(Circulation. 2000;102:2966.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Are Patients With Renal Failure Good Candidates for Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization in the New Device Era?
Presented at the 71st Scientific Sessions of the America Heart Association, Dallas, Tex, November 8–11, 1998, and published in abstract form (Circulation 1998;98[suppl I]:I-148.
From the Cardiac Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
Correspondence to Igor F. Palacios, MD, Director, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratories and Interventional Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114. E-mail palacios.igor{at}mgh.harvard.edu
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Abstract |
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Background—Patients with end-stage renal disease undergoing conventional balloon angioplasty have reduced procedural success and increased complication rates. This study was designed to determine the immediate and long-term outcomes of patients with varying degrees of renal failure undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in the current device era.
Methods and Results—We compared the immediate and long-term outcomes of 362 renal failure patients (creatinine >1.5 mg/dL) with those of 2972 patients with normal renal function who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention between 1994 and 1997. Patients with renal failure were older and had more associated comorbidities. They had reduced procedural success (89.5% versus 92.9%, P=0.007) and greater in-hospital combined major event (death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, emergent CABG; 10.8% versus 1.8%; P<0.0001) rates. Renal failure was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.84 to 6.22; P<0.00001). Logistic regression analysis identified shock, peripheral vascular disease, balloon angioplasty strategy, and unstable angina as independent predictors of in-hospital MACEs in the renal group. Compared with 362 age- and sex-matched patients selected from the control group, patients with renal failure had a lower survival rate (27.7% versus 6.1%, P<0.0001) and a greater MACE rate (51% versus 33%, P<0.001) at long-term follow-up. Cox regression analysis identified age and PTCA strategy as independent predictors of long-term MACEs in the renal group. Finally, within the renal failure population, the dialysis and nondialysis patients experienced remarkably similar immediate and long-term outcomes.
Conclusions—Although patients with renal failure can be treated with a high procedural success rate in the new device era, they have an increased rate of major events both in hospital and at long-term follow-up. Nevertheless, utilization of stenting and debulking techniques improves immediate and long-term outcomes.
Key Words: renal failure • angioplasty • stents • coronary devices
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Introduction |
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Patients with varying degrees of renal failure make up an increasing percentage of the population undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This trend is largely due to the prolonged lifespan of renal failure patients combined with a predisposition to accelerated atherosclerosis.1 2 The outcomes of PCI in this broad patient population are unknown. Previous surgical and angioplasty studies have shown that coronary revascularization improves prognosis in patients with end-stage renal failure.3 4 Several small studies, focusing on end-stage renal disease patients undergoing conventional balloon angioplasty, have shown poor procedural success rates and dismal long-term event-free survival.5 6 7 Patients with renal insufficiency have a higher incidence of complex coronary lesion morphology and therefore may be less amenable to conventional balloon angioplasty.8 Over the last decade, new lesion-specific coronary devices, such as coronary stents and a variety of debulking techniques, have improved the outcome of PCI in complex lesions.9 10 11 12 13 Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the immediate and long-term outcomes of patients with varying degrees of renal failure in the current new device era.
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Methods |
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Patient Population
From a total of 3334 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary revascularization between October 1994 and January 1997, we identified 362 patients with renal failure at the time of admission. These patients comprised the study population (renal group). Renal failure was defined as a preprocedural creatinine >1.5 mg/dL. Of these 362 patients, 27 (7.5%) were on chronic dialysis. In the first phase of analysis, baseline characteristics, procedural success, and major in-hospital adverse events of these patients were compared with those of the remaining 2972 patients without evidence of renal failure (control group). In the second phase, long-term outcome of the patients in the renal group was compared with that of 362 patients matched by age and sex selected randomly from the control group (matched group). Finally, outcomes of the dialysis patients were compared with those of the remaining nondialysis patients within the renal group.
Clinical and Periprocedural Variables
Demographic, clinical, and preprocedural data were
determined as part of the routine evaluation before attempted coronary
intervention and entered prospectively in the InterCard
database.14 Patient
demographics, coronary risk factors, preprocedural associated major
comorbidities, and clinical admission syndrome, including chronic
stable angina, unstable angina, post–myocardial infarction angina,
cardiogenic shock, evolving myocardial infarction, and congestive heart
failure, were prospectively collected as part of the routine evaluation
before attempted coronary intervention.
Coronary intervention was considered to be complicated by a major adverse event when death (cardiac and noncardiac) or Q-wave myocardial infarction occurred during the hospital stay, regardless of the time that elapsed between the procedure and the event. Coronary bypass surgery was considered to be a major adverse event when performed within the first 24 hours after the procedure. A >2-fold increase in creatine kinase-MB above the upper limit of normal (10 ng/mL), regardless of total creatine kinase, in the absence of new Q waves in the ECG, was considered to indicate a non–Q-wave infarction. Patient charts were reviewed daily for adverse events until hospital discharge or death.
Procedural Variables and Quantitative
Coronary Angiography
Lesion morphology was classified according to the
American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology (AHA/ACC)
Classification Task Force, with the exception that type B lesions were
further stratified into B1 and B2 lesions according to Ellis and
coworkers.15 Device
strategy and utilization, intraprocedural adverse events, and
procedural outcome were recorded. A lesion treatment was considered to
be successful when there was a >20% gain in luminal diameter and
<50% residual diameter stenosis in the absence of major complications
(death, Q-wave myocardial infarction, or emergency bypass
surgery).
Reference and minimal luminal diameter and percent degree of stenosis were determined by use of a computer-assisted, automated edge detection algorithm (MEDIS, Computer Measurements System).16
Follow-Up
Follow-up information was obtained by trained medical
personnel using direct telephone interviews with the patients. When
necessary, local physicians were contacted for further information, and
medical records were reviewed. This information included mortality and
major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). MACE at long-term follow-up was
defined as death, myocardial infarction, CABG, or repeated
PCI.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables are expressed as mean±SD;
categorical variables, as percent. Student’s t test
and 
2 analysis were carried out for
comparison of continuous and categorical variables, respectively. A
value of P<0.05 was considered significant. All
analyses were performed with SAS software version 6.10 (SAS Institute).
Demographic, clinical, procedural, angiographic, and periprocedural
variables were tested to determine significant univariate correlates of
both procedural success and combined major adverse events. Univariate
correlates with values of P<0.05 were considered
significant. Multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis of all
significant univariate factors was performed to determine both
independent predictors of procedural success and correlates of combined
in-hospital major events. Cox regression analysis was performed to
determine independent predictors of combined major events in the renal
group.
Long-term outcomes of the renal and matched groups were determined by Kaplan-Meier curves and compared by the log-rank test. Similar analyses were performed to compare the dialysis and nondialysis renal groups. Finally, Cox regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of both MACEs and mortality at follow-up in the renal group.
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Results |
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Patients Characteristics
The 362 patients with renal failure represent 11% of the entire population. The baseline clinical characteristics, associated comorbidities, admission syndromes, and median creatinine values of the 3 groups of patients are shown in Table 1
. Compared with the control group, patients with
renal failure were older and presented more frequently with clinical
syndromes known to be associated with periprocedural complications, ie,
diabetes, hypertension, lower left ventricular ejection fraction,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, vascular disease, congestive
heart failure, cardiogenic shock, multivessel disease, history of prior
CABG, and history of previous myocardial infarction. Compared with the
matched group, patients with renal failure demonstrated the same
statistically significant differences that were noted with the control
group with the exception of age (because they were age matched),
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and family history of coronary
artery disease. History of PCI was similar in all groups. Importantly,
the renal failure patients were more likely to present with myocardial
infarction, cardiogenic shock, and congestive heart failure and less
likely to present with stable or unstable angina.
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Angiographic Characteristics
The angiographic characteristics of the 3 groups of
patients are shown in
Table 2. Compared with the control and matched groups, the
renal patients were more likely to have interventions performed on
saphenous vein bypass grafts and on type C lesions. There were no
statistically significant differences in AHA/ACC lesion types A, B1,
and B2 or in the preprocedure and postprocedure quantitative coronary
angiographic analysis characteristics among the 3 groups of patients.
There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of
native target arteries with reference diameter 
2.5 mm among the 3
groups of patients.
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Interventional Strategy
The interventional strategies utilized in the 3 groups
of patients are shown in
Table 3. There was no statistically significant difference
in interventional strategy used in the 3 groups. Importantly, the use
of stenting dramatically increased in the overall population from a
utilization rate of 12.8% in the first half of 1994 to a 65%
(P=0.0001) utilization rate by the end of the study
period. This was associated with a concomitant increase in lesion
success rate from 90.6% to 94.6% (P<0.0001) over
the same time period. Similarly, in the renal group, stent utilization
increased from 9% to 56% (P<0.0001), and the
procedural success rate increased from 84% to 95%
(P<0.05). Importantly, the improvement in procedural
success was more marked in the renal group than in the control
population (relative risk [RR], 2.4; P<0.0001),
suggesting that renal failure patients derive a greater benefit from
stenting.
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In-Hospital Results
Procedural success and in-hospital outcomes are shown
in
Table 4. Procedural success was lower in the renal group
than in the control and the matched groups. MACE rate was greater in
the renal group than in the control and the matched groups. This
difference was entirely attributable to an increased death rate in the
renal group. There was no statistically significant difference in
emergent CABG or Q-wave myocardial infarction among the 3 groups of
patients. When patients in cardiogenic shock were excluded from the
analysis, the MACE rate decreased to 6.0% but was still significantly
higher than for either the control or matched group (6.0%, 1.4%, and
1.7% for the renal, control, and matched groups, respectively;
P<0.001). In addition, renal patients had a higher
incidence of blood transfusion and vascular repair. Median
postprocedure length of hospital stay was greater in the renal group
than in the control and the matched groups. Finally, there were no
statistically significant differences in in-hospital outcomes between
the dialysis patients and the remainder of the renal group
(Table 5). Again, in-hospital MACE rate was almost entirely
a function of mortality, with a negligible contribution from emergent
CABG and Q-wave myocardial infarction.
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Predictors of In-Hospital MACE in Overall
Population
In the overall population, multiple stepwise regression
analysis identified the presence of renal failure as an independent
predictor of in-hospital MACE (OR, 3.41; 95% CI, 1.84 to 6.22;
P<0.00001]. Other independent predictors of
in-hospital MACE included cardiogenic shock (OR, 19.94; 95% CI,
10.0 to 39.6; P<0.00001), increased age (OR, 7.60;
95% CI, 1.43 to 43.52; P=0.02), type C lesions (OR,
2.60; 95% CI, 1.37 to 4.66; P=0.002), and the
presence of congestive heart failure (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.01 to 3.77;
P=0.04). Patients with unstable angina (OR, 0.41; 95%
CI, 0.20 to 0.80; P=0.01) and those who received
stents (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.63; P=0.04) were
significantly less likely to experience an adverse
outcome.
Predictors of In-Hospital MACE in the Renal
Group
Cardiogenic shock (OR, 17.7; 95% CI, 6.1 to 56.9;
P<0.00001), conventional balloon angioplasty strategy
(OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 1.4 to 19.4; P=0.02), presence of
vascular disease (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.1 to 8.0;
P=0.03), and unstable angina (OR, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.02
to 0.4; P=0.004) were identified as independent
predictors of in-hospital MACE rates in the renal failure group. Of
note, diabetes mellitus was not an independent predictor of in-hospital
MACE in patients with renal failure.
Long-Term Follow-Up Results
Long-term follow-up outcomes are shown in
Table 6. Follow-up information was successfully obtained in
78.7% of the renal group patients and in 77.8% of the matched group
patients (P=NS). Follow-up MACE rate was significantly
greater in the renal group than in the control group. This difference
was due to an increased rate of mortality and myocardial infarction in
the renal group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that both survival
(Figure 1) and event-free survival
(Figure 2) were significantly worse in the renal failure
group. One-year actuarial survival was lower for the renal than the
matched group (75% [95% CI, 70 to 80] versus 97% [95% CI, 93 to
99], P<0.00001). One-year actuarial event-free
survival was also lower for the renal than the matched group (55%
[95% CI, 49 to 61] versus 78% [95% CI, 71 to 84],
P<0.00001). The curves separated very early after the
index procedure and continued to diverge over the course of follow-up,
with a steeper slope noted in the initial 6 to 10 months. The incidence
rate of survival was 0.16% and 1.97% for the renal and the matched
groups, respectively (P<0.00001). The incidence rate
of event-free survival was 1.07% and 4.53% for the renal and the
matched groups, respectively (P<0.00001). Cox
regression analysis identified age >74 years (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to
2.5; P=0.001), PTCA strategy (RR, 1.7; 95% CI. 1.1 to
2.5; P=0.01), and female sex (RR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to
2.0; P=0.07) as independent predictors of MACE at
long-term follow-up in the renal group.
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Finally, long-term outcomes were similar in the
dialysis patients compared with the remainder of the renal population.
Follow-up information was obtained in 74% of the dialysis patients
compared with 78% in the nondialysis renal population
(P=NS). Kaplan-Meier analyses showed no statistically
significant difference in survival or event-free survival between the
dialysis and nondialysis renal failure patients
(Figure 3).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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The present study demonstrates that patients with varying degrees of renal failure can be treated with a high procedural success rate in the current era of percutaneous coronary revascularization. However, despite this high procedural success rate, these patients continue to suffer significant in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. Importantly, utilization of stenting and debulking techniques improves immediate and long-term outcomes in this complicated patient population.
Although coronary revascularization in end-stage renal disease patients has been studied extensively in the past decade, little is known about the impact of coronary intervention on the complex and diverse population of patients with varying degrees of renal failure.3 4 5 6 7 17 18 In our study, 92.5% of the patients with renal failure were not on chronic dialysis. Additionally, the renal failure cohort constitutes 11% of the entire population undergoing PCI at our institution during the study period. A thorough assessment of the characteristics, outcomes, and predictors of failure or success in this growing population is long overdue.
The renal failure population was a high-risk group. They were older and presented more frequently with clinical syndromes associated with increased periprocedural complications, such as diabetes, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, cardiogenic shock, multivessel coronary artery disease, history of previous myocardial infarction, a history of previous CABG, and a higher incidence of saphenous vein graft and AHA/ACC type C lesion interventions.
Consequently, compared with patients with normal renal function, renal failure patients exhibit inferior immediate and long-term outcomes. They have a lower procedural success rate, increased in-hospital MACE rates, and increased noncardiac postprocedural complications. Interestingly, these inferior results are present within both the dialysis cohort and the nondialysis cohort, with no statistically significant differences. These poor outcomes in the overall renal failure population are largely the result of complex lesion morphology and the multitude of comorbid conditions previously identified as factors associated with an increased risk during PCI.15 19 Thus, renal failure is a marker for clinical and morphological characteristics associated with lower chances of successful percutaneous intervention and a higher incidence of in-hospital and follow-up adverse events.
Nevertheless, complex lesion morphology and comorbidities do not solely account for the poor outcomes in patients with renal failure. We identified renal disease itself as an independent predictor of in-hospital MACE. In fact, renal disease was the strongest predictor after cardiogenic shock and increased age. Furthermore, this finding was independent of the increased incidence of diabetes mellitus in the renal failure population.
Over the last decade, new lesion-specific coronary devices have resulted in improved angiographic outcomes for complex lesions.11 12 13 Because patients with renal failure have a higher incidence of complex coronary lesion morphology, which is less amenable to conventional balloon angioplasty,8 these new devices may offer hope to this population. In our study, percutaneous interventional methods changed considerably during the period of observation. In particular, over the 3 years analyzed in the present study, we witnessed the evolution of stent utilization from its limited initial role to its current widespread use. In our population, stent placement in our overall population increased from 12.9% in 1994 to 70% by the beginning of 1997, thus overtaking conventional balloon angioplasty as the principal coronary interventional strategy. Regression analysis showed that those patients who received stents were significantly less likely to experience an adverse outcome.
A similar trend was observed in the renal group during this time period, as stent utilization increased from 9% in 1994 to 56% by the beginning of 1997. This increase in stent utilization in the renal group was associated with a concurrent increase in procedural success from 84% to 95%. Regression analysis identified the use of conventional balloon angioplasty strategy as an independent predictor of in-hospital MACE rates in the renal failure group. In fact, it was the second strongest predictor of a poor outcome after cardiogenic shock. Thus, the use of new devices (ie, stenting and debulking techniques) improves outcomes in the renal failure population.
The long-term results of our patients with renal failure were also inferior compared with a matched group of patients with normal renal function. Despite a high initial procedural success rate, the renal group experienced a significantly lower survival and event-free survival compared with the matched group. These inferior long-term outcomes were experienced by both the dialysis and nondialysis patients within the renal failure population, as evidenced by their almost superimposable Kaplan-Meier curves. Increased rates of mortality and myocardial infarction in the renal population accounted for the disparity between the 2 groups. This difference was evident very early after the index procedure and continued to increase over the course of follow-up. Again, in the renal group, regression analysis identified PTCA strategy as the second strongest predictor of long-term follow-up MACE after age >74 years. Thus, new devices not only affect procedural success and in-hospital outcomes but also improve long-term outcomes. With the advent of advanced stent technology, greater experience with combined debulking-stenting techniques,20 21 ongoing and exciting development of coronary brachytherapy,22 23 and the use of adjunctive pharmacological therapy,24 25 we expect that the outcomes of renal failure patients undergoing PCI will continue to improve.
Study Limitations
The present study is a retrospective analysis based on
data from our registry. The matched group was a computer-generated
match of the renal failure patients by age and sex. We obtained
follow-up information from telephone interviews with patients and their
family members for 78% of patients in both the renal and matched
groups. Because it is possible that patients may have been lost to
follow-up as a result of an adverse event, we may have underestimated
the long-term follow-up rates. However, a similar percentage of
patients was lost to follow-up in both groups. Furthermore, we compared
baseline characteristics of the patients lost to follow-up with those
of the entire group and found no appreciable
differences.
Conclusions
Patients with renal failure can be treated with a high
procedural success rate in the new device era. Despite this increase in
success rate, they have an increased rate of major events, both in
hospital and at long-term follow-up. Nevertheless, utilization of
stenting and debulking techniques improves immediate and long-term
outcomes.
Received April 18, 2000; revision received July 18, 2000; accepted July 28, 2000.
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A. Aggarwal, D. A. Whitaker, J. M. Rimmer, R. J. Solomon, F. J. Gennari, B. E. Sobel, and D. J. Schneider Attenuation of platelet reactivity by enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in patients undergoing haemodialysis Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., June 1, 2004; 19(6): 1559 - 1563. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Dukkipati, W. W. O'Neill, K. J. Harjai, W. P. Sanders, D. Deo, J. A. Boura, B. A. Bartholomew, M. W. Yerkey, H. M. Sadeghi, and J. K. Kahn Characteristics of cerebrovascular accidents after percutaneous coronary interventions J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1161 - 1167. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. M. Sadeghi, G. W. Stone, C. L. Grines, R. Mehran, S. R. Dixon, A. J. Lansky, M. Fahy, D. A. Cox, E. Garcia, J. E. Tcheng, et al. Impact of Renal Insufficiency in Patients Undergoing Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, December 2, 2003; 108(22): 2769 - 2775. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Sarnak, A. S. Levey, A. C. Schoolwerth, J. Coresh, B. Culleton, L. L. Hamm, P. A. McCullough, B. L. Kasiske, E. Kelepouris, M. J. Klag, et al. Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Development of Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement From the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, October 28, 2003; 108(17): 2154 - 2169. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Herzog How to Manage the Renal Patient with Coronary Heart Disease: The Agony and the Ecstasy of Opinion-Based Medicine J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., October 1, 2003; 14(10): 2556 - 2572. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Wong, G. Thompson, K. Buth, J. Sullivan, and I. Ali Angiographic coronary diffuseness and outcomes in dialysis patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., September 1, 2003; 24(3): 388 - 392. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. N. Reddan, L. A. Szczech, R. H. Tuttle, L. K. Shaw, R. H. Jones, S. J. Schwab, M. S. Smith, R. M. Califf, D. B. Mark, and W. F. Owen Jr. Chronic Kidney Disease, Mortality, and Treatment Strategies among Patients with Clinically Significant Coronary Artery Disease J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., September 1, 2003; 14(9): 2373 - 2380. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. V. Freeman, R. H. Mehta, W. Al Badr, J. V. Cooper, E. Kline-Rogers, and K. A. Eagle Influence of concurrent renal dysfunction on outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndromes and implications of the use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 5, 2003; 41(5): 718 - 724. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-P. Collet, G. Montalescot, E. Fine, J.-L. Golmard, M. Dalby, R.e. Choussat, A. Ankri, R. Dumaine, C. Lesty, N. Vignolles, et al. Enoxaparin in unstable angina patients who would have been excluded from randomized pivotal trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2003; 41(1): 8 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. A. Herzog, J. Z. Ma, and A. J. Collins Comparative Survival of Dialysis Patients in the United States After Coronary Angioplasty, Coronary Artery Stenting, and Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery and Impact of Diabetes Circulation, October 22, 2002; 106(17): 2207 - 2211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Al Suwaidi, D. N. Reddan, K. Williams, K. S. Pieper, R. A. Harrington, R. M. Califf, C. B. Granger, E. M. Ohman, D. R. Holmes Jr, and for the GUSTO-IIb, GUSTO-III, PURSUIT, and PARAGON Prognostic Implications of Abnormalities in Renal Function in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, August 20, 2002; 106(8): 974 - 980. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. L. Januzzi Jr, S. M. Snapinn, P. M. DiBattiste, I.-K. Jang, and P. Theroux Benefits and Safety of Tirofiban Among Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients With Mild to Moderate Renal Insufficiency: Results From the Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Trial Circulation, May 21, 2002; 105(20): 2361 - 2366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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