli, S. Van Linthout, M. B. Salis, A. Monopoli, P. Del Soldato, E. Ongini, and P. Madeddu Nitric Oxide-Releasing Aspirin Derivative, NCX 4016, Promotes Reparative Angiogenesis and Prevents Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in a Mouse Model of Peripheral Ischemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2004; 24(11): 2082 - 2087. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Emanueli, M. B. Salis, S. Van Linthout, M. Meloni, E. Desortes, J.-S. Silvestre, M. Clergue, C. D. Figueroa, S. Gadau, G. Condorelli, et al. Akt/Protein Kinase B and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Mediate Muscular Neovascularization Induced by Tissue Kallikrein Gene Transfer Circulation, September 21, 2004; 110(12): 1638 - 1644. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Ikeda, I. Hayashi, E. Kamoshita, A. Yamazaki, H. Endo, K. Ishihara, S. Yamashina, Y. Tsutsumi, H. Matsubara, and M. Majima Host Stromal Bradykinin B2 Receptor Signaling Facilitates Tumor-Associated Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth Cancer Res., August 1, 2004; 64(15): 5178 - 5185. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Porcu, C. Emanueli, E. Desortes, G. M. Marongiu, F. Piredda, L. Chao, J. Chao, and P. Madeddu Circulating Tissue Kallikrein Levels Correlate With Severity of Carotid Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2004; 24(6): 1104 - 1110. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. TSCHOPE, T. WALTHER, J. KONIGER, F. SPILLMANN, D. WESTERMANN, F. ESCHER, M. PAUSCHINGER, J. B. PESQUERO, M. BADER, H.-P. SCHULTHEISS, et al. Prevention of cardiac fibrosis and left ventricular dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats by transgenic expression of the human tissue kallikrein gene FASEB J, May 1, 2004; 18(7): 828 - 835. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Emanueli, G. Graiani, M. B. Salis, S. Gadau, E. Desortes, and P. Madeddu Prophylactic Gene Therapy With Human Tissue Kallikrein Ameliorates Limb Ischemia Recovery in Type 1 Diabetic Mice Diabetes, April 1, 2004; 53(4): 1096 - 1103. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sugano, K. Tsuchida, and N. Makino Intramuscular Gene Transfer of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Receptor 1 Activates Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor and Accelerates Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Hindlimb Ischemia Circulation, February 17, 2004; 109(6): 797 - 802. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-F. Xia, H. Yin, C. V. Borlongan, L. Chao, and J. Chao Kallikrein Gene Transfer Protects Against Ischemic Stroke by Promoting Glial Cell Migration and Inhibiting Apoptosis Hypertension, February 1, 2004; 43(2): 452 - 459. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. H. Schmaier The kallikrein-kinin and the renin-angiotensin systems have a multilayered interaction Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2003; 285(1): R1 - R13. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Q. Miao, V. Chen, L. Chao, and J. Chao Structural elements of kallistatin required for inhibition of angiogenesis Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): C1604 - C1613. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Maestri, A. F. Milia, M. B. Salis, G. Graiani, C. Lagrasta, M. Monica, D. Corradi, C. Emanueli, and P. Madeddu Cardiac Hypertrophy and Microvascular Deficit in Kinin B2 Receptor Knockout Mice Hypertension, May 1, 2003; 41(5): 1151 - 1155. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Houle, G. Molinaro, A. Adam, and F. Marceau Tissue Kallikrein Actions at the Rabbit Natural or Recombinant Kinin B2 Receptors Hypertension, March 1, 2003; 41(3): 611 - 617. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Agata, L. Chao, and J. Chao Kallikrein Gene Delivery Improves Cardiac Reserve and Attenuates Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction Hypertension, November 1, 2002; 40(5): 653 - 659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Emanueli, M. B. Salis, A. Pinna, G. Graiani, L. Manni, and P. Madeddu Nerve Growth Factor Promotes Angiogenesis and Arteriogenesis in Ischemic Hindlimbs Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2257 - 2262. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. F. Milia, M. B. Salis, T. Stacca, A. Pinna, P. Madeddu, M. Trevisani, P. Geppetti, and C. Emanueli Protease-Activated Receptor-2 Stimulates Angiogenesis and Accelerates Hemodynamic Recovery in a Mouse Model of Hindlimb Ischemia Circ. Res., August 23, 2002; 91(4): 346 - 352. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Emanueli, M. B. Salis, A. Pinna, T. Stacca, A. F. Milia, A. Spano, J. Chao, L. Chao, L. Sciola, and P. Madeddu Prevention of Diabetes-Induced Microangiopathy by Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Transfer Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 993 - 999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Sabourin, G. Morissette, J. Bouthillier, L. Levesque, and F. Marceau Expression of kinin B1 receptor in fresh or cultured rabbit aortic smooth muscle: role of NF-kappa B Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2002; 283(1): H227 - H237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Trabold, S. Pons, A. A. Hagege, M. Bloch-Faure, F. Alhenc-Gelas, J.-F. Giudicelli, C. Richer-Giudicelli, and P. Meneton Cardiovascular Phenotypes of Kinin B2 Receptor- and Tissue Kallikrein-Deficient Mice Hypertension, July 1, 2002; 40(1): 90 - 95. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Emanueli and P. Madeddu Letter to the Editor: Renin-Angiotensin and Kallikrein-Kinin Systems Coordinately Modulate Angiogenesis Hypertension, June 1, 2002; 39 (6): e29 - e29. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Emanueli, M. Bonaria Salis, T. Stacca, G. Pintus, R. Kirchmair, J. M. Isner, A. Pinna, L. Gaspa, D. Regoli, C. Cayla, et al. Targeting Kinin B1 Receptor for Therapeutic Neovascularization Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 360 - 366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Porcu, C. Emanueli, M. Kapatsoris, J. Chao, L. Chao, and P. Madeddu Reversal of Angiogenic Growth Factor Upregulation by Revascularization of Lower Limb Ischemia Circulation, January 1, 2002; 105(1): 67 - 72. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Duka, S. Shenouda, C. Johns, E. Kintsurashvili, I. Gavras, and H. Gavras Role of the B2 Receptor of Bradykinin in Insulin Sensitivity Hypertension, December 1, 2001; 38(6): 1355 - 1360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W. C. Wolf, D. M. Evans, L. Chao, and J. Chao A Synthetic Tissue Kallikrein Inhibitor Suppresses Cancer Cell Invasiveness Am. J. Pathol., November 1, 2001; 159(5): 1797 - 1805. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Emanueli, M. B. Salis, T. Stacca, L. Gaspa, J. Chao, L. Chao, A. Piana, and P. Madeddu Rescue of Impaired Angiogenesis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats by Intramuscular Human Tissue Kallikrein Gene Transfer Hypertension, July 1, 2001; 38(1): 136 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X.-P. Yang, Y.-H. Liu, D. Mehta, M. A. Cavasin, E. Shesely, J. Xu, F. Liu, and O. A. Carretero Diminished Cardioprotective Response to Inhibition of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in B2 Kinin Receptor Gene Knockout Mice Circ. Res., May 25, 2001; 88(10): 1072 - 1079. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-S. Silvestre, S. Bergaya, R. Tamarat, M. Duriez, C. M. Boulanger, and B. I. Levy Proangiogenic Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Is Mediated by the Bradykinin B2 Receptor Pathway Circ. Res., October 12, 2001; 89(8): 678 - 683. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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