This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Jeremias, I. Articles by Debatin, K. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Jeremias, I. Articles by Debatin, K. M. Pubmed/NCBI databases Substance via MeSH Related Collections Apoptosis

(Circulation. 2000;102:915.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.

Basic Science Reports

Involvement of CD95/Apo1/Fas in Cell Death After Myocardial Ischemia

I. Jeremias, MD; C. Kupatt, MD; A. Martin-Villalba, MD; H. Habazettl, MD; J. Schenkel, PhD; P. Boekstegers, MD; K. M. Debatin, MD

From the German Cancer Research Center (I.J., K.M.D.) and the II. Institute of Physiology (A.M.-V., J.S.), Heidelberg; the Pediatric Hospital, University of Ulm (I.J., K.M.D.); and Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Großhadern (C.K., P.B.), and the Institute for Surgical Research, University of Munich (H.H.), Munich, Germany. The first 2 authors contributed equally to this work.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Background—The death of cardiac cells during ischemia and reperfusion is partially mediated by apoptosis, as seen, eg, in autopsy material of patients after acute myocardial infarction.

Methods and Results—To study the role of CD95/Fas/Apo1 for induction of postischemic cell death, we used an ischemia/reperfusion model of isolated rat and mouse hearts in Langendorff perfusion. In this model, caspase-dependent apoptosis occurred during postischemic reperfusion. Moreover, soluble CD95 ligand/Fas ligand was released by the postischemic hearts early after the onset of reperfusion. In addition, this ligand was synthesized de novo under these circumstances. Similar findings were observed for other "death-inducing" ligands, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. In primary adult rat myocyte culture, hypoxia and reoxygenation caused a marked increase in sensitivity to the apoptotic effects of CD95 ligand. Isolated hearts from mice lacking functional CD95 (lpr) display marked reduction in cell death after ischemia and reperfusion compared with wild-type controls.

Conclusions—These data suggest that CD95/Apo1/Fas is directly involved in cell death after myocardial ischemia. The CD95 system might thus represent a novel target for therapeutic prevention of postischemic cell death in the heart.

Key Words: ischemia • reperfusion • apoptosis • genes

	Introduction

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
After occlusion of a coronary artery, deprivation of oxygen and energy causes severe damage in the affected tissue and mediates cell death. Moreover, reperfusion of the occluded artery may aggravate cardiac dysfunction (myocardial stunning) and increase infarct size.¹ Because the acute myocyte loss caused by ischemia/reperfusion is irreversible, it determines chronic organ dysfunction and development of heart failure.

Cell death occurring after ischemia/reperfusion in the heart is largely attributed to necrosis caused by energy depletion (ATP), calcium overload, acidosis, and oxidative stress.^{1 2} Necrotic cell death is characterized by cell swelling and rupture initiating an inflammatory response in the tissue. Interestingly, disappearance of myocytes without inflammatory response occurs after ischemia in the heart,^{3 4 5} as well as in, for example, neuronal tissue.⁶ This loss of myocytes is effected by apoptosis, or programmed cell death, which induces DNA cleavage and autolysis. In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is a highly selective process controlled and tightly regulated by intracellular signal transduction that may be initiated by cell stress, such as metabolic injury, or by ligand-receptor binding. Three members of the family of death-inducing ligands (DILs) have been characterized so far: CD95 ligand (CD95L),⁷ TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL),⁸ and tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-).⁹ DILs are membrane-bound proteins that can be cleaved into a soluble form by metalloproteinases,¹⁰ cysteineproteinases,¹¹ or TNF-–converting enzyme⁹ in the case of CD95L, TRAIL, and TNF-, respectively, although the soluble proteins appear to be less potent than membrane-bound DILs.¹² CD95L, TRAIL, and TNF- signal apoptosis on specific interaction with their receptors CD95, TRAIL-receptors 1 and 2, and TNF receptor (TNFR) I, respectively. Multimerization of the receptor by DILs recruits adapter molecules such as Fas-associated death domain protein or TNFR-associated death domain protein, which mediate activation of the downstream apoptosis effectors, eg, the caspase cascade. Sequential cleavage of caspases then causes DNA fragmentation and cell death.

Apoptosis/programmed cell death is an important control mechanism for organ development and tissue homeostasis in the heart as well.¹³ Evidence for apoptotic cell death during hypoxia,¹⁴ ischemia,³ and reperfusion⁴ in the heart was obtained in animal studies,^{3 4} in experiments with primary cell culture,^{14 15} and in human autopsies.⁵ Apoptosis occurs preferentially in the border zone around the necrotic core.⁵ As yet, it is not completely clear to what extent apoptosis contributes to total cell loss after myocardial infarction during both ischemia and reperfusion.¹⁶ Postischemic apoptosis can be attenuated by preconditioning,¹⁷ an effect dependent on caspases and vacuolar proton ATPase.¹⁸ In addition, a contribution of death receptor systems to cell death in the heart was suggested by the finding of increased TNF-,^{9 19} TNFRs,¹⁵ and CD95³ in the postischemic myocardium. Thus, it was tempting to assume that DILs might be involved in triggering postischemic myocardial cell death. To investigate this hypothesis, experiments were performed using perfusions of isolated rat and mouse hearts as well as primary cultures of adult rat cardiac cells.

	Methods

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Materials
The caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk was obtained from Enzyme System Products. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)–mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed with terminal transferase purchased from Boehringer Mannheim. CD95L antibodies from Transduction Laboratories and p62 from M. Hahne/J. Tschopp were used for Western blotting with identical results; immunohistochemistry for CD95L was performed with NOK-1 antibody (Pharmingen). TRAIL antibody was purchased from Santa Cruz, and TNF- antibody was purchased from Sigma. The TRAIL protein was produced in a recombinant expression system using the yeast Pichia pastoris.²⁰ In brief, P pastoris was transformed by cloned His-tagged TRAIL DNA under the AOX-1 promoter. Protein expression was induced by addition of methanol. Thereafter, cells were lysed, and TRAIL protein was purified by the nickel-histidine interaction.²⁰

Isolated Hearts in Langendorff Perfusion
The care of animals and all experimental procedures conform with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. After male Wistar rats (200 to 300 g) or 8-week-old C57 BL/6 mice were anesthetized, the aorta was quickly cannulated, and Langendorff perfusion was performed as described previously²¹ with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer (in mmol/L: NaCl 116, CaCl₂ 1.6, KH₂PO₄ 1.2, KCl 3.8, MgCl₂ 1.2, NaHCO₃ 23.2, mannitol 16, glucose 11.5, and pyruvate 2, plus insulin 5 U/L), either at constant volume rates (rat hearts, 5 mL/min) or at constant perfusion pressure (mouse hearts, 55 cm H₂O). Global ischemia (25 and 20 minutes in rats and mice, respectively, 37°C) was applied by flow interruption, followed by reperfusion at preischemic conditions. Transudates were collected at 15-minute intervals during the whole course of the experiments as interstitial/lymphoid fluid extruded from the surface of the heart.²¹ Where indicated, zVAD-fmk (50 mmol/L) was added to the buffer during the first 30 minutes of reperfusion. At the end of the experiments, hearts were snap-frozen in nitrogen.

Apoptotic cell death of cardiac cells was estimated by TUNEL staining, which was performed in ventricular tissue sections as described.²² In brief, fixed tissue sections were permeabilized and incubated with TdT and biotin-16-UTP for 30 minutes. Anti-UTP antibody was visualized with the horseradish peroxidase (HRP)–coupled biotin-streptavidin system and DAB for color reaction. TUNEL-positive cells were counted in 15 sections per heart under x200 magnification. Alternatively, the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in tissue sections was estimated with an automated image analysis system (Leica Q600). Sections were scanned automatically by a computer-directed microscope stage under x200 magnification. Color and size were defined either for TUNEL-positive or for Nissl-positive cells. Then 12x12 fields were analyzed under stable relative illumination. At least 5000 (rat hearts) or 15 000 (mouse hearts) cells were quantified. The percentage of apoptotic cells was defined as number of TUNEL-positive cells per total number of cells. All sections of either mouse or rat experiments were analyzed in 1 session of size-oriented image processing and evaluated by the same independent and blinded operator.

Primary Culture of Adult Rat Cardiomyocytes
Primary adult rat cardiomyocytes were prepared as published before.²³ Cells were seeded on laminin-pretreated dishes in medium 199 for 4 hours. For induction of ischemia, cells were placed in glucose- and serum-free medium in a chamber continuously gassed with humidified 95% N₂, 5% CO₂ at 37°C for 6 hours. With this approach, oxygen tensions <10 mm Hg are achieved after 30 minutes, as assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and pH decreased from 7.4 to 7.2 within 4 hours. Reoxygenation was performed by addition of glucose (4.5%) and changing of the atmosphere to 95% air, 5% CO₂ for another 6 hours. Directly after onset of reoxygenation, primary adult cardiomyocytes were stimulated with anti-CD95 antibody Jo2 (Pharmingen, 5 µg/mL) or recombinant CD95L (Alexis, 5 µg/mL), recombinant TRAIL produced in P pastoris²⁰ (6 µg/mL), or recombinant rat TNF- (R&D systems, 600 ng/mL) in the presence of cycloheximide (100 ng/mL). CD95-mediated cell death was induced equally by an agonistic anti-CD95 antibody (Jo-2) and by recombinant CD95L (data not shown). Control cells were left in 95% air, 5% CO₂ at 37°C at normal glucose concentration for 6 hours and were stimulated with DILs in the presence of cycloheximide without previous ischemia. Cell survival was estimated by counting trypan blue–excluding cells per field under light microscopy. Specific cell survival (%) was calculated with cells without stimulation by DILs used as controls. Specific cell death (%) was calculated as 100–specific cell survival (%).

Measurement of DILs
For soluble DILs, transudates of each isolated organ were divided into aliquots for a sampling time of 15 minutes, each aliquot containing the total protein amount coming off the surface of the heart in this interval and therefore being comparable to each other. Subsequently, aliquots were concentrated by use of membrane exclusion columns (Greiner) to a total volume of 60 µL. Aliquots of 10 µL per time point were subjected to Western blot analysis for each soluble DIL. To assess DIL tissue concentration within the hearts, tissue sections were lysed and total protein was extracted. Immunoprecipitation was performed in the case of TNF- and TRAIL. -Tubulin was used as loading control. Western blot analysis of transudate or tissue sample was performed as described.²⁰ In brief, samples were separated on a 12% polyacrylamide gel, blotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane, and incubated with a specific antibody. HRP-coupled secondary antibody was visualized with luminol. Immunohistochemistry was performed as described.⁶ In brief, fixed sections were permeabilized and incubated with specific antibody, which was visualized by HRP-conjugated secondary antibody with DAB.

Statistical Methods
The results are given as mean±SEM. Statistical analysis was performed with 1-way ANOVA. Whenever a significant effect was obtained with ANOVA, we performed multiple comparison tests between the groups, using Bonferroni’s test (Figure 1) or Dunnett’s post hoc test comparing variable groups to 1 control group (Figure 4). For comparison of wild-type and lpr-mutant mice, we used the Wilcoxon rank sum test (Figure 5). Differences between groups were considered significant at a value of P<0.05. The SPSS statistical software package was used throughout the analysis.

View larger version (72K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 1. Induction of caspase-dependent cell death by ischemia/reperfusion. Isolated rat hearts were exposed to perfusion for 4.5 hours (control) or to 25 minutes of global ischemia followed by 4 hours of reperfusion (I/R). Cell death was estimated with TUNEL staining. A, Microscopic view of representative control (left) and I/R (right) sections. B, zVAD-fmk 50 mmol/L was added to perfusate in 1 group during first 30 minutes of reperfusion. Sections were analyzed by automated image processing; 5 experiments were performed in each group. Data are presented as mean±SEM. *P<0.05 vs control and zVAD-fmk.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 4. Induction of cell death by DILs in cardiomyocytes after simulated ischemia. Primary adult rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to 6 hours of ischemia followed by 6 hours of reoxygenation (solid bars). DILs were present during reoxygenation in the presence of cycloheximide. After end of reoxygenation period, surviving cells were measured by counting trypan-negative cells per field. For calculation of DIL-specific cell death, postischemic cells without additional stimulation by DILs were used as controls. Open bars show specific, DIL-induced apoptosis (6 hours) on non-postischemic cardiomyocytes using untreated cells as reference. Similar results were obtained in 3 independent experiments. Data are mean of duplicates±SEM. *P<0.001 vs unstimulated control.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 5. Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion-mediated cell death by dysfunctional CD95. Hearts were isolated from wild-type mice (wt, n=9) or lpr mice lacking functional CD95 (n=11). Ischemia for 20 minutes was followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Each point represents percentage of TUNEL-positive cells obtained in 1 organ, as analyzed by automated image processing. Gray bars indicate mean obtained in each group±SEM. *P<0.0002.

	Results

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Induction of Caspase-Dependent Cell Death by Ischemia/Reperfusion
After ischemia/reperfusion, cardiac cells die by necrosis and/or apoptosis. To directly study the role of apoptosis systems for postischemic cell death in the heart, we performed transient global ischemia in isolated, saline-perfused rat hearts, followed by reperfusion for various time intervals (Langendorff hearts). Because saline perfusion eliminates (for example) leukocytes from the perfused heart, this model allows specific study of cardiac processes. Apoptotic cell death was detected by TUNEL staining of cells undergoing DNA fragmentation (see Methods of Reference ²² ). Twenty-five minutes of global ischemia followed by 4 hours of reperfusion induced a significant increase in TUNEL-positive cells (Figure 1A). This finding suggests that postischemic cell death in cardiac cells occurs independently of blood-derived cells or factors. To study whether cell death detected by TUNEL is susceptible to apoptotic signal transduction, we used zVAD-fmk, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of most caspases. Activation of caspases is specifically linked to apoptotic but not to necrotic cell death. Addition of zVAD-fmk completely inhibited the increase of TUNEL-positive cells during postischemic reperfusion (Figure 1B). These data suggest that caspases contribute to induction of death in cardiac cells after ischemia/reperfusion.

Release of Soluble DILs From Postischemic Langendorff Hearts During Reperfusion
Induction of apoptosis in response to cellular stress has been shown to involve activation of apoptosis-inducing ligand/receptor systems such as CD95.⁶ We therefore studied local production of DILs after ischemia/reperfusion by collecting transudates from the surface of the heart, which represent interstitial and lymphoid fluid. Aliquots were compared for absolute amount of DIL protein over time. Western blot analysis of concentrated transudates (x200) revealed that CD95L, TNF-, and TRAIL are released or cleaved into the extracellular fluid early after onset of reperfusion (Figure 2). In time-matched transudates of control hearts not subjected to ischemia, no DILs were detected in Western blot analysis (data not shown). In the same experiments, no measurable DIL proteins were found in the coronary venous buffer, which had passed through the isolated heart (data not shown). Proteolytic cleavage as a mechanism of CD95L release was suggested by the size of the protein detected (31 kDa), which was smaller than that of the membrane-bound forms (37 kDa).

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 2. Release of soluble DILs from postischemic Langendorff hearts during reperfusion. Transudates of isolated hearts were collected in 15-minute intervals from 30 minutes before ischemia (arrows) until 75 minutes of reperfusion (R). Aliquots were concentrated and analyzed for soluble (s) DILs by Western blot. One representative example of 10 experiments is shown.

Production of DILs During Reperfusion in Postischemic Langendorff Hearts
In addition to DIL proteins secreted into the extracellular fluid, the cardiac content of membrane-bound DIL is relevant as a store of apoptotic signal carriers. In unstimulated cardiac tissue, no DIL proteins can be detected by Western blot analysis (Figure 3A). However, de novo production of DIL proteins in cardiac cells is found within a few hours of reperfusion after ischemia. Maximum CD95L production is obtained as soon as 2 hours after onset of reperfusion (Figure 3A). Similar results were obtained by immunohistochemistry (Figure 3B). These experiments show that cells within the heart may produce and release DILs on ischemia/reperfusion, suggesting that cardiac cells in the affected area of the heart may be exposed to increased concentrations of DILs after an ischemic insult.

View larger version (51K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Figure 3. Production of DILs during reperfusion in postischemic Langendorff hearts. Isolated rat hearts were exposed to 25 minutes of global ischemia followed by reperfusion. A, Total cellular proteins were isolated at time points indicated and were subjected to Western blot analysis. P indicates perfusion without ischemia; R, reperfusion; control 1, 5 minutes of perfusion without ischemia; control 2, 2.5 hours of perfusion without ischemia. Five experiments were performed; 1 representative example is shown. Molecular weight of membrane-bound DIL proteins is higher than that of soluble forms shown in Figure 2 (CD95L, 37 kDa; TRAIL, 28 kDa; and TNF-, 17 kDa). Tubulin serves as control for equal loading. B, Immunohistochemistry was performed for CD95L, TRAIL, TNF-, and CD95 (receptor) in a control organ (6.5 hours of perfusion) and an organ subjected to 25 minutes of ischemia and 6 hours of reperfusion.

Induction of Cell Death by DILs in Cardiomyocytes After Simulated Ischemia
To further examine the functional importance of DILs produced and released in situ, we examined a cell culture model of simulated ischemia in adult rat cardiomyocytes.²³ These data deal with the ability of DILs to induce cell death in cardiomyocytes. For stimulation with DILs, we used cell survival as readout in the experiment rather than TUNEL staining because of practical issues associated with quantification of adherent and nonadherent cells.

Normoxic control adult rat cardiomyocytes display constitutive resistance against DIL-induced cell death, even in the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor that usually sensitizes cells to TNF-–induced cell death (Figure 4, open bars). During the simulated ischemia protocol, cardiomyocytes die over time so that 33% of all adherent primary adult rat cardiomyocytes are dead within 6 hours (data not shown). No additional cell death is found during reoxygenation at any time point. In contrast, exposure to exogenous DILs during reoxygenation induces further cell death (Figure 4, solid bars, normalized to cells subjected to simulated ischemia and reoxygenation but no DILs). The most prominent effect was induced by CD95. These results suggest that simulated ischemia/reoxygenation in cardiac myocytes increases the sensitivity of these myocytes to DIL-induced cell death.

Attenuation of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Mediated Cell Death by Dysfunctional CD95
We specifically studied the role of the CD95/Apo1/Fas system for cell death during postischemic reperfusion in the heart by use of Langendorff perfusion of mouse hearts in which the CD95 death pathway is nonfunctional because of mutations in the CD95 receptor.²⁴ Isolated hearts of lpr mice were compared with those of wild-type controls, both on C57 BL/6 background. In Langendorff perfusion, 20 minutes of global ischemia was followed by 4 hours of reperfusion in both groups. Longer periods of ischemia and/or reperfusion resulted in cardiac arrhythmias and a greater variability between organs. TUNEL staining was performed and evaluated by manual counting (data not shown) or computer-assisted analysis (Figure 5), which yielded similar results. The amount of apoptotic cell death measured by TUNEL staining was significantly (P<0.0002) lower in lpr hearts than in strain-matched controls (Figure 5). Because no statistically significant differences were detected in coronary perfusion pressure and heart rate between lpr hearts and wild-type controls (Table), the decrease of TUNEL-positive cells in lpr hearts appears to be due to the lack of functional CD95.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]   Table 1. Coronary Flow and Heart Rate in Mouse Hearts Before and After Ischemia

	Discussion

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 
Earlier concepts about cell death during postischemic reperfusion attributed the loss of living and functional cells largely to necrosis. However, apoptotic cell death was also recently observed during postischemic reperfusion in the heart.^{3 4 5 13 15} The molecular mechanisms causing postischemic apoptosis have not yet been identified. In the present study, we examined the impact of apoptosis systems, in particular the CD95 system, on cell death after ischemia and reperfusion.

In the present study, TUNEL positivity was used as a parameter for the detection of apoptotic cardiac cells. The specificity of TUNEL assay in measurement of apoptosis has been discussed because of differences of apoptotic cell numbers detected under comparable conditions and possible overlaps with the detection of necrotic cells displaying breaks of double-strand DNA hours after the onset of the insult.¹⁶ In our study, however, the rate of TUNEL-positive cells was susceptible to interventions known to influence exclusively apoptosis but not necrosis. Thus, experiments with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk as well as in mice lacking a functional CD95 receptor both revealed a decrease in the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Therefore, at least in the isolated organs used and with respect to the substantial number of cells analyzed by computer-assisted evaluation (5000 cells per rat heart and 15 000 cells per mouse heart), TUNEL staining may reflect apoptosis frequency during postischemic reperfusion in our model. The percentage of TUNEL-positive cells obtained in our ex vivo model was only 20% of that found in in vivo experiments.^{25 26} This effect might be due to a lack of blood-derived cells or factors and lack of work performed by the heart during ischemia.

Both de novo synthesis and release of soluble ligands by cardiac cells were detected for CD95L as well as TNF- and TRAIL. The time course of CD95L release into the transudate suggests that early, synthesis-independent mechanisms contribute to its presence in the interstitial fluid. Metalloproteinases, which might rapidly cleave preformed, membrane-bound CD95L,¹⁰ are most likely responsible for the rapid release of soluble CD95L. Similar enzymes, such as TNF-–converting enzyme⁹ or cysteineproteinases,¹¹ may promote release of TNF- and TRAIL, respectively. Thus, stress caused by ischemia/reperfusion might represent a yet unknown stimulus for cleavage of membrane-bound DILs into the soluble form.

As shown by immunoblotting, de novo synthesis of CD95L is found at later time points during reperfusion (Figure 3). Transcription factors binding to the promoter of CD95L, eg, nuclear factor-B, have previously been shown to become activated early after the onset of postischemic reperfusion in isolated hearts.¹⁹ Our data show that cardiac cells themselves become prominent sources of DILs (Figures 2 and 3), although in vivo, white blood cells may contribute to a further increase of apoptosis-inducing factors.

Interestingly, however, the presence of DILs alone does not suffice to induce cell death (Figure 4). Nonischemic control cells do not display a constitutive sensitivity for cell death induction by CD95L, TRAIL, or TNF-. Furthermore, reoxygenation after simulated ischemia as used in our model did not induce cell death on its own. These results differ from earlier observations by Karwatowska-Prokopczuk et al,²⁷ who found increased cell death of neonatal cardiomyocytes after severe metabolic inhibition, including cyanide exposure mediated by severe acidification. The milder form of metabolic injury used here, by N₂/CO₂ exposure, leads to a moderate drop of pH. The protocol does not lead to spontaneous cell death during reoxygenation but rather to increased sensitivity for DIL-induced cell death in cardiomyocytes. Apoptosis sensitivity may also be modified by alterations of signal proteins downstream of the receptor–ligand interaction. Thus, Fas-associated death domain–like interleukin 1ß-converting enzyme inhibitory protein (FLIP), which disables signal transduction from CD95 receptor to caspases, is abundantly present in normoxic cardiac tissue but is degraded after ischemia and reperfusion.²⁸ Therefore, downregulation of FLIP, among other intracellular regulatory proteins, may represent an important mechanism determining enhanced apoptosis sensitivity of cardiomyocytes after ischemia and might cause altered apoptosis sensitivity, eg, after preconditioning.

The CD95 system plays an important role in the regulation of physiological homeostasis in the immune system. In addition, apoptosis induction by CD95 has been shown to participate in various types of stress-induced apoptosis, eg, in drug-induced apoptosis²⁹ or postischemic apoptosis in the brain.⁶ The data presented here show for the first time that a functional CD95 system contributes to cell death in cardiac cells in response to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Experiments that compared CD95 receptor mutant lpr mice with wild-type controls revealed a significant difference in the occurrence of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells. Therefore, the CD95 system might play an important role in cardiac autodestruction during ischemia/reperfusion.

In summary, we demonstrate here that DILs, in particular CD95L, are induced during postischemic reperfusion and that enhanced cell death after myocardial ischemia is dependent on a functional CD95 ligand-receptor interaction. Because inhibition of caspase activation and disruption of the CD95 receptor signaling represent 2 approaches to decrease postischemic cell death of the heart, further studies will be conducted to assess the therapeutic potential of these interventions aiming at the reduction of myocardial reperfusion injury.

	Acknowledgments

 
Dr Jeremias was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant Je 230/1-1, and Dr Kupatt by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft grant Ku 1019/7-1. We thank R. Owen for measuring O₂ content, G. Taimor and K.-D. Schlueter for advice concerning preparation of primary adult rat cardiac cells, T. Hartung for providing anti-rat TNF- antibody used in immunoprecipitation, and M. Hahne and J. Tschopp for providing p62 antibody. We thank B.F. Becker for advice and generous logistic help.

	Footnotes

 
Reprint requests to Prof Dr Klaus-Michael Debatin, Universitätskinderklinik, Prittwitzstraße 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany.

Received December 31, 1999; revision received March 15, 2000; accepted March 26, 2000.

	References

Top Abstract Introduction Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Hearse DJ, Bolli R. Reperfusion induced injury: manifestations, mechanisms, and clinical relevance. Cardiovasc Res. 1992;26:101–108.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
2. Silverman HS, Stern MD. Ionic basis of ischaemic cardiac injury: insights from cellular studies. Cardiovasc Res. 1994;28:581–597.[Free Full Text]
   
3. Kajstura J, Cheng W, Reiss K, et al. Apoptotic and necrotic myocyte cell deaths are independent contributing variables of infarct size in rats. Lab Invest. 1996;74:86–107.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
4. Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, et al. Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:1621–1628.
   
5. Saraste A, Pulkki K, Kallajoki M, et al. Apoptosis in human acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;95:320–323.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
6. Martin-Villalba A, Herr I, Jeremias I, et al. CD95-ligand (Fas-L/apo-1L) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand mediate ischemia-induced apoptosis in neurons. J Neurosci. 1999;19:3809–3817.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
   
7. Nagata S. Apoptosis by death factor. Cell. 1997;88:355–365.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
8. Golstein P. Cell death: TRAIL and its receptors. Curr Biol. 1997;7:R750–R753.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
   
9. Meldrum DR. Tumor necrosis factor in the heart. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:R577–R595.
   
10. Kayagaki N, Kawasaki A, Ebata T, et al. Metalloproteinase-mediated release of human Fas ligand. J Exp Med. 1995;182:1777–1783.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
11. Mariani SM, Krammer PH. Differential regulation of TRAIL and CD95 ligand in transformed cells of the T and B lymphocyte lineage. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:973–982.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
12. Suda T, Hashimoto H, Tanaka M, et al. Membrane Fas ligand kills human peripheral blood T lymphocytes, and soluble Fas ligand blocks the killing. J Exp Med. 1997;186:2045–2050.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
13. Haunstetter A, Izumo S. Apoptosis: basic mechanisms and implications for cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 1998;82:1111–1129.[Free Full Text]
    
14. Tanaka M, Ito H, Adachi S, et al. Hypoxia induces apoptosis with enhanced expression of Fas antigen messenger RNA in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res. 1994;75:426–433.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
15. Umansky SR, Tomei LD. Apoptosis in the heart. Adv Pharmacol. 1997;41:383–407.
    
16. Buja LM, Entman ML. Modes of myocardial cell injury and cell death in ischemic heart disease. Circulation. 1998;98:1355–1357.[Free Full Text]
    
17. Piot CA, Padmanaban D, Ursell PC, et al. Ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis in rat hearts in vivo. Circulation. 1997;96:1598–1604.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
18. Gottlieb RA, Gruol DL, Zhu JY, et al. Preconditioning in rabbit cardiomyocytes. J Clin Invest. 1996;97:2391–2398.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
19. Kupatt C, Habazettl H, Goedecke A, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha contributes to ischemia- and reperfusion-induced endothelial activation in isolated hearts. Circ Res. 1999;84:392–400.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
20. Jeremias I, Herr I, Boehler T, et al. TRAIL/apo-2-ligand-induced apoptosis in human T-cells. Eur J Immunol. 1998;28:143–152.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
21. Kupatt C, Zahler S, Seligmann C, et al. Nitric oxide mitigates leukocyte adhesion and vascular leak after myocardial ischemia. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:643–654.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
22. Olivetti G, Quaini F, Sala R, et al. Acute myocardial infarction in humans is associated with activation of programmed myocyte cell death in the surviving portion of the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1996;28:2005–2016.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
23. Ladilov YV, Balser C, Piper HM. Protection of rat cardiomyocytes against simulated ischemia and reoxygenation by treatment with protein kinase C activator. Circ Res. 1998;82:451–457.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
24. Nagata S, Suda T. Fas and Fas ligand: lpr and gld mutations. Immunol Today. 1995;16:39–43.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
25. Yue TL, Ma XL, Wang X, et al. Possible involvement of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and Fas receptor expression in prevention of ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis by carvedilol. Circ Res. 1998;82:166–174.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
26. Yaoita H, Ogawa K, Maehara K, et al. Attenuation of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats by a caspase inhibitor. Circulation. 1998;97:276–281.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
27. Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, Nordberg JA, Li HL, et al. Effect of vacuolar proton ATPase on pH_i, Ca²⁺, and apoptosis in neonatal cardiomyocytes during metabolic inhibition/recovery. Circ Res. 1998;82:1139–1144.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    
28. Rasper DM, Vaillancourt JP, Hadano S, et al. Cell death attenuation by "ursurpin," a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the CD-95 (Fas, apo-1) receptor complex. Cell Death Differ. 1998;5:271–288.[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    
29. Friesen C, Herr I, Krammer PH, et al. Involvement of the CD95 (apo-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system in drug-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Nat Med. 1996;2:574–577[Medline] [Order article via Infotrieve]
    

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. Sanchis, M. Llovera, M. Ballester, and J. X. Comella An alternative view of apoptosis in heart development and disease Cardiovasc Res, February 1, 2008; 77(3): 448 - 451. [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Roubille, S. Combes, J. Leal-Sanchez, C. Barrere;, F. Cransac, C. Sportouch-Dukhan, G. Gahide, I. Serre, E. Kupfer, S. Richard, et al. Myocardial Expression of a Dominant-Negative Form of Daxx Decreases Infarct Size and Attenuates Apoptosis in an In Vivo Mouse Model of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Circulation, December 4, 2007; 116(23): 2709 - 2717. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. A. Altemeier, X. Zhu, W. R. Berrington, J. M. Harlan, and W. C. Liles Fas (CD95) induces macrophage proinflammatory chemokine production via a MyD88-dependent, caspase-independent pathway J. Leukoc. Biol., September 1, 2007; 82(3): 721 - 728. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Toth, J. R. Jeffers, P. Nickson, J.-Y. Min, J. P. Morgan, G. P. Zambetti, and P. Erhardt Targeted deletion of Puma attenuates cardiomyocyte death and improves cardiac function during ischemia-reperfusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2006; 291(1): H52 - H60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Maruyama, G. Takemura, N. Tohse, T. Ohkusa, Y. Ikeda, K. Tsuchiya, S. Minatoguchi, M. Matsuzaki, T. Fujiwara, and H. Fujiwara Synchronous progression of calcium transient-dependent beating and sarcomere destruction in apoptotic adult cardiomyocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1493 - H1502. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Kempf, M. Eden, J. Strelau, M. Naguib, C. Willenbockel, J. Tongers, J. Heineke, D. Kotlarz, J. Xu, J. D. Molkentin, et al. The Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Superfamily Member Growth-Differentiation Factor-15 Protects the Heart From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Circ. Res., February 17, 2006; 98(3): 351 - 360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. Gomez, N. Chavanis, L. Argaud, L. Chalabreysse, O. Gateau-Roesch, J. Ninet, and M. Ovize Fas-independent mitochondrial damage triggers cardiomyocyte death after ischemia-reperfusion Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2005; 289(5): H2153 - H2158. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. B. Morris, B. Kenney, H. Huynh, and E. A. Woodcock Regulation of the Proapoptotic Factor FOXO1 (FKHR) in Cardiomyocytes by Growth Factors and {alpha}1-Adrenergic Agonists Endocrinology, October 1, 2005; 146(10): 4370 - 4376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Wang, Y. Wang, J. Zhang, H. P. Kim, S. W. Ryter, and A. M. K. Choi FLIP Protects against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Endothelial Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting Bax Activation Mol. Cell. Biol., June 1, 2005; 25(11): 4742 - 4751. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. WANG, J. ZHANG, H. P. KIM, Y. WANG, A. M. K. CHOI, and S. W. RYTER Bcl-XL disrupts death-inducing signal complex formation in plasma membrane induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation FASEB J, December 1, 2004; 18(15): 1826 - 1833. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. L. Murriel, E. Churchill, K. Inagaki, L. I. Szweda, and D. Mochly-Rosen Protein Kinase C{delta} Activation Induces Apoptosis in Response to Cardiac Ischemia and Reperfusion Damage: A MECHANISM INVOLVING BAD AND THE MITOCHONDRIA J. Biol. Chem., November 12, 2004; 279(46): 47985 - 47991. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. T. Crow, K. Mani, Y.-J. Nam, and R. N. Kitsis The Mitochondrial Death Pathway and Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis Circ. Res., November 12, 2004; 95(10): 957 - 970. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Krautwald, E. Ziegler, K. Tiede, R. Pust, and U. Kunzendorf Transduction of the TAT-FLIP Fusion Protein Results in Transient Resistance to Fas-induced Apoptosis in Vivo J. Biol. Chem., October 15, 2004; 279(42): 44005 - 44011. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. von Harsdorf "Fas-ten" Your Seat Belt: Anti-apoptotic Treatment in Heart Failure Takes Off Circ. Res., September 17, 2004; 95(6): 554 - 556. [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. K. Salahudeen Cold ischemic injury of transplanted kidneys: new insights from experimental studies Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, August 1, 2004; 287(2): F181 - F187. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. BINAH, M. SHILKRUT, G. YANIV, and S. LARISCH The Fas Receptor--1,4,5-IP3 Cascade: A Potential Target for Treating Heart Failure and Arrhythmias Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., May 1, 2004; 1015(1): 338 - 350. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				X. Wang, Y. Zhou, H. P. Kim, R. Song, R. Zarnegar, S. W. Ryter, and A. M. K. Choi Hepatocyte Growth Factor Protects against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-induced Apoptosis in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., February 13, 2004; 279(7): 5237 - 5243. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Porras, S. Zuluaga, E. Black, A. Valladares, A. M. Alvarez, C. Ambrosino, M. Benito, and A. R. Nebreda p38{alpha} Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Sensitizes Cells to Apoptosis Induced by Different Stimuli Mol. Biol. Cell, February 1, 2004; 15(2): 922 - 933. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Hayakawa, M. Chandra, W. Miao, J. Shirani, J. H. Brown, G. W. Dorn II, R. C. Armstrong, and R. N. Kitsis Inhibition of Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis Improves Cardiac Function and Abolishes Mortality in the Peripartum Cardiomyopathy of G{alpha}q Transgenic Mice Circulation, December 16, 2003; 108(24): 3036 - 3041. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q Z Feng, T D Li, L X Wei, X Qiao, J Yi, L Wang, and T S Yang Tempero-spatial dissociation between the expression of Fas and apoptosis after coronary occlusion Mol. Pathol., December 1, 2003; 56(6): 362 - 367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. C. Tung, G. Cui, K. Oshima, H. Laks, and L. Sen Balanced expression of mitochondrial apoptosis regulatory proteins correlates with long-term survival of cardiac allografts Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2003; 285(6): H2832 - H2841. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y. Teshima, M. Akao, S. P. Jones, and E. Marban Cariporide (HOE642), a Selective Na+-H+ Exchange Inhibitor, Inhibits the Mitochondrial Death Pathway Circulation, November 4, 2003; 108(18): 2275 - 2281. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Gonzalez, M. A Fortuno, R. Querejeta, S. Ravassa, B. Lopez, N. Lopez, and J. Diez Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in hypertensive cardiomyopathy Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2003; 59(3): 549 - 562. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]