(Circulation. 2000;102:865.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide as a Prognostic Indicator in Patients With Primary Pulmonary Hypertension
From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center (N. Nagaya, T.S., S.K., F.S., M.K., K.F., Y.O., N. Nakanishi, K.M.), and Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute (T.N., M.U., K.K.), Osaka, Japan.
Correspondence to Noritoshi Nagaya, MD, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, National Cardiovascular Center, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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Abstract |
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Background—Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level increases in proportion to the degree of right ventricular dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension. We sought to assess the prognostic significance of plasma BNP in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH).
Methods and Results—Plasma BNP was measured in 60 patients with
PPH at diagnostic catheterization, together
with atrial natriuretic peptide,
norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Measurements were
repeated in 53 patients after a mean follow-up period of 3 months.
Forty-nine of the patients received intravenous or oral
prostacyclin. During a mean follow-up period of 24 months, 18 patients
died of cardiopulmonary causes. According to
multivariate analysis, baseline plasma BNP was
an independent predictor of mortality. Patients with a supramedian
level of baseline BNP (
150 pg/mL) had a significantly lower survival
rate than those with an inframedian level, according to Kaplan-Meier
survival curves (P<0.05). Plasma BNP in survivors
decreased significantly during the follow-up (217±38 to 149±30 pg/mL,
P<0.05), whereas that in nonsurvivors increased
(365±77 to 544±68 pg/mL, P<0.05). Thus, survival was
strikingly worse for patients with a supramedian value of follow-up BNP
(180 pg/mL) than for those with an inframedian value
(P<0.0001).
Conclusions—A high level of plasma BNP, and in particular, a further increase in plasma BNP during follow-up, may have a strong, independent association with increased mortality rates in patients with PPH.
Key Words: natriuretic peptides • hypertension, pulmonary • mortality
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) is a rare but life-threatening disease characterized by progressive pulmonary hypertension, ultimately producing right ventricular (RV) failure and death.1 2 Although median survival in patients with PPH is considered to be 2.8 years from the time of diagnosis,3 survival periods of >5 to 10 years have been documented. In contrast, some patients refractory to vasodilator therapy may ultimately require heart-lung or lung transplantation.4 Thus, accurate prediction of mortality is important in the treatment of patients with PPH. RV hemodynamic variables obtained by catheterization have been shown to be closely associated with outcome in patients with PPH.3 5 However, risk stratification by a simple, noninvasive, and repeatedly available method is desirable.
Plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), a cardiac hormone secreted mainly by the cardiac ventricles,6 7 has been used as a noninvasive marker of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and a prognostic indicator in a variety of patients with left-sided heart failure.8 9 10 We have shown that plasma BNP increases in proportion to the degree of RV dysfunction in pulmonary hypertension.11 We have also shown that plasma BNP changes in association with chronic changes in hemodynamics, thereby serving as a potential indicator of the efficacy of vasodilator therapy in patients with PPH. However, whether mortality in PPH can be predicted by measuring plasma BNP remains unknown. Thus, in the present study, we measured plasma BNP levels at initial diagnostic catheterization and during vasodilator therapy and sought to assess the prognostic significance of both baseline and follow-up BNP levels in patients with PPH in comparison to clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and hormonal variables.
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Methods |
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Study Subjects
Of 63 consecutive patients with PPH referred to our institute between September 1994 and February 1999, 3 patients were excluded from this study because of kidney failure (serum creatinine
1.5 mg/dL). The remaining 60 patients (18 men and 42 women: mean age
38 years; range 15 to 69 years) were enrolled. PPH was defined as
pulmonary hypertension unexplained by any secondary cause,
based on the criteria of the National Institutes of Health registry on
PPH.1 Fifty-five (92%) patients underwent vasodilator
therapy with intravenous prostacyclin
(n=14)12 13 14 15 or orally active prostacyclin analogue
beraprost sodium (n=41).16 17 The remaining 5 patients did
not receive prostacyclin therapy; 3 patients could not tolerate it
because of hypotension resulting from uncompensated right heart
failure, 1 patient developed hypoxia during prostacyclin
treatment, and 1 showed adverse effects. The study included 15
age-matched healthy control subjects (6 men and 9 women: mean age 40
years; range 25 to 65 years). All subjects gave informed consent.
Blood Sampling and Assay
Blood samples for baseline measurements were drawn from a
peripheral vein in all patients at diagnostic
catheterization while the patient was in a stable
hemodynamic state and not receiving vasodilator drugs.
Blood sampling was repeated in 53 patients after a mean follow-up
period of 3±1 months. Forty-nine of the 53 patients received
intravenous or oral prostacyclin therapy. Seven patients
did not complete follow-up measurements; 1 patient died, 3 patients
moved out of town before the second measurements, and 3 patients were
dropped inadvertently.
Blood was immediately transferred into a chilled glass tube containing disodium EDTA (1 mg/mL) and aprotinin (500 U/mL) and centrifuged immediately at 4°C. Plasma BNP and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured directly with highly sensitive and specific immunoradiometric assay kits (Shionogi Co, Ltd).8 Plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) were measured as reported previously.18
Hemodynamic Studies
Diagnostic right heart
catheterization was performed in all patients while
they were in a stable condition during hospitalization. Baseline
hemodynamic variables including mean
pulmonary arterial pressure, mean right atrial
pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, and RV
end-diastolic pressure were measured in all patients.
Cardiac output was measured by Fick’s method. Total pulmonary
resistance was calculated by dividing mean pulmonary
arterial pressure by cardiac output.
Hemodynamic measurements along with BNP measurements
were repeated in a subsample (n=40) of patients during prostacyclin
therapy (3±1 months).
Echocardiographic Assessment
Echocardiography was performed with a
Toshiba SSH-120A within 1 week of diagnostic
catheterization and during follow-up. Parasternal
short-axis views were obtained at the level of the papillary muscles of
the LV with the use of a 3.5-MHz sector transducer. The longest (L) and
shortest (S) diameters of the LV cavity were measured at the time of
maximal deformity in early diastole. The LV deformity index
was calculated as L/S. The presence of pericardial effusion was also
evaluated in the parasternal short-axis views in early
diastole and graded as absent, small (separation <1 cm),
or large (separation >1 cm). At one third of the length of the long
axis from the base, RV end-diastolic dimension was obtained
perpendicular to the long axis by means of the apical 4-chamber
view.19
Survival Estimates
Survival was estimated from the date of blood sampling to April
30, 1999, or cardiopulmonary death. No patient received lung or
heart-lung transplantation during the follow-up period. No patient died
of noncardiopulmonary causes. The follow-up rate was 100%.
Statistical Analysis
All data were expressed as mean value±SEM unless otherwise
indicated. Log transformation was used to normalize the distribution of
plasma hormone levels unless otherwise indicated. Comparisons of
parameters between the 2 groups were made by Fisher’s
exact test or unpaired Student’s t test. Comparisons of
parameters among the 4 groups were made by means of 1-way
ANOVA followed by Scheffé’s multiple comparison test.
Correlation coefficients between plasma hormone levels and
hemodynamic variables were calculated by linear
regression analysis. The effects of vasodilator therapy on
plasma BNP were analyzed by paired Student’s t
test. The prognostic value of each variable was tested by
univariate Cox proportional hazards regression
analysis. With the use of a multivariate model,
the prognostic power of plasma BNP was compared with that of other
significant predictors in univariate analysis.
Survival curves were derived by means of the Kaplan-Meier method and
were compared by means of the log-rank test. Receiver operating
characteristics were generated from multiple sensitivity/specificity
pairs. A value of P<0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
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Results |
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Comparison of Patient Characteristics Between Survivors and Nonsurvivors
During a mean follow-up period of 24±2 months, 18 (30%) patients died of cardiopulmonary causes: 14 patients died of progressive RV failure, and 4 patients died suddenly. Baseline heart rate, mean pulmonary arterial pressure, total pulmonary resistance, and mean right atrial pressure were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (Table 1
). Cardiac output and mixed
venous oxygen saturation were significantly lower in nonsurvivors than
in survivors. There was no significant difference in the use of the
medications between survivors and nonsurvivors.
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Baseline Hormone Levels With Reference to NYHA Functional Class and
Hemodynamic Variables
Baseline plasma BNP and ANP increased significantly with the
severity of New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class (Figure 1). Plasma NE differed significantly
between functional classes II and IV and between classes III and IV but
not between classes II and III. Baseline plasma BNP and ANP correlated
positively with mean pulmonary arterial pressure
and negatively with cardiac output, thus showing a strong positive
correlation with total pulmonary resistance (Table 2). Plasma BNP and ANP correlated
positively with mean right atrial pressure but not with
pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. In contrast, neither plasma
NE nor EPI was significantly correlated with any
hemodynamic variable.
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P<0.05 vs NYHA class II;
P<0.05 vs NYHA class III.
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Baseline and Follow-Up Hormone Levels in Survivors and
Nonsurvivors
Baseline plasma BNP, ANP, and NE but not EPI were
significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors (Figure 2). The plasma BNP level in survivors
decreased significantly during prostacyclin therapy, whereas that in
nonsurvivors increased significantly despite treatment. Consequently,
there was a marked difference in follow-up plasma BNP level between
survivors and nonsurvivors. Plasma ANP in survivors decreased
significantly, whereas that in nonsurvivors remained elevated. Neither
plasma NE nor EPI changed significantly during follow-up.
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Plasma BNP Level and Hemodynamic Alterations During
Prostacyclin Therapy
Changes in plasma BNP correlated closely with changes in total
pulmonary resistance (r=0.72, P<0.001)
and RV end-diastolic pressure (r=0.78,
P<0.001) during prostacyclin therapy. However, changes in
plasma BNP did not always reflect changes in RV dimension
(r=0.38, P<0.05) or mean pulmonary
arterial pressure (r=0.43, P<0.05).
Interestingly, although there was no significant change in RV dimension
in survivors (-3%) or nonsurvivors (+2%) during prostacyclin
therapy, plasma BNP changed significantly in survivors (-54%) and
nonsurvivors (+75%). In addition, the marked increase in plasma BNP in
nonsurvivors was not associated with changes in mean pulmonary
arterial pressure (0%).
Univariate and Multivariate Predictors
of Mortality
By univariate analysis, NYHA functional class,
heart rate, LV deformity index, the severity of pericardial effusion,
mean pulmonary arterial pressure, cardiac output,
mean right atrial pressure, and mixed oxygen saturation at
diagnostic catheterization were all related
to mortality in PPH (Table 3). Baseline
plasma levels of BNP, ANP, and NE but not EPI were significantly
correlated with mortality in PPH. Follow-up plasma levels of BNP, ANP,
and NE also showed a significant correlation with mortality in PPH.
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Among significant noninvasive baseline predictors in
univariate analysis, only baseline plasma BNP was
an independent predictor of mortality in patients with PPH by
multivariate analysis (P<0.05,
Table 4). In addition, only BNP provided
independent prognostic information even after mean pulmonary
arterial pressure and cardiac output were included as
covariates in multivariate analysis
(P<0.05). When follow-up variables during prostacyclin
therapy were included in multivariate analysis,
only follow-up BNP was an independent predictor of mortality
(P<0.05).
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Kaplan-Meier Lifetime Analysis
Kaplan-Meier survival curves according to the median value of
baseline and follow-up BNP are shown in Figure 3. Patients with a baseline plasma BNP
150 pg/mL had a significantly lower survival rate than those with a
baseline plasma BNP <150 pg/mL (log-rank test, P<0.05).
However, a more distinct separation of survival curves was demonstrated
for the median value (180 pg/mL) of follow-up plasma BNP (log-rank
test, P<0.0001).
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Receiver Operating Characteristics
Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated
that the prognostic value of baseline plasma BNP was comparable or even
superior to that of mean pulmonary arterial
pressure or cardiac output at diagnostic
catheterization (Figure 4). As expected, the prognostic accuracy
of follow-up plasma BNP was superior to that of baseline plasma
BNP.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In our assessment of the prognostic value of plasma BNP, we demonstrated that (1) baseline plasma BNP was an independent predictor of mortality by multivariate analysis, and (2) patients with a supramedian level of baseline BNP had a significantly lower survival rate than those with an inframedian level, according to Kaplan-Meier survival curves. We also demonstrated that (3) plasma BNP in survivors decreased significantly during vasodilator therapy, whereas that in nonsurvivors increased despite treatment, and thus, (4) survival was strikingly worse for patients with a supramedian follow-up BNP level than for those with an inframedian level.
Baseline Plasma Hormone Levels
Baseline plasma BNP and ANP were significantly higher in
nonsurvivors than in survivors. These peptides were both significantly
related to mortality in univariate Cox proportional hazards
regression analysis. The significant relation between plasma
BNP and ANP and RV hemodynamics may support the
significance of these peptides as prognostic indicators. Interestingly,
however, among noninvasive variables correlated significantly with
mortality in univariate analysis, only plasma BNP
was an independent predictor of mortality by
multivariate analysis. The superiority of BNP
over ANP may be attributed to the synthesis and secretion pattern of
each peptide. ANP is released mainly from stored granules in atrial
tissue through a regulated pathway and is easily affected by blood
pressure, sodium intake, and postural change.11 20 In
contrast, BNP is secreted predominantly from cardiac ventricles through
a constitutive pathway and is affected by the degree of myocardial
stretch, damage, and ischemia in the
ventricle.6 7 21 Our previous study demonstrated that
plasma BNP correlated inversely with RV ejection fraction in patients
with pulmonary hypertension.11 Thus, plasma BNP
may be more suitable than plasma ANP for the evaluation of RV
dysfunction and thereby the prediction of mortality in patients with
PPH.
A recent study demonstrated the close relation between plasma NE and mortality in patients with PPH.22 In the present study, plasma NE but not plasma EPI was significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Sympathetic nervous system activation, indicated by a high plasma NE level, may be associated with mortality in patients with PPH. Although univariate analysis in the present study confirmed the relation between plasma NE and mortality, NE measurement provided no additional prognostic information after introduction of plasma BNP as a covariate in a multivariate model. Thus, plasma BNP may be superior to plasma NE for prediction of mortality in patients with PPH.
Follow-Up Plasma Hormone Levels
Recently, long-term therapy with intravenous
prostacyclin or an orally active prostacyclin analogue was shown to
significantly lower pulmonary vascular resistance and thereby
improve the survival of patients with PPH in comparison to conventional
therapy alone.12 13 14 15 16 17 Nevertheless, some patients
ultimately require heart-lung or lung transplantation.4 We
have shown that plasma BNP may be a potential marker for the efficacy
of vasodilator therapy in patients with PPH.11 Thus, in
the present study, BNP measurement was repeated during vasodilator
therapy to try to predict patients who would be refractory to
treatment. Plasma BNP in survivors significantly decreased during
prostacyclin therapy, whereas that in nonsurvivors increased despite
treatment. We found poor correlations between changes in plasma BNP and
changes in mean pulmonary arterial pressure or RV
dimension during prostacyclin therapy. In contrast, changes in plasma
BNP were associated with changes in RV end-diastolic
pressure and total pulmonary resistance. These results are
consistent with our previous findings that plasma BNP
correlated independently with RV end-diastolic pressure and
RV ejection fraction but not pulmonary arterial
pressure or RV volume.11 Thus, changes in plasma BNP by
prostacyclin therapy may reflect changes in RV wall stress resulting
from high pulmonary vascular resistance in PPH.
Multivariate analysis demonstrated a high
follow-up BNP level to be strongly associated with increased mortality.
It should be noted that follow-up BNP showed a more distinct separation
of survival curves than baseline BNP. It is possible that progressive
RV dysfunction despite vasodilator therapy, as indicated by the high
follow-up BNP level, may be associated with poor outcome in patients
with PPH. Thus, repeated measurements of BNP may be helpful for
prediction of mortality in patients with PPH.
In the present study, invasively determined RV hemodynamic parameters such as mean pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac output were related to prognosis, which is consistent with the results of earlier studies.3 5 The question may arise whether these invasive parameters can serve as sufficient prognostic indicators, and plasma BNP may add little information regarding prognosis or treatment effects. However, BNP measurement provided independent prognostic information even after introduction of mean pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac output as covariates in multivariate analysis. In addition, receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that the prognostic power of baseline BNP was comparable to or even superior to that of these hemodynamic parameters. Furthermore, the prognostic accuracy of follow-up BNP was superior to that of baseline BNP. Plasma BNP may provide supplementary prognostic information by reflecting myocardial factors, which are not always reflected by hemodynamic measurements alone. Thus, plasma BNP, in particular, follow-up BNP, may serve as a noninvasive prognostic indicator of PPH, which may complement invasive standard prognostic markers.
Clinical Implications
Measurement of plasma BNP is simple, noninvasive, and relatively
inexpensive. Baseline plasma BNP at diagnostic
catheterization may be an early predictor of outcome in
patients with PPH. A second measurement of plasma BNP during
administration of prostacyclin or its analogues may identify patients
refractory to treatment. Thus, repeated measurement of plasma BNP may
be helpful as part of the evaluation of treatment in patients with PPH
and, in particular, as a guide to the selection and timing for
alternative therapies.
Study Limitations
Patients with kidney failure were excluded from this study because
of potentially marked elevation of plasma BNP.23 Thus, it
remains unknown whether plasma BNP level can also be used to predict
survival in such patients. Therapy was not controlled in this study.
Nevertheless, 55 (92%) patients received prostacyclin therapy:
intravenous prostacyclin or an oral prostacyclin analogue,
both of which have beneficial effects on survival in
PPH.12 13 14 15 16 In addition, there was no significant
difference regarding medication use in survivors and nonsurvivors.
Conclusions
A high level of plasma BNP, and in particular, a further increase
in plasma BNP during follow-up, may have a strong, independent
association with increased mortality rates in patients with PPH.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by Japan Intractable Diseases Research Foundation and by the Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Science of the Organization for Pharmaceutical Safety and Research (OPSR) of Japan. We thank Yoko Saito for technical assistance.
Received December 1, 1999; revision received March 13, 2000; accepted March 16, 2000.
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A. Torbicki, M. Kurzyna, P. Kuca, A. Fijalkowska, J. Sikora, M. Florczyk, P. Pruszczyk, J. Burakowski, and L. Wawrzynska Detectable Serum Cardiac Troponin T as a Marker of Poor Prognosis Among Patients With Chronic Precapillary Pulmonary Hypertension Circulation, August 19, 2003; 108(7): 844 - 848. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Kucher, G. Printzen, and S. Z. Goldhaber Prognostic Role of Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Acute Pulmonary Embolism Circulation, May 27, 2003; 107(20): 2545 - 2547. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Nagaya, N. Sasaki, M. Ando, H. Ogino, F. Sakamaki, S. Kyotani, and N. Nakanishi Prostacyclin Therapy Before Pulmonary Thromboendarterectomy in Patients With Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Chest, February 1, 2003; 123(2): 338 - 343. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. S. Mir, S. Marohn, S. Laer, M. Eiselt, O. Grollmus, and J. Weil Plasma Concentrations of N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide in Control Children From the Neonatal to Adolescent Period and in Children With Congestive Heart Failure Pediatrics, December 1, 2002; 110(6): e76 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Chemla, V. Castelain, P. Herve, Y. Lecarpentier, and S. Brimioulle Haemodynamic evaluation of pulmonary hypertension Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2002; 20(5): 1314 - 1331. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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