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(Circulation. 2000;102:2726.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Treatment of Proximal Deep Vein Thrombosis With a Novel Synthetic Compound (SR90107A/ORG31540) With Pure Anti–Factor Xa Activity
A Phase II Evaluation
Correspondence to H.R. Büller, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Vascular Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands. E-mail m.m.veendorp{at}amc.uva.nl
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Background—Patients with venous thromboembolism require initial treatment with an immediate-acting anticoagulant, low-molecular-weight heparin. We evaluated a novel synthetic factor Xa inhibitor (SR90107a/ORG31540) as an alternative treatment.
Methods and Results—A randomized-parallel-group, phase II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of SR90107a/ORG31540 (5, 7.5, or 10 mg once daily) relative to low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin, 100 IU/kg twice daily) in symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis. The primary outcome measure was the change in thrombus mass, assessed by ultrasonography of the leg veins and perfusion lung scintigraphy, performed at baseline and day 7±1. A positive outcome was defined as improvement of the ultrasound and/or perfusion scan result without deterioration of either test. Other outcome measures included symptomatic, recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding for a period of 3 months. All outcomes were interpreted with the observer unaware of treatment allocation. A positive primary outcome was observed in 46 of 100 (46%), 52 of 108 (48%), 48 of 115 (42%), and 56 of 115 (49%), respectively, of the subjects given 5, 7.5, or 10 mg SR90107a/ORG31540 or dalteparin. There were 8 recurrent thromboembolic complications (2.4%) in the 334 patients treated with SR90107a/ORG31540 and 6 (5.0%) in the 119 dalteparin patients, a difference of 2.6% in favor of SR90107a/ORG31540 (95% CI -2.1% to 10.1%). The incidence of bleeding was low and was similar among the groups.
Conclusions—The factor Xa inhibitor SR90107a/ORG31540 appears to be an effective and safe treatment for patients with deep vein thrombosis across a wide range of doses. This synthetic compound merits evaluation in phase III studies.
Key Words: anticoagulants • heparin • imaging • thrombosis
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Current management of patients with acute venous thromboembolism requires initial treatment with an immediate-acting antithrombotic drug to prevent thrombus extension and/or embolization.1
For this purpose, 
1 week of either unfractionated heparin
or low-molecular-weight heparin is the accepted initial treatment. Both
compounds work through antithrombin, although they differ in their
ratios of anti–factor Xa to anti–factor IIa activity. Definitive
evidence for the effectiveness of these treatments has come from large
randomized trials using clinical
outcomes.1 2 3
SR90107a/ORG31540 is a synthetic
pentasaccharide4
(Figure 1
). It selectively binds to antithrombin and induces
a conformational change that increases the anti–factor Xa activity of
antithrombin >270 times, without inhibition of factor
IIa.5 In early
studies, SR90107a/ORG31540 has been shown to be safe and effective in
preventing thrombus formation in hemodialysis circuits. In addition,
this compound inhibits thrombus extension in animal
studies.6 These
findings suggest that the new compound has the potential to be
effective not only for the prevention but also for the treatment of
venous thromboembolism. Its long half-life of 18 hours makes it
suitable for once-daily administration. In addition, this factor Xa
inhibitor shows no cross-reactivity with antibodies associated with
heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and the product is synthetic and not
of animal
origin.7
|
It is generally believed that independent of the type of heparin, a significant amount of thrombin inhibition is crucial for achieving antithrombotic effectiveness.8 Hence, the confirmation that a pure factor Xa inhibitor is effective would challenge current concepts that thrombin is pivotal for mediating thrombus propagation.
This randomized study in patients with symptomatic acute proximal deep vein thrombosis was designed to investigate the relative efficacy and safety of 3 doses of SR90107a/ORG31540 compared with low-molecular-weight heparin to select an appropriate dose for further evaluation in phase III studies. We therefore compared the thrombotic burden before and after 1 week of treatment, as observed with repeated ultrasonography and perfusion lung scanning. Similar measures of early subclinical thrombus evolution have been shown to correlate with clinical events during long-term follow-up.9
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Study Patients
Consecutive patients with acute, symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis who were
18 years old were eligible for the
study. The diagnosis had to be documented by compression
ultrasonography. Patients were ineligible if they had symptomatic
pulmonary embolism; previously documented thrombosis in the same leg,
unless complete ultrasound normalization had been documented; a known
bleeding tendency; surgery within the previous 5 days; a body weight of
<50 kg or >100 kg; or any contraindication for anticoagulant
treatment. Other reasons for exclusion included treatment with
therapeutic dosages of anticoagulants for >24 hours before
randomization; a documented pregnancy or being of childbearing
potential without adequate contraception; drug-addictive disorder or
alcoholism; known renal insufficiency; a life expectancy of <6 months;
and participation in another clinical drug study within the previous 90
days. After informed consent was given, randomization was performed by
use of a computer algorithm through a central 24-hour telephone
service. Specific information on the patient was recorded before the
treatment assignment was disclosed. The study protocol was approved by
all institutional review boards.
Treatment Regimens
Patients were randomly assigned to parallel groups
receiving any 1 of 3 dosages (5, 7.5, or 10 mg once daily), without
body weight adjustment, of SR90107a/ORG31540 (Sanofi; Organon) or 100
IU/kg twice daily of the low-molecular-weight heparin dalteparin sodium
(Pharmacia-Upjohn). The choice of 5 mg as the lowest dose was based on
results from phase II studies in the prevention of postoperative
thrombosis (unpublished data) and pharmacokinetic data. The highest
dose was selected because repeated injection of 12 mg once daily caused
minor bleeding in healthy
volunteers.10
Patients randomized to SR90107a/ORG31540 received a once-daily
subcutaneous injection of this compound and a twice-daily subcutaneous
injection of a placebo matching dalteparin. Patients randomized to
dalteparin received a once-daily subcutaneous injection of a placebo
matching pentasaccharide and a twice-daily subcutaneous injection of
dalteparin. The volumes of the syringes with SR90107a/ORG31540 or its
matching placebo had to be adjusted to obtain the correct dose. No
laboratory monitoring was used, and no dose adjustments of study drug
were made. Treatment with vitamin K antagonists was started on day 1 or
2 and continued for 90 days. Prothrombin times were initially
measured at least every other day, and the dose was adjusted to achieve
an international normalized ratio (INR) between 2.0 and 3.0. The study
drug was discontinued when the INR was maintained at 2.0 for 2
consecutive days and the patient had received study drug for 5 days.
The use of therapeutic dosages of unfractionated or
low-molecular-weight heparin was allowed, provided that it was stopped
2 or 6 hours, respectively, before randomization and given for <24
hours.
During study drug administration, other antithrombotic agents were prohibited.
Primary Outcome Assessment
The primary outcome measure was the change in
thrombus mass as assessed by ultrasonography of the affected limb(s) in
combination perfusion lung scintigraphy, both performed at baseline and
again on day 7±1. The diameter of the popliteal and common femoral
veins at full compression and the precise anatomic location were
recorded. A change in diameter of >2.0 mm was considered an
improvement or a worsening. Six-view perfusion lung scans were
obtained, and the defects were scored by use of an anatomic reference
chart.11 12
With this score, each lobe is assigned a weight based on the regional
distribution of pulmonary blood flow. An estimation of remaining
perfusion is made for each lobe from 0.0 (no perfusion), to 0.25, 0.50,
0.75, to 1.0 (normal perfusion). The total perfusion score is the sum
of the remaining perfusion multiplied by the assigned weight of the 6
lobes. The respective findings of improved, unchanged, or deteriorated
for each test were combined into a single, binary result. For this
purpose, a positive outcome was defined as an improvement on ultrasound
and/or perfusion without deterioration of either test. All other
combinations were considered negative outcomes. All tests were
interpreted by an Independent Central Adjudication Committee unaware of
treatment allocation. The results of the repeat lung scan and
ultrasonography did not influence subsequent treatment in asymptomatic
patients.
Clinical Outcome Assessment
All patients were contacted daily during the initial
treatment and again after 6 and 12 weeks to elicit whether they had
experienced signs or symptoms of recurrent venous thromboembolism or
bleeding. Patients were instructed to report to the center immediately
if such symptoms developed. Confirmatory testing was necessary to
document the presence of a recurrence. The collected information on
potential recurrences and bleeding episodes was reviewed by the
Independent Central Adjudication Committee. Also, all deaths were
reviewed to assess the likelihood of pulmonary embolism or bleeding
being the cause of death.
Recurrent thromboembolism was defined as symptomatic and objectively documented extension or recurrence of deep vein thrombosis or the occurrence of symptomatic pulmonary embolism, according to criteria reported earlier.2 3
Major bleeding was defined as clinically overt and
associated with a fall in hemoglobin level >2 g/dL or leading to a
transfusion of 2 units of red cells; if it was intracranial,
retroperitoneal, or in a critical organ; or when it was fatal. Minor
bleeding was defined as clinically unusual overt bleeding not meeting
the criteria for major bleeding.
Episodes of recurrent venous thromboembolism or major bleeding, as well as deaths, were assigned to period 1 if they occurred during study drug administration or within 48 hours of its cessation. Events occurring thereafter were assigned to period 2.
Laboratory Analysis
Plasma concentrations of SR90107a/ORG31540 were
determined in a core laboratory by an inhibition assay. Briefly,
residual factor Xa activity was measured with a chromogenic substrate
in diluted plasma samples after addition of a known quantity of factor
Xa and an excess of purified antithrombin. The concentration of
SR90107a/ORG31540 is expressed relative to the pretreatment value in
mg/L.
Statistical Analysis
The primary analysis of efficacy was performed in a
per-protocol cohort, whereas the remaining analyses included all
patients who received 1 dose of study drug (intention-to-treat
cohort). Patients were included in the per-protocol analysis if they
had confirmed symptomatic deep vein thrombosis at entry, if they had a
primary efficacy outcome available done between days 6 and 8 unless
there was an earlier symptomatic recurrence, if they had received study
drug for 5 days, and if they did not use any prohibited
medication.
It was calculated that a sample size of 100 patients per group in the per-protocol cohort would detect a 25% absolute difference in positive outcome rates between treatment groups (type I error of 0.05, 2-sided; type II error of 0.05).
Dose effects were determined by tests for trend. Frequencies
of outcomes were compared between groups of patients receiving
SR90107a/ORG31540 or dalteparin, and 95% CIs of the differences were
calculated. In addition, a comparison was planned between the combined
SR90107a/ORG31540 group with the patients receiving dalteparin. For the
comparisons among subgroups, the 
2 test
(2-sided) was used. In addition, odds ratios and their corresponding
95% CIs were calculated where
indicated.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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Study Patients
Recruitment started in March 1997, and follow-up was completed in August 1998. Of 456 patients who were randomized, 3 did not receive study drug and were excluded from further analyses. The baseline characteristics of the patients in the 4 treatment groups are shown in Table 1
. The thrombotic burden measurements at entry
of the 438 patients who had an adequate primary efficacy outcome
assessment are summarized in
Table 2.
|
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An additional 57 patients (12.6%) were excluded from the per-protocol analysis for the following reasons (some had >1 reason): use of prohibited treatment (n=27); primary outcome assessment performed outside the permissible time window (n=16); no adequate lung scan or ultrasound evaluation available (n=15); <5 days of study drug (n=8); or incorrect dose of study medication (n= 3). Thus, 396 patients were included in the per-protocol analysis. Their baseline demographic and clinical characteristics as well as their thrombotic burden were similar to those of the intention-to-treat cohort (data not shown).
Treatment and Follow-Up
Data on the initial treatment are given in
Table 3. A total of 16 patients (3.5%) discontinued study
drug early for the following reasons: suspected recurrent venous
thromboembolism (n=5); protocol violations (n=4); withdrawal of consent
(n=4); or the occurrence of adverse events (n=3). No patient was lost
to follow-up.
|
Primary Efficacy Outcome
The results of the primary efficacy assessment were
similar for the per-protocol and intention-to-treat cohorts. In the
interest of consistency in data presentation,
Table 4 summarizes the results for the intention-to-treat
cohort. All 3 doses of the factor Xa inhibitor were as effective as
dalteparin and not significantly different from each other. Overall,
146 (45.2%) of the patients receiving the new compound had a positive
outcome, compared with 56 (48.7%) in the dalteparin group (absolute
difference 3.5%; 95% CI -7.2% to 15.0%). In the per-protocol
cohort, 134 (46.4%) of the 289 patients receiving SR90107a/ORG31540
had a positive outcome, compared with 50 of 107 (46.7%) in the
dalteparin group (absolute difference 0.3%; 95% CI -10.8% to
12.4%).
|
Clinical Outcomes
As shown in
Table 5, there were 14 symptomatic and confirmed recurrent
thromboembolic complications in the entire study cohort, with
comparable rates in the 3 dosage groups. Eight (2.4%) were observed in
the 334 patients treated with SR90107a/ORG31540 and 6 (5.0%) in the
119 patients receiving dalteparin (difference 2.6% in favor of the
SR90107a/ORG31540; 95% CI -2.1% to 10.1%). Six of the 14 recurrent
events were pulmonary emboli, of which 3 occurred in the dalteparin
group and 3 in the group that received 10 mg of SR90107a/ORG31540. Only
4 patients had a recurrent event during initial treatment (2 in the
dalteparin and 2 in the 5 mg SR90107a/ORG31540 group).
|
Overall, the incidence of major bleeding was low and not significantly different among the treatment groups. Of the 6 major bleeds that occurred during initial treatment, 4 occurred at the sites of malignant lesions and 1 in the presence of an INR of 4.7. The other major bleed was a large muscular hematoma at an injection site in a patient in the 10 mg SR90107a/ORG31540 group.
During the entire study period, 24 patients (5.3%) died. Of these, had 15 received the synthetic factor Xa inhibitor (4.5%) and 9 dalteparin (7.6%). No deaths occurred during the initial treatment period, nor was the cause of any of the deaths adjudicated as pulmonary embolism or hemorrhage. Fifteen of the deaths (27.8% of 54 patients) occurred in the 54 patients with active cancer at entry.
Additional Observations
There appeared to be a relationship between clinical
events and the changes observed on the repeat ultrasound and perfusion
scans. Fourteen of the 438 patients with an evaluable primary efficacy
outcome assessment had a symptomatic and objectively confirmed
recurrent venous thromboembolic event. Of these, 6 (9.5%) occurred
among the 63 patients with worsening ultrasonography and/or perfusion
lung scan, whereas 8 (2.1%) occurred in the 375 patients without a
worsening of these tests (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.61 to 14.3,
P<0.005).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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This clinical trial evaluating 3 doses of the synthetic factor Xa inhibitor SR90107a/ORG31540 suggests that this compound is an effective and safe treatment for patients with acute symptomatic proximal deep vein thrombosis.
The major purpose of this trial was to select an appropriate dose of SR90107a/ORG31540 for further evaluation in phase III studies. The incidence of recurrent thromboembolism and major bleeding was low in all SR90107a/ORG31540 groups. Although this study was not designed primarily to compare clinical outcomes, it is of interest to note the 95% CI for the absolute difference in the recurrent rates of symptomatic and confirmed venous thromboembolism. For the combined SR90107a/ORG31540 groups in comparison to dalteparin, this was -2.1% to 10.1%. This indicates that the risk of recurrence with SR90107a/ORG31540 is unlikely to be >2.1% greater than that with dalteparin, which would conventionally indicate that there is at least clinical equivalence.3
In this phase II study, another objective was to demonstrate
a dose-response relationship, which was not observed, although there
was a clear dose response for the SR90107a/ORG31540 plasma
concentrations
(Table 3
). Because the consequences of undertreating
thrombosis are thrombus extension and pulmonary embolism and the
penalty for overdose is bleeding, when designing this study we
deliberately chose to restrict the dose range to be evaluated to 5 to
10 mg/d. The choice was based on available information that suggested
that this range would not jeopardize the safety of patients
participating in the study.
Although no statistically significant evidence of dose-response relationship was found within this range, small differences among the groups cannot be excluded. In support of this possibility, the only 2 patients with a recurrence during SR90107a/ORG31540 treatment received the lowest dose, whereas the only unusual major bleeding episode occurred in a patient given the highest SR90107a/ORG31540 dose. After consideration of all of the available information, including the frequency of worsening of perfusion lung scanning and ultrasonography, the dose of 7.5 mg/d appears to be appropriate for further evaluation.
The results of this study challenge the dogma that only agents that inhibit thrombin are effective antithrombotics. It has been postulated that clot-bound thrombin is predominantly responsible for causing thrombus growth by 2 mechanisms.4 The first is cleavage of fibrinogen by clot-bound thrombin, and the second is autocatalysis of thrombin through feedback activation of factors V, VIII, and XI.4 Of these, feedback loops are thought to be the more important. Because SR90107a/ORG31540 has only anti–factor Xa activity and is not expected to inhibit thrombin bound to fibrin, the findings of this trial lead us to hypothesize that blocking further thrombin generation by inhibiting feedback loops is an effective way of preventing thrombus growth. This hypothesis is further supported by observations from animal experiments with recombinant tick anticoagulant protein, another factor Xa inhibitor.
A novel aspect of this trial is the systematic and combined use of perfusion lung scanning and venous ultrasonography for primary outcome assessment. This approach, which is based on previous experience with repeated venography and lung scanning, avoids the hazards and higher costs of venography.9 Its clinical validity is supported by our finding of a significantly higher rate of subsequent symptomatic events among patients with early subclinical thrombus extension or embolism. Hence, we believe that this noninvasive approach is a valuable tool for evaluating new antithrombotic strategies in venous thromboembolism.
It is important to address some potential limitations of our study. As in other clinical trials of anticoagulant therapy, patients with a high perceived risk of bleeding were excluded. Otherwise, the study sample was representative of patients with deep vein thrombosis with regard to clinical characteristics and the risk of recurrent thromboembolism. Study drug administration was veiled, ie, the dose but not the type of drug was known to the investigator and patient. However, the potential for bias was minimized by use of central randomized treatment allocation and a blinded assessment of outcomes by an Independent Adjudication Committee.
To summarize, the results of our study indicate that SR90107a/ORG31540 is a safe and effective treatment for patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis and merits further evaluation in phase III studies. In addition, this new compound is fully synthetic, does not cross-react with antibodies against heparin–platelet factor 4 complexes,7 and is consequently unlikely to induce thrombocytopenia.
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Footnotes |
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1 A list of all the Rembrant Investigators is given in the Appendix. Note: Drs Büller, Prins, Gent, Ginsberg, and Gallus (members of the Rembrandt Executive Committee) serve as advisors to both Sanofi and Organon; Dr Cariou is an employee of Sanofi, Paris, France.
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Appendix 1 |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionAppendix 1References |
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REMBRANDT Investigators
Executive committee: H.R. Büller (Chairman), R. Cariou, A. Gallus, M. Gent, J. Ginsberg, and M.H. Prins. Adjudication Committee: A. Lensing, M. Levi, N. Nurmohammed. Safety Committee: J. Hirsh, R. Roberts, and J.W. ten Cate. Participating centers: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University Hospital, Saint Etienne, France (56): H. Decousus, P. Mismetti, A. Buchmuller, V. Charlet, and A. Viallon; University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands (48): J. van der Meer, J.R. Meinardi, and K. Meijer; Thromboembolism Unit, Clinica Medica 2, IRCSS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy (34): F. Piovella, M. Barone, C. Beltrametti, and S. Serafini; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands (30): R.A. Kraaijenhagen, M.M.W. Koopman, H.H.T. Jagt, and M.B.R. Muller; Sophia Hospital, Zwolle, Netherlands (26): M. van Marwij Kooy and S. Nauta; Department of Haematology, Flinders Medical Center, Adelaide, South Australia (25): A.S. Gallus, D. Coghlan, and C. Rich; Institute of Medical Semiotics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy (20): P. Prandoni, A. Scudeller, L. Scarano, and A. Girolami; Department of Hematology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia (20): R. Baker, E. Tan, J. Cooney, and J. Eikelboom; Department of Emergency Medicine and Internal Medicine, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France (19): J. Ninet, C. Dolmazon, M.H. Girard Madoux, and B. Coppéré; Istituto Medicina Interna e Medicina Vascolare, Perugia, Italy (19): G.G. Nenci, G. Agnelli, F. Falcinelli, and M. Morini; Coagulation Service, IRCCS H.S. Raffaele (17): A. d’Angelo, L. Crippa, and S. Viganò d’Angelo; Center of Thrombosis and Vascular Research, Haematology Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia (16): B. Chong, C. Chestreman, J. Malvin, and M. Eisbacher; Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands (16): M.R. MacGillavry, D.P.M. Brandjes, J.F.M. Beaumont, and R.A. Valdés Olmos; General Division, Hamilton Health Sciences Corp, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (15): A.G.G. Turpie, J. Johnson, and B. Nowacki; QEII Health Sciences Center, Halifax, Canada (12): D. Anderson, S. Pleasance, and M. Mitchell; Auckland Healthcare Limited, Auckland, New Zealand (11): P. Ockelford, A. Bennett, R. Jones, and F. Porteous; Hamilton Civic Hospital, Research Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (8): J. Weitz and C. Kearon; Pneumology and Intensive Care Department, Hopital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France (7): G. Simonneau and F. Parent; St Joseph’s Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (7): J. Douketis and T. Schnurr; Clinique Universitaires St Luc, Bruxelles, Belgium (7): P. Hainaut, B. Petit, and C. Jaumotte; Departments of General Internal Medicine and Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands (7): M.V. Huisman, M.I.E. van Poelgeest, A.E. Meinders, and J.A. van Oostayen; Departement Innere Medizin, Kantonsspital, Baden, Switzerland (6): J. Beer, A. Lugli, and S. Pederiva; McMaster University Medical Center, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (5): J. Ginsberg, P. Brill-Edwards, and P. Stevens; Hôpital Universitaire Saint-Jacques, Besançon, France (5): J.P. Bassand and M.F. Seronde; Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Université of Montreal, Montreal, Québec, Canada (4): J. Kassis and M. Fortin; Clinic Saint Vincent, Service de Cardiologie, Besançon, France (3): R. Faivre and P.Y. Petiteau; University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (3): R. Verhaeghe; Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (3): P. Wells, B. Lewandowski, and D. Touchie; University Medical Center, Division of Internal Medicine, Utrecht, Netherlands (2): J.D. Banga, I.J.C. Hartmann, and V.J.M. Zeguers; Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec, Canada (1): L. Desjardins, J. Villeneuve, and J. Côté; Division of Angiology and Hemostasis, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (1): H. Bounameaux and P. Cirafici; CHA Pavillon St-Sacrement, Québec, Canada (1): C. Demers; St Elizabeth Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, Netherlands (1): C. van der Heul and M. Kruip.
Received February 4, 2000; revision received July 11, 2000; accepted July 14, 2000.
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