(Circulation. 2000;102:2910.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Editorial |
Provisional Versus Routine Stenting
Routine Stenting Is Here To Stay
From the University of Texas Health Science Center–Houston (H.V.A.) and Baylor College of Medicine and the Veterans Administration Medical Center (B.A.C.), Houston, Tex.
Correspondence to H. Vernon Anderson, MD, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Health Science Center–Houston, 6431 Fannin, Suite 1246, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail h.v.anderson{at}uth.tmc.edu
Key Words: Editorials • stents • angioplasty
The introduction of coronary artery stents into widespread clinical use in the mid-1990s was a significant advance that almost rivals the introduction of balloon angioplasty itself 15 years earlier. It is noteworthy that the success of stents required several paradigm shifts. For example, higher-pressure balloon inflations and slight oversizing were needed to achieve full stent expansion (anathema in balloon angioplasty), and antiplatelet therapies were required rather than anticoagulation, including a reduction and now almost elimination of heparin. Yet, these changes were quickly accomplished. Technical advances in equipment also occurred, and now stenting, quite literally, has become the standard in clinical practice when it can be performed (which is most of the time).
One curious and intriguing question that arises with any new device, and stents are no exception, is whether they are needed in all situations where they are being used. Is it possible that balloon angioplasty alone might be sufficient for excellent immediate and long-term benefit, provided the final procedural result is good enough? If one could determine this to be true, then such a strategy would avoid the additional cost of a stent and the problem (or pseudo-problem) of in-stent restenosis. However, a provisional stent strategy raises the further and not inconsiderable question of how to decide when balloon angioplasty results are "good enough." The limitations of standard angiography notwithstanding, is there anything better than the eyes and minds of experienced angiographers? Additional "objective" measures to assess procedural results have long been sought. A number of investigators have championed intracoronary ultrasound as one approach, whereas others suggest alternative methods.
In this issue of Circulation, 2 separate groups report their findings using combined anatomic and functional coronary measures to assess balloon angioplasty results for the purpose of provisional stenting.1 2 These measures are on-line quantitative coronary arteriography (QCA) and coronary flow reserve (CFR) measured with a Doppler wire. In addition, as a worthy companion to these 2 reports on provisional stenting, this issue also contains a report from a large-scale clinical registry, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Registry,3 detailing the substantial improvements in the outcomes of coronary interventions in the years 1985/1986 through 1997/1998, during which time coronary stents were introduced. We offer some analysis, interpretation, and opinions on these reports.
The NHLBI Dynamic Registry
First established in 1979 at the dawn of coronary angioplasty, the NHLBI Registry has been a continuing source of valuable information through the years. The data reported by Williams et al3 compare the in-hospital and 1-year outcomes in patients treated in 1997/1998, which include those treated with stents, with the outcomes of patients treated in 1985/1986, before stents were used. Let us begin with the in-hospital outcomes. The Registry report documents dramatic reductions in the frequencies of adverse events occurring during index hospitalization for coronary intervention. The frequency of the combined triple end point of death, myocardial infarction, or coronary bypass surgery (CABG) fell from 9.8% in 1985/1986 to 5.9% in 1997/1998. This decline was due entirely to reductions in myocardial infarction (from 4.9% to 2.8%) and especially CABG (from 6% to 1.5%), because in-hospital mortality was unchanged (1.4% versus 1.9%). The frequency of stent usage in the 1997/1998 Dynamic Registry was 70%; no stents were used in 1985/1986.
These findings are consistent with other recent, large-scale reports and deserve brief elaboration here. Using Medicare data from 1994 and 1996, Ritchie et al4 found in patients without acute myocardial infarction that the frequency of same-admission CABG was cut in half after the introduction of coronary stents. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, the difference was even greater. Similarly, Hannan et al,5 using the New York State Coronary Angioplasty Registry, found that stents reduced the frequency of same-admission CABG at hospitals in New York by more than one-third but did not change in-hospital mortality.
If the data from these 3 large reports,3 4 5 representing 293 000 patients, are combined, the introduction of stents reduced the already low CABG rates of the mid-1990s by 50% (from 2.55% to 1.26%) and the in-hospital mortality rates by 15% (from 1.28% to 1.08%). These are impressive numbers. Practicing interventionalists and clinicians have many anecdotes that reinforce these statistics. Clearly, the widespread use of stents has favorably influenced early outcomes. The mechanisms for this benefit relate to the stent’s ability to prevent or treat threatening dissections and abrupt closures. These are the most common causes of failed balloon angioplasty leading to urgent bypass operations and deaths. In addition to these immediate benefits, the initial reports of 6-month and 1-year outcomes with coronary stents were favorable, and these also contributed to the eagerness of stent adoption. However, keen observers during these years noted that when balloon angioplasty results were good ("stent-like"), then both short- and long-term outcomes were favorable. Provisionalists used this to urge a cautious approach to stenting: if balloon angioplasty results were good enough, then stop; if they were not good enough, then stent.
Provisional Stenting
DiMario et
al,1 for the Doppler End
Point Stenting International Investigation (DESTINI) study group,
report no benefit at 1 year with a provisional compared with a routine
stenting approach. Serruys et
al,2 for the second
Doppler End Points Balloon Angioplasty Trial Europe (DEBATE-II)
investigators, report that provisional stenting has less favorable
1-year outcomes and is more expensive than routine stenting. These 2
new reports closely parallel another recent report on provisional
stenting by LaFont et al6 for
the French Randomized Optimal Stenting Trial (FROST) study group. Taken
together, these 3 studies constitute a uniform approach to provisional
stenting: they use similar technologies (on-line QCA and Doppler
CFR) and nearly identical definitions. In FROST, optimal balloon
angioplasty that would not require a stent was defined as a final
diameter stenosis <35% by QCA and a CFR >2.2. In DESTINI,
the definition of an optimal result was a final diameter
stenosis <35% and a CFR >2.0, and in DEBATE-II, it was a
final diameter stenosis <35% and a CFR >2.5.
Table 1
lists some of the important clinical
features of patients enrolled in these 3 provisional stenting studies
and the reported outcomes. For additional comparison, we also included
data from another recent provisional stenting trial, the Optimum
Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty
Compared With Routine Stent Strategy Trial
(OPUS-1).7
|
In FROST, the study end point was angiographic restenosis at 6 months. This occurred in 21.4% of the routinely stented group and in 27.1% of the provisionally stented group (P=0.37). Importantly, 48.4% (61 of 126) of the provisional patients required stents. In DESTINI and DEBATE-II, the end points were 12-month clinical outcomes, as determined by a combination of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Target lesion revascularization (TLR) was also important. Overall in both DESTINI and DEBATE-II, the frequencies of TLR ranged from 7% to 16%, and the frequencies of MACE ranged from 13% to 19%. In OPUS-1, clinical outcomes were obtained at a shorter, 6-month follow-up, and both TLR and MACE were significantly less frequent in the routine stent group compared with the provisional stent group (5.2% versus 14.9% for TLR and 6.1% versus 14.9% for MACE; both P<0.01). The clinical event rates, as expected, are somewhat lower than the angiographic restenosis rates found in FROST. Of interest, all event rates in the 4 studies are uniformly lower in the routine compared with the provisional stent groups. Furthermore, a quick calculation reveals that the primary end points of either angiographic restenosis or MACE occurred in 14.5% (118 of 813) of routinely stented patients in these 4 studies and was more frequent (17.6%; 221 of 1254) in provisionally stented patients (2-sided P=0.062).
The small differences in angiographic and clinical outcomes
between these 4 studies might easily be explained both by the slightly
different criteria for success (in terms of CFR, where it was used) and
the slightly different clinical characteristics of the patients.
Overall, there is a sense of harmony in almost all respects in these 4
studies. The randomized lesions were short (
9 to 12 mm) and
were located in medium-to-large arteries (2.6 to 3.3 mm). The
left anterior descending coronary artery may have been somewhat
under-represented in the provisionally stented groups. The
OPUS-1 and DEBATE-II trials are the only 2 with economic
analyses, and both conclude that a provisional stenting
strategy is more expensive than routine stenting.
Frequency of Stenting in Provisional Arms
The important point about these provisional stent
trials is this: stenting was exceedingly common, even in these large
and sophisticated centers seeking to avoid it.
Table 2 lists the frequency of stent deployment in the
provisional arms of FROST, DESTINI, and DEBATE-II, which used similar
methodologies for decision-making. Overall, stents were needed for 520
of 1021 lesions (51%), which is more than half of the provisional
lesions treated. In OPUS-1, stents were used in 37% of the 249 lesions
randomly assigned to a provisional strategy. The proportions of stents
deployed according to the specific provisional criteria are also listed
in
Table 2. Often (11% to 28% of lesions), a stent was used
for a "bailout" condition, which was defined as either threatening
dissection or abrupt closure. Furthermore, it is apparent that a
failure to meet angiographic diameter stenosis criteria alone
was not that frequent (only 5% to 18% of lesions stented); CFR
criteria accounted for most of the provisionally stented lesions. In
other words, in these situations, the operators were happy with the
angiographic results and no threatening dissections were seen, but the
CFR criteria were less than desired. The
physiological and clinical meaning of this is
presently unknown.
|
An evaluation of the immediate results of balloon angioplasty and stenting by anything other than standard angiography (meaning the eyes and minds of experienced operators) is not yet fully understood and accepted. The only technique that comes close is intravascular ultrasound, and its role has mainly been to confirm full stent expansion. Only recently have studies comparing various methodologies, including on-line QCA, fractional flow reserve using a pressure wire, intravascular ultrasound, and CFR using a Doppler wire, begun to appear.8 9 10 11 12 13 Very importantly, these technologies are not widely available, and there is as yet little agreement, even among the cognoscenti (like us) who use them occasionally. The desire to avoid stenting even an acceptable balloon angioplasty result on the basis of its having a good CFR result seems unwarranted at this time. Whether or not a stent can actually be placed technically is another matter.
Optimal and Suboptimal Results
The DEBATE-II investigators included a second randomization in their trial; it yielded some new insights on the meaning of good results and raised new questions. After excluding the 129 patients that required stents for bailout situations, they were left with 382 patients that either met the criteria for optimal balloon angioplasty or had suboptimal results but no threatening dissections or closures. These 382 patients were then randomly assigned either to required stenting or to no further treatments. This created 4 subgroups, 2 of which are very interesting: a group with "optimal" balloon angioplasty that was stented anyway and a group with "suboptimal" balloon angioplasty (but no threatening dissections) that received no further treatment. This last group would have received a mandated stent in the FROST or DESTINI trials.
Table 3 lists the clinical outcomes of these 2 interesting
groups from DEBATE-II along with the outcomes of the bailout stent
group from DEBATE-II and parallel groups from DESTINI. For the patients
in DESTINI and DEBATE-II with optimal balloon angioplasty and no stents
(ie, acceptable results with balloon angioplasty alone), the rates of
TLR (17.6% and 13%, respectively) and MACE (20.1% and 15.9%,
respectively) were similarly good. However, for the 77 patients in
DEBATE-II with optimal balloon angioplasty that were stented anyway
(achieving a final mean diameter stenosis of 8%), the rates
were significantly better: only 3.9% underwent TLR and only 6.5%
experienced MACE. Unacceptable results with balloon angioplasty alone
are also revealing. In DESTINI, the provisional stent arm had a TLR
rate of 14.1% and a MACE rate of 18.0%. The equivalent groups in
DEBATE-II would be the suboptimal balloon angioplasty group that was
stented and the bailout group. Interestingly, both had TLR and MACE
rates lower than the rates in DESTINI. Finally, there were 86 patients
in DEBATE-II with suboptimal results after balloon angioplasty (again,
mostly on the basis of CFR criteria, because the final diameter
stenosis was no different from that of the optimal balloon
angioplasty group). These patients received no further treatments, and
they had the highest event rates of all: 20.9% required TLR and 26.7%
experienced MACE.
|
Re-examining these numbers leads to the conclusion that stenting after optimal balloon angioplasty is best (MACE rate of 6.5%), optimal balloon angioplasty without a stent or suboptimal balloon angioplasty with a stent is next best (MACE rate of 11% to 20%), and suboptimal balloon angioplasty with no stent is the worst (MACE rate of 27%). This clearly means that when a stent cannot be used (for whatever reason), achieving an optimal balloon angioplasty result is the next best thing. We all know and accept this. But why should stenting a patient who has an optimal balloon angioplasty result produce a more favorable long-term outcome than leaving well enough alone? The answer to this goes right to the core of whatever it is that stents do, whether that means mechanically supporting small and invisible dissections, preventing late elastic recoil, or somehow altering the biological course of restenosis. Using a stent to obtain a large, smooth (some would say "cosmetically pleasing") lumen visualized by standard angiography to the satisfaction of the operator seems to provide the best results yet achieved.
Long-Term Outcomes
A final perspective on the long-term benefits of
stenting in the real world comes from a reconsideration of the NHLBI
Dynamic Registry that we started with, along with the previously
mentioned New York State
Registry5 and a recent study
from the British Columbia Cardiac Registries in
Canada.14
Table 4 lists the odds ratios for the long-term benefits of
stenting compared with balloon angioplasty for each of these 3 reports.
Both the Canadian and New York State Registries noted significant
long-term benefits with stenting. In the Dynamic Registry, the 1-year
outcomes of the 1997/1998 collection (stent era) were significantly
better than those in the 1985/1986 collection. Admittedly, these are
retrospective data. However, the studies are methodologically sound,
and the results are consistent. The routine use of
coronary stents is associated with improved clinical outcomes
at 1 to 2 years compared with performing conventional balloon
angioplasty.
|
Limits of Technology
The reasons why provisional stenting has not become
common, and likely never will, are 4-fold. First, the proven results of
routine stenting are excellent. Second, a large number (50%) of the
lesions where stents might wish to be avoided under a provisional
strategy must be stented anyway. Third, the technology required to
undertake provisional stenting is uncommon, and its applicability is
unclear. This does not mean that intravascular ultrasound, QCA, and
Doppler are not useful. They clearly can be valuable on an
individualized basis. However, for the purpose of deciding whether to
stent, at the present time and for the foreseeable future, they
have not yet been proven to add anything of value to the eyes of
experienced angiographers. Finally, 2 current studies indicate that
routine stenting is less costly than provisional stenting. The
increased procedure time required to use the additional technology and
the greater numbers of repeat procedures in the provisional strategy
probably account for this. Given the dramatic reductions in adverse
clinical events that stents have brought about, the indications that
long-term stent results are more favorable than balloon angioplasty,
the high percentage of provisional strategy patients that ultimately
receive stents, and the reportedly favorable economics of routine
compared with provisional stenting, it is fair to say that routine
stenting wins.
Footnotes
The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.
References
-
DiMario C,
Moses JW, Anderson TJ, et al. Randomized comparison of elective stent
implantation and coronary balloon angioplasty guided by online
quantitative angiography and intracoronary dopp
-
Serruys PW, de
Bruyne B, Carlier S, et al. Randomized comparison of primary stenting
and provisional balloon angioplasty guided by flow velocity
measurement. Circulation. 2000;102:2938–2944.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Williams DO,
Holubkov R, Yeh W, et al. Percutaneous coronary
intervention in the current era compared with 1985–1986: the National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute registries.
Circulation. 2000;102:2945–2951.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Ritchie JL, Maynard
C, Every NR, et al. Coronary artery stent outcomes in a
Medicare population: less emergency bypass surgery and lower mortality
rates in patients with stents. Am
Heart J. 1999;138:437–440.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Hannan EL, Racz MJ,
Arani DT, et al. A comparison of short- and long-term outcomes for
balloon angioplasty and coronary artery stent placement.
J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000;36:395–403.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
LaFont A,
Dubois-Rande JL, Steg PG, et al. The French randomized optimal stenting
trial: a prospective evaluation of provisional stenting guided by
coronary velocity reserve and quantitative coronary
angiography. J Am Coll
Cardiol. 2000;36:404–409.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Weaver WD, Reisman
MA, Griffin JJ, et al. Optimum percutaneous
transluminal coronary angioplasty compared with routine stent
strategy trial (OPUS-1): a randomised trial.
Lancet. 2000;355:2199–2203.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
Kern MJ, Dupuoy P,
Drury JH, et al. Role of coronary artery lumen enlargement in
improving coronary blood flow after balloon angioplasty and
stenting: a combined intravascular ultrasound doppler flow and imaging
study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:1520–1527.[Abstract]
-
Serruys PW, di
Mario C, Piek J, et al. Prognostic value of intracoronary flow
velocity and diameter stenosis in assessing the short- and
long-term outcomes of coronary balloon angioplasty.
Circulation. 1997;96:3369–3377.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Abizaid A, Mintz
GS, Pichard AD, et al. Clinical, intravascular ultrasound, and
quantitative angiographic determinants of the coronary flow
reserve before and after percutaneous transluminal
coronary angioplasty. Am J
Cardiol. 1998;82:423–428.[Medline]
[Order article via Infotrieve]
-
van Liebergen
RAM, Piek JJ, Koch KT, et al. Immediate and long-term effect of balloon
angioplasty or stent implantation on the absolute and relative
coronary blood flow velocity reserve.
Circulation. 1998;98:2133–2140.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Hanekamp CEE,
Koolen JJ, Piljs NHJ, et al. Comparison of quantitative
coronary angiography, intravascular ultrasound, and
coronary pressure measurement to assess optimum stent
deployment. Circulation. 1999;99:1015–1021.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Kern MJ, Puri S,
Bach RG, et al. Abnormal coronary flow velocity reserve after
coronary artery stenting in patients: role of relative
coronary reserve to assess potential mechanisms.
Circulation. 1999;100:2491–2498.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
-
Rankin JM,
Spinelli JJ, Carere RG, et al. Improved clinical outcome after
widespread use of coronary-artery stenting in Canada.
N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1957–1965.
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  A. M. Galloe, L. Thuesen, H. Kelbaek, P. Thayssen, K. Rasmussen, P. R. Hansen, N. Bligaard, K. Saunamaki, A. Junker, J. Aaroe, et al. Comparison of Paclitaxel- and Sirolimus-Eluting Stents in Everyday Clinical Practice: The SORT OUT II Randomized Trial JAMA, January 30, 2008; 299(4): 409 - 416. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. L. Skelly, A. Chandiwal, J. E. Vosicky, R. R. Weichselbaum, and B. Roizman From the Cover: Attenuated herpes simplex virus 1 blocks arterial apoptosis and intimal hyperplasia induced by balloon angioplasty and reduced blood flow PNAS, July 24, 2007; 104(30): 12474 - 12478. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 W. M. Klein, Y. v. d. Graaf, J. Seegers, J. H. Spithoven, E. Buskens, J. G. v. Baal, J. Buth, F. L. Moll, T. T. C. Overtoom, M. R. H. M. v. Sambeek, et al. Dutch Iliac Stent Trial: Long-term Results in Patients Randomized for Primary or Selective Stent Placement Radiology, December 21, 2005; (2005) 2382041053. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Agostoni, G. G.L. Biondi-Zoccai, G. L. Gasparini, M. Anselmi, G. Morando, M. Turri, A. Abbate, E. P. McFadden, C. Vassanelli, P. Zardini, et al. Is bare-metal stenting superior to balloon angioplasty for small vessel coronary artery disease? Evidence from a meta-analysis of randomized trials Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2005; 26(9): 881 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. A. Morrison Counterintuitive contributionsto the care of myocardialinfarction and theneed for randomized trials J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 17, 2003; 42(6): 978 - 980. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Brophy, P. Belisle, and L. Joseph Evidence for Use of Coronary Stents: A Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis Ann Intern Med, May 20, 2003; 138(10): 777 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. J. Kern The meaning of suboptimal coronary flow reserve after coronary balloon angioplasty Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2002; 23(2): 99 - 100. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. J. Piek and M. J. Kern Interpretation of Trials on Provisional Stent Implantation Circulation, August 28, 2001; 104 (9): e43 - e43. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Routine Stenting or Provisional, Doppler-Guided Stenting? Journal Watch Cardiology, February 16, 2001; 2001(216): 2 - 2. [Full Text]
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||