| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(Circulation. 2000;102:2700.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Limitation of Excessive Extracellular Matrix Turnover May Contribute to Survival Benefit of Spironolactone Therapy in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure
Insights From the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES)
From the Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM-CHU (F.Z., F.A.) and the Laboratory of Biochemistry (B.D.), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, University Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France; Searle Monsanto (A.P), Skokie, Ill; and the Department of Internal Medicine (B.P.), Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Correspondence to Prof Faiez Zannad, Centre d’Investigation Clinique INSERM-CHU, Hôpital Jeanne d’Arc, 54200 Toul, France. E-mail cic{at}chu-nancy.fr
 |
Abstract |
|---|
 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Background—In congestive heart failure (CHF), extracellular matrix turnover is a major determinant of cardiac remodeling. It has been suggested that spironolactone may decrease cardiac fibrosis. We investigated the interactions between serum markers of cardiac fibrosis and the effect of spironolactone on outcome in patients with CHF.
Methods and Results—A sample of 261 patients from the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES) were randomized to placebo or spironolactone (12.5 to 50 mg daily). Serum procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide, procollagen type I amino-terminal peptide, and procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide (PIIINP) were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. Baseline PIIINP >3.85 µg/L was associated with an increased risk of death (relative risk [RR] 2.36, 95% CI 1.34 to 4.18) and of death+hospitalization (RR 1.83, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.83). At 6 months, markers decreased in the spironolactone group but remained unchanged in the placebo group. The spironolactone effect on outcome was significant only in patients with above-median baseline levels of markers. RR (95% CI) values for death among patients receiving spironolactone were 0.44 (0.26 to 0.75) and 1.11 (0.66 to 1.88) in subgroups of PIIINP levels above and below the median, respectively. Similarly, RR (95% CI) values for death+hospitalization among patients receiving spironolactone were 0.45 (0.29 to 0.71) and 0.85 (0.55 to 1.33), respectively.
Conclusions—In patients with CHF, high baseline serum levels of markers of cardiac fibrosis synthesis are significantly associated with poor outcome and decrease during spironolactone therapy. The benefit from spironolactone was associated with higher levels of collagen synthesis markers. These results suggest that limitation of the excessive extracellular matrix turnover may be one of the various extrarenal mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effect of spironolactone in patients with CHF.
Key Words: heart failure • collagen • tissue • hormones • trials
|
Introduction |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
The Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), a placebo-controlled randomized trial, has demonstrated that the blockade of aldosterone receptors by spironolactone (25 mg daily), in addition to standard therapy including ACE inhibitors, significantly reduces the risk of both morbidity and death among patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF) due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction.1 The mechanism of these beneficial effects is uncertain. Spironolactone may be effective because it opposes the effects of aldosterone on sodium retention, loss of magnesium and potassium, sympathetic activation, parasympathetic inhibition, baroreceptor function, vascular damage, and/or arterial compliance.2 3 4 Spironolactone may also oppose the effect of aldosterone in promoting cardiac fibrosis.5 6 7 Extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover is an essential process found in cardiac remodeling in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy, in dilated cardiomyopathy, and after myocardial infarction.8 Cardiac fibrosis is a major determinant of diastolic function and pumping capacity, and it may provide the structural substrate for arrhythmogenicity,8 thus potentially contributing to the progression of heart failure and to sudden death. Measurement of cardiac collagen turnover by use of serological markers is a useful tool for monitoring cardiac tissue repair and fibrosis9 in experimental models10 and in clinical conditions.11 12 13 14 15 16
The purpose of the present study was to examine, in a subgroup of patients with CHF randomized in the RALES trial, the value of these serological markers for cardiac ECM turnover as prognostic predictors of death and hospitalization, as well as the effects of spironolactone on these markers and the interaction between spironolactone-induced changes of these markers with morbidity and mortality.
|
Methods |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Patients and Study Design
A sample of 261 patients randomized in French centers into the RALES trial1 participated in this substudy. RALES included patients with severe chronic heart failure (history of New York Heart Association [NYHA] class IV within 6 months and NYHA class III or IV at randomization, left ventricular ejection fraction <35%). Patients were randomized to placebo or spironolactone (12.5 to 50 mg daily) added to conventional therapy.
Laboratory Analysis
Blood samples were drawn at baseline and 6 months
after randomization. Serum samples were stored at -20°C until
assay. All baseline and 6-month follow-up samples were analyzed at
once. Technicians were blinded to the order of the sample. No changes
were observed in the samples analyzed twice. Using a radioimmunoassay
from commercially available kits (Orion Diagnostica), we measured 3 ECM
serum markers: procollagen type III amino-terminal peptide (PIIINP),
procollagen type I carboxy-terminal peptide (PICP), and procollagen
type I amino-terminal peptide (PINP). Determination of 3 degradation
markers (total membrane metalloproteinase 1 [MMP1], total tissue
inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 [TIMP1], and the MMP1/TIMP1 complex)
was performed by ELISA kits (Amersham). The serum levels of free MMP1
and free TIMP1 were calculated after subtracting the values of the
MMP1/TIMP1 complex from the values of total MMP1 and total TIMP1,
respectively. Interassay and intra-assay variations ranged from 3% to
13% for all variables. The sensitivity (lowest concentration different
from zero) was 0.2 ng/mL for PIIINP, 2.0 ng/mL for PINP, 1.2 ng/mL for
PICP, 1.7 ng/mL for MMP1, 1.2 ng/mL for TIMP1, and 1.5 ng/mL for the
MMP1/TIMP1
complex.17 18 19 20
Data Collection
Baseline variables collected at the time of
randomization consisted of the following: sociodemographic (age, sex,
and race), clinical (etiology, NYHA class, weight, heart rate, and
blood pressure), chronic degenerative comorbidity (bone or joint
disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, arthropathy, osteoporosis, and
multiple myeloma; other fibrotic disease, such as various cancers,
renal failure, pulmonary fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis; and diabetes),
laboratory (serum sodium, serum potassium, and serum creatinine),
hemodynamic (left ventricular ejection fraction), and concomitant
medication data (diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ß-blockers, digitalis,
aspirin, potassium supplement, calcium blockers, and corticoids)
(Table 1
). The survival follow-up period extended from the
day of randomization to the end-point date of August 24, 1998. Mean
follow-up was 24 months.
|
Statistical Analysis
Statistical analysis consisted of (1) a descriptive
analysis (values are expressed as mean±SD), (2) a study of association
between baseline characteristics and baseline ECM turnover serum
markers values, (3) a study of serum marker changes from baseline
to 6 months (ANOVA with repeated-measures models), (4) an evaluation of
baseline serum markers as predictors of survival and CHF
hospitalization–free
survival,1 and (5)
testing the relationship between baseline ECM turnover serum markers
levels and survival benefit from spironolactone.
For intergroup comparisons, we used ad hoc methods
(univariate analysis, such as Pearson 
2
test, Mann-Whitney test, ANOVA, or correlation; multivariate analysis,
such as the multiple linear regression model or the logistic regression
model). Survival rates and CHF hospitalization–free survival rates
were estimated by use of Kaplan-Meier analyses. All variables listed
above were tested with respect to their relation to survival and CHF
hospitalization–free survival by use of a univariate Mantel-Cox
analysis. Variables significantly related to survival or CHF
hospitalization–free survival were entered into a Cox multivariate
model, adjusted for other prognostic variables. Associations between
markers and survival or CHF hospitalization–free survival for each
randomization group were analyzed in 3 different ways, ie, by using
marker values as a continuous variable, as a categorical variable with
a cutoff value as the median of distribution, and after a receiver
operating characteristic–like analysis.
All analyses were performed by use of BMDP© software version 7.0 (1993).
|
Results |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
Of the 261 patients included in the present study, 133 were in the placebo group, and 129 were in the spironolactone group. Mean age, sex, etiology, left ventricular ejection fraction, and cardiovascular drug therapy at baseline were similar in both groups (Table 1
). Diabetes tended to be more frequent in the
placebo group; however, this was not statistically significant
(P=0.054).
Baseline Levels of ECM Turnover
Markers
In the whole population sample of 261 patients,
baseline levels (mean±SD) were 5.0±2.5 µg/L for PIIINP, 138.8±88.2
µg/L for PICP, 45.6±37.2 µg/L for PINP, 1.6±1.5 µg/L for free
MMP1, and 600.9±516.8 µg/L for free TIMP1. There was no difference
in mean baseline levels between the placebo and the spironolactone
groups
(Table 2). Patients with chronic degenerative disease (bone
disease, other inflammations, and diabetes) had significantly higher
baseline levels of 
1 collagen serum marker. Multivariate analysis
showed that neither sex nor baseline NYHA class nor left ventricular
ejection fraction
(Figure 1) affected baseline ECM turnover markers. For
example, baseline PIIINP was 4.9 µg/L in NYHA class III patients and
5.1 µg/L in class IV patients (P=0.71). These values
were 4.7 and 5.1 µg/L, respectively, in patients with a baseline
furosemide dose below and above median (60 mg)
(P=0.21). However, ischemic heart disease (5.3 versus
4.7 µg/L for ischemic versus nonischemic, P=0.02)
and baseline treatment with digoxin (4.7 versus 5.4 µg/L for on
digoxin versus off digoxin, P=0.001) were
independently associated with baseline PIIINP levels.
|
|
Baseline to 6-Month Changes
In 111 patients, a blood sample could not be obtained
at 6 months (36 deaths and 75 missing samples). In 151 patients, serum
ECM markers could be assessed both at baseline and 6 months after
randomization (36 deaths, 75 missing samples). Their baseline
characteristics (including ECM turnover marker levels) did not differ
from those of the initial group of patients. From baseline to 6 months,
PINP and PIIINP decreased only in the spironolactone group. We analyzed
changes in markers in subgroups with high (above-median) and low
(below-median) levels. When PICP, PINP, and PIIINP baseline levels were
above median, they did not change significantly over 6 months in the
placebo group, but they decreased significantly in the spironolactone
group
(Figure 2). Free MMP1 and free TIMP1 levels did not change
over the 6-month follow-up period in either treatment group.
|
Prognostic Significance
Overall, survival and CHF hospitalization–free
survival were poor (1-year rates were 74.6% and 57.3%, respectively)
and were higher in the spironolactone group than in the placebo group
(76.6% and 63.3% versus 72.7% and 51.5%, respectively). Because
there was a significant interaction among baseline ECM turnover
markers, treatment groups, and outcome, analysis of the prognostic
significance of ECM turnover markers was performed separately in the
placebo and the spironolactone groups.
Baseline PIIINP, with a cutoff value (receiver operating
characteristic analysis) of 3.85 µg/L, had a significant independent
negative correlation with survival and CHF hospitalization–free
survival in the placebo group. Patients with baseline PIIINP >3.85
µg/L, compared with patients with PIIINP <3.85 µg/L, had a
relative risk of death of 2.36 (95% CI 1.34 to 4.18,
P=0.003) and a relative risk of death and/or CHF
hospitalization of 1.83 (95% CI 1.18 to 2.83,
P=0.007). In the 81 patients (61.8%) with baseline
PIIINP levels >3.85 µg/L, survival and CHF hospitalization–free
survival were 69.1% and 44.3%, respectively, compared with 79.6% and
63.4%, respectively, in the remaining 50 patients with levels <3.85
µg/L
(Figure 3). In contrast, in the spironolactone group,
baseline PIIINP levels were not associated with survival or with CHF
hospitalization–free survival. When the median value is considered as
a cutoff point, the results were similar
(Figure 4).
|
|
Reduction of Risk of Death and of Risk of Death
or CHF Hospitalization With Spironolactone According to Baseline Levels
of ECM Turnover Markers
In the RALES main study, the reduction of the risk of
death among patients in the spironolactone group was 30% overall. This
result was similar in all prespecified and retrospective analyses
performed according to age, left ventricular ejection fraction, cause
of heart failure, median creatinine, median potassium, use of
digitalis, ACE inhibitors, and ß-blockers, and
sex.1 In the present
substudy, analyzing the data according to baseline ECM turnover markers
revealed that the survival benefit was most predominant in subgroups
with PICP, PINP, and PIIINP baseline levels above median
(Figures 4 and 5). Analyses of the effect on death and/or
hospitalization revealed similar results
(Table 3).
|
|
|
Discussion |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
We found that high serum levels of several markers for cardiac fibrosis in patients with CHF receiving conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, were associated with high mortality and hospitalization rates. In patients randomized to placebo, markers continued to increase or remained unchanged after a 6-month follow-up. On the contrary, adding spironolactone (25 mg daily) significantly decreased the levels of these serum markers during the same follow-up period. Most important, the spironolactone-related morbidity and mortality benefit was most predominant in subgroups with the highest baseline levels of PICP, PINP, and PIIINP.
There is now accumulating evidence to show that serum levels of procollagen peptide fragments and of metalloproteinases can be used as markers for cardiac collagen turnover. PIIINP is the most frequently studied marker. Collagen scar formation after acute myocardial infarction causing left ventricular dysfunction could be quantified by measurements of serum PIIINP concentrations.11 PIIINP levels are also raised chronically in patients with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy as well as in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The average baseline levels of PIIINP in our patients were similar to average baseline levels reported in patients after acute myocardial infarction (5.08±0.36 µg/L)11 and in patients with CHF due to dilated cardiomyopathy (6.1±0.4 µg/L)14 receiving conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors.
The validation of the studied serum markers as indicators of cardiac ECM turnover has been reported in experimental models.19 21 22 23 24 Because intact PINP, PICP, and PIIINP are liberated during collagen biosynthesis, it is possible to use them as markers of this process.9 25 26 Recently, Querejeta et al16 showed a strong correlation between myocardial collagen content and the serum concentration of PICP in hypertensive patients. Changes in PIIINP have been shown to be induced by acute myocardial infarction in humans13 and may reflect both synthesis and degradation of collagen.27 Elevated baseline levels of synthesis markers in our CHF patients and, most important, in the ischemic CHF subgroup for PIIINP are consistent with the concept of fibrosis being a "dynamic tissue," as reviewed by Sun and Weber.28 According to this concept, collagen synthesis is an ongoing process involving a persistent population of metabolically active myofibroblasts nourished by a neovasculature. This is in contrast to previous concepts of fibrous tissue as acellular inert tissue. Indeed, active myofibroblasts may be found in the infarcted human heart as late as 17 years after acute myocardial infarction,29 and type I collagen mRNA expression could still be increased in the infarcted rat heart as late as 90 days after myocardial infarction.30
Prognostic Significance of Serum Levels of
ECM Turnover
In patients with acute myocardial infarction,
PICP, PINP, and PIIINP serum levels were shown to be correlated with
infarct size, left ventricular dysfunction, and the presence of
coronary artery
occlusion.11 In
another study, PIIINP levels on admission and for the few days after
acute myocardial infarction were found to be higher in patients with
poor outcome.13 In
patients with CHF from idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy,
serum PIIINP levels were independent predictors of
mortality.14 Our
results confirm the prognostic value of PIIINP serum levels in a large
group of patients with CHF receiving conventional therapy, including an
ACE inhibitor. All 3 markers were independently associated with an
increased risk of death. Furthermore, our results are the first to
describe a correlation between these markers and the risk of
hospitalization for heart failure. Interestingly, patients with
ischemic heart disease had higher levels of PIIINP than did patients
with CHF of a nonischemic cause. This may be a further indication of
the prognostic value of PIIINP, inasmuch as mortality is usually higher
in patients with CHF of an ischemic
origin.31 On the
other hand, we found that patients chronically treated with digitalis
had a lower level of PIIINP. This is consistent with the finding that
digoxin reduces death due to the progression of heart
failure.32
Factors involved in collagen degradation (MMP1 and TIMP1) were not associated with the risk of death. It may be that ECM turnover in CHF is more directed to a higher synthesis rate, as assessed by the concentrations of circulating procollagen peptides, than to an altered collagen degradation. Also, other degradation products may be more relevant and need further investigation. The rate-limiting step in the extracellular degradation of collagen is MMP1, which accounts for the degradation of up to 40% of the newly synthesized collagen in different tissues.33 The net level of MMP1 activity is dependent on the relative concentrations of active enzyme and a family of naturally occurring tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, namely, TIMP1.34 To our knowledge, there is no clinical report of free MMP1 and free TIMP1 assessment in patients with heart failure or acute myocardial infarction.
Effects of Spironolactone on Serum Levels of
Collagen Markers
Aldosterone has been shown to promote cardiac fibrosis
in various experimental
models.7 35 36 37
The temporal cellular response and appearance of myocardial fibrosis
associated with chronic elevation of angiotensin II and/or aldosterone
differ, indicating that separate pathogenic mechanisms are operative
with these effector hormones of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone
system.6 In several
reports, it has been demonstrated that spironolactone may oppose the
effect of aldosterone in promoting cardiac
fibrosis.5 6 7 38
In a small clinical study, a high dose of spironolactone (50 to 100
mg/d) produced a significant decrease of PIIINP serum levels in 21
patients with CHF.39
Our results are the first to report a significant effect of a low dose
of spironolactone (26 mg/d on average) on several serum markers of
collagen and to relate this effect to survival benefit in a large group
of patients. This finding may be interpreted as a result of the
limitation by spironolactone of collagen synthesis in the failing
heart.
The regulation of the key enzyme of collagen degradation, MMP1, which has been identified in the heart, is largely unknown. MMP1 activity in a cultured cardiac fibroblast preparation was not influenced by aldosterone.40 Because collagen accumulation in the myocardium represents the balance between collagen synthesis and degradation, aldosterone appears to lead to a net accumulation of collagen, which is inhibited by spironolactone. The effects of spironolactone on collagen synthesis were most predominant in patients with the highest above-median baseline levels of PIIINP.
Relationship Between Effects of Spironolactone
on Collagen Markers and on Patients’ Outcomes
In the present study, retrospective subgroup analysis
showed that the beneficial effects of spironolactone on survival and
hospital admission were almost primarily clustered within the subgroup
of patients with the highest pretreatment levels of PICP, PINP, or
PIIINP. All other prespecified and retrospective subgroup analyses in
the main RALES1 failed
to characterize any demographic, clinical, or laboratory variable that
would influence the clinical benefit of spironolactone therapy. The
demonstrated prognostic importance of serum levels of the collagen
markers in the present study and the significant decrease of these
levels in the spironolactone treated group of patients strongly suggest
that limitation of the aldosterone-stimulated collagen synthesis may be
one of the various extrarenal mechanisms contributing to the clinical
benefit of spironolactone in the RALES trial.
Limitation of the Present Study
Some limitations of the present study should be
acknowledged. This substudy was performed in a subset of patients from
the RALES trial. Although the major characteristics of our patients
were comparable to those of the overall RALES patient population,
extrapolation of our results to all patients in the trial should be
made with caution.
Blood samples at the 6-month follow-up could not be obtained from all patients in the substudy because of missing samples and early deaths. However, the changes of the serum levels of collagen markers over 6 months were analyzed by paired data analysis, ie, analysis only in patients with available baseline and 6-month data.
The interaction analysis between baseline markers levels, treatment group, and outcome was a retrospective analysis in nonprespecified subgroups. Therefore, one cannot exclude that our result may be a chance finding. Nevertheless, we believe that the coherence of the results of analyses of the prognostic values of serum markers and their respective congruent change over time in the spironolactone group and the placebo group give credit to the main result of the interaction analysis.
Conclusions
For the first time, we observe that serum levels of
markers of cardiac collagen synthesis were significantly associated
with poor outcome in patients with CHF and could be decreased by
aldosterone receptor blockade with spironolactone. The morbidity and
mortality benefit from spironolactone is predominant in patients with
the highest levels of markers. These results, which require further
prospective confirmation, suggest that limitation of the
aldosterone-related excessive ECM turnover may be one of the various
extrarenal mechanisms contributing to the beneficial effect of
spironolactone in patients with
CHF.
|
Footnotes |
|---|
Dr Alfonso Perez is an employee of Searle.
Received May 18, 2000; revision received July 11, 2000; accepted July 14, 2000.
|
References |
|---|
|
TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
|---|
1. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with sever heart failure: Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:709–717.
2. Weber KT. Aldosterone and spironolactone in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:753–754.
3. Zannad F. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and spironolactone combination therapy: new objectives in congestive heart failure treatment. Am J Cardiol. 1993;71:34A–39A.
4. Zannad F. Aldosterone and heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1995;16(suppl):98–102.
5. Brilla CG, Matsubara LS, Weber KT. Anti-aldosterone treatment and the prevention of myocardial fibrosis in primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1993;25:563–575.
6. Lijnen P, Petrov V. Antagonism of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and collagen metabolism in cardiac fibroblasts. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 1999;21:215–227.
7. Fullerton MJ, Funder JW. Aldosterone and cardiac fibrosis: in vitro studies. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;1994:1863–1867.
8. Swynghedauw B. Molecular mechanisms of myocardial remodeling. Physiol Rev. 1999;79:215–262.
9. Weber KT. Monitoring tissue repair and fibrosis from a distance. Circulation. 1997;96:2488–2492.
10. Laviades C, Varo N, Fernandez J, et al. Abnormalities of the extracellular degradation of collagen type I in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998;98:535–540.
11. Uusimaa P, Risteli J, Niemela M, et al. Collagen scar formation after acute myocardial infarction: relationships to infarct size, left ventricular function, and coronary artery patency. Circulation. 1997;96:2565–2572.
12. Sato Y, Kataoka K, Matsumori A, et al. Measuring serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide, 7S domain of type IV collagen, and cardiac troponin T in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and secondary cardiomyopathy. Heart. 1997;78:505–508.
13. Host NB, Jensen LT, Bendixen PM, et al. The aminoterminal propeptide of type III procollagen provides new information on prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1995;76:869–873.
14. Klappacher G, Franzen P, Haab D, et al. Measuring extracellular matrix turnover in the serum of patients with idiopathic or ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy and impact on diagnosis and prognosis. Am J Cardiol.. 1995;75:913–918.
15. Diez J, Laviades C, Mayor G, et al. Increased serum concentration of procollagen peptides in essential hypertension: relation to cardiac alteration. Circulation. 1995;91:1450–1456.
16. Querejeta R, Varo N, Lopez B, et al. Serum carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I is a marker of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2000;201:1729–1735.
17. Lein M, Nowak L, Jung K, et al. Analytical aspects regarding the measurement of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in blood. Clin Biochem. 1997;30:491–496.
18. Melkko J, Kauppila S, Niemi S, et al. Immunoassay for intact amino-terminal propeptide of human type I procollagen. Clin Chem. 1996;42:947–954.
19. Melkko J, Niemi S, Risteli L, et al. Radioimmunoassay of the carboxyterminal propeptide of human type I procollagen. Clin Chem. 1990;36:1328–1332.
20. Risteli J, Niemi S, Trivedi P, et al. Rapid equilibrium radioimmunoassay for the amino-terminal propeptide of human type III procollagen. Clin Chem. 1988;34:715–718.
21. Diez J, Laviades C. Monitoring fibrillar collagen turnover in hypertensive heart disease. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;35:202–205.
22. Diez J, Panizo A, Gil MJ, et al. Serum markers of collagen type I metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Circulation. 1996;93:1026–1032.
23. Sekita S, Katagiri T, Sasai Y, et al. Studies on collagen in the experimental myocardial infarction. Jpn Circ J. 1985;49:171–178.
24. Whittaker P, Boughner DR, Kloner RA. Analysis of healing after myocardial infarction using polarized light microscopy. Am J Pathol. 1989;134:879–893.
25. Risteli J, Risteli L. Analysing connective tissue metabolites in human serum: biochemical, physiological and methodological aspects. J Hepatol. 1995;22(suppl 2):77–81.
26. Jensen LT, Horslev-Petersen K, Toft P, et al. Serum aminoterminal type III procollagen peptide reflects repair after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1990;81:52–57.
27. Peuhkurinen KJ, Risteli L, Melkko J, et al. Thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase stimulates collagen breakdown. Circulation. 1991;83:1969–1975.
28. Sun Y, Weber KT. Infarct scar: a dynamic tissue. Cardiovasc Res. 2000;46:250–256.
29. Willems IE, Havenith MG, De Mey JG, et al. The alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive cells in healing human myocardial scars. Am J Pathol. 1994;145:868–875.
30. Cleutjens JP, Verluyten MJ, Smiths JF, et al. Collagen remodeling after myocardial infarction in the rat heart. Am J Pathol. 1995;147:325–338.
31. Zannad F, Briancon S, Juilliere Y, et al. Incidence, clinical and etiologic features, and outcomes of advanced chronic heart failure: the EPICAL Study: Epidémiologie de l’Insuffisance Cardiaque Avancée en Lorraine. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;34:734–742.
32. Yusuf S. Digoxin in heart failure: results of the recent Digoxin Investigation Group trial in the context of other treatments for heart failure. Eur Heart J. 1997;18:1685–1688.
33. Woessner JF Jr. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in connective tissue remodeling. FASEB J. 1991;5:2145–2154.
34. Denhardt DT, Feng B, Edwards DR, et al. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP, aka EPA): structure, control of expression and biological functions. Pharmacol Ther. 1993;59:329–341.
35. Campbell SE, Janicki JS, Weber KT. Temporal differences in fibroblast proliferation and phenotype expression in response to chronic administration of angiotensin II or aldosterone. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 1995;27:1545–1560.
36. Robert V, Van TN, Cheav SL, et al. Increased cardiac types I and III collagen mRNAs in aldosterone-salt hypertension. Hypertension. 1994;24:30–36.
37. Young M, Fullerton MJ, Dilley R, et al. Mineralocorticoids, hypertension and cardiac fibrosis. J Clin Invest. 1994;93:2578–2583.
38. Brilla CG, Weber KT. Mineralocorticoid excess, dietary sodium and myocardial fibrosis. J Lab Clin Med. 1992;120:893–901.
39. MacFadyen RJ, Barr CS, Struthers AD. Aldosterone blockade reduces vascular collagen turnover, improves heart rate variability and reduces early morning rise in heart rate in heart failure patients. Cardiovasc Res. 1997;35:30–34.
40. Brilla CG, Maisch B, Weber K. Renin-angiotensin system and myocardial collagen matrix remodeling in hypertensive heart disease: in vivo and in vitro studies on collagen matrix regulation. Clin Invest. 1993;71:S35–S41.
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. Bunda, Y. Wang, T. F. Mitts, P. Liu, S. Arab, M. Arabkhari, and A. Hinek Aldosterone Stimulates Elastogenesis in Cardiac Fibroblasts via Mineralocorticoid Receptor-independent Action Involving the Consecutive Activation of G{alpha}13, c-Src, the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt J. Biol. Chem., June 12, 2009; 284(24): 16633 - 16647. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kvakan, M. Kleinewietfeld, F. Qadri, J.-K. Park, R. Fischer, I. Schwarz, H.-P. Rahn, R. Plehm, M. Wellner, S. Elitok, et al. Regulatory T Cells Ameliorate Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Damage Circulation, June 9, 2009; 119(22): 2904 - 2912. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. S. De Silva, R. M. Wilson, C. Hutchinson, P. C. Ip, A. G. Garcia, S. Lancel, M. Ito, D. R. Pimentel, and F. Sam Fenofibrate inhibits aldosterone-induced apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes via stress-activated kinase-dependent mechanisms Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): H1983 - H1993. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. A. Ezekowitz and F. A. McAlister Aldosterone blockade and left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials Eur. Heart J., February 2, 2009; 30(4): 469 - 477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. W.M. van den Borne, S. Isobe, H. R. Zandbergen, P. Li, A. Petrov, N. D. Wong, S. Fujimoto, A. Fujimoto, D. Lovhaug, J. F.M. Smits, et al. Molecular imaging for efficacy of pharmacologic intervention in myocardial remodeling. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., February 1, 2009; 2(2): 187 - 198. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. L. Mann Molecular imaging and the failing heart: through the looking glass. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., February 1, 2009; 2(2): 199 - 201. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Minnaard-Huiban, J.J. R. Hermans, H. van Essen, N. Bitsch, and J. F.M. Smits Comparison of the effects of intrapericardial and intravenous aldosterone infusions on left ventricular fibrosis in rats Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2008; 10(12): 1166 - 1171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Di Zhang, A. N. D. Cat, C. Soukaseum, B. Escoubet, A. Cherfa, S. Messaoudi, C. Delcayre, J.-L. Samuel, and F. Jaisser Cross-Talk Between Mineralocorticoid and Angiotensin II Signaling for Cardiac Remodeling Hypertension, December 1, 2008; 52(6): 1060 - 1067. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Hari Krishnan Parthasarathy and T. Macdonald Review: Aldosterone Antagonists The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, September 1, 2008; 8(5): 215 - 219. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Umar, J. J. Bax, M. Klok, R. J. van Bommel, M. H.M. Hessel, B. den Adel, G. B. Bleeker, M. M. Henneman, D. E. Atsma, E. E. van der Wall, et al. Myocardial collagen metabolism in failing hearts before and during cardiac resynchronization therapy Eur J Heart Fail, September 1, 2008; 10(9): 878 - 883. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. Braunwald Biomarkers in Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., May 15, 2008; 358(20): 2148 - 2159. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. C. Connell, S. M. MacKenzie, E. M. Freel, R. Fraser, and E. Davies A Lifetime of Aldosterone Excess: Long-Term Consequences of Altered Regulation of Aldosterone Production for Cardiovascular Function Endocr. Rev., April 1, 2008; 29(2): 133 - 154. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. Koitabashi, M. Arai, K. Niwano, A. Watanabe, M. Endoh, M. Suguta, T. Yokoyama, H. Tada, T. Toyama, H. Adachi, et al. Plasma connective tissue growth factor is a novel potential biomarker of cardiac dysfunction in patients with chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, April 1, 2008; 10(4): 373 - 379. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown Aldosterone and Vascular Inflammation Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 161 - 167. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Savoia, R. M. Touyz, F. Amiri, and E. L. Schiffrin Selective Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker Eplerenone Reduces Resistance Artery Stiffness in Hypertensive Patients Hypertension, February 1, 2008; 51(2): 432 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Casaclang-Verzosa, B. J. Gersh, and T. S.M. Tsang Structural and functional remodeling of the left atrium: clinical and therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2008; 51(1): 1 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Minnaard-Huiban, J. M. A. Emmen, L. Roumen, I. P. E. Beugels, G. M. S. Cohuet, H. van Essen, E. Ruijters, K. Pieterse, P. A. J. Hilbers, H. C. J. Ottenheijm, et al. Fadrozole Reverses Cardiac Fibrosis in Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure Rats: Discordant Enantioselectivity Versus Reduction of Plasma Aldosterone Endocrinology, January 1, 2008; 149(1): 28 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Kasama, T. Toyama, H. Sumino, N. Matsumoto, Y. Sato, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, S. Ichikawa, T. Suzuki, and M. Kurabayashi Additive Effects of Spironolactone and Candesartan on Cardiac Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients with Congestive Heart Failure J. Nucl. Med., December 1, 2007; 48(12): 1993 - 2000. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M.-L. Ambroisine, J. Favre, P. Oliviero, C. Rodriguez, J. Gao, C. Thuillez, J.-L. Samuel, V. Richard, and C. Delcayre Aldosterone-Induced Coronary Dysfunction in Transgenic Mice Involves the Calcium-Activated Potassium (BKCa) Channels of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, November 20, 2007; 116(21): 2435 - 2443. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. Spinale Myocardial Matrix Remodeling and the Matrix Metalloproteinases: Influence on Cardiac Form and Function Physiol Rev, October 1, 2007; 87(4): 1285 - 1342. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Bunda, P. Liu, Y. Wang, K. Liu, and A. Hinek Aldosterone Induces Elastin Production in Cardiac Fibroblasts through Activation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptors in a Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Independent Manner Am. J. Pathol., September 1, 2007; 171(3): 809 - 819. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Blangy, N. Sadoul, B. Dousset, A. Radauceanu, R. Fay, E. Aliot, and F. Zannad Serum BNP, hs-C-reactive protein, procollagen to assess the risk of ventricular tachycardia in ICD recipients after myocardial infarction Europace, September 1, 2007; 9(9): 724 - 729. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. S. Hwang, G. Cirrincione, D. P. Thomas, R. J. McCormick, and M. O. Boluyt Aldosterone Antagonism Fails to Attenuate Age-Associated Left Ventricular Fibrosis J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., April 1, 2007; 62(4): 382 - 388. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Radauceanu, F. Moulin, W. Djaballah, P. Y. Marie, F. Alla, B. Dousset, J. M. Virion, J. Capiaumont, G. Karcher, E. Aliot, et al. Residual stress ischaemia is associated with blood markers of myocardial structural remodelling Eur J Heart Fail, April 1, 2007; 9(4): 370 - 376. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. L. Goodfriend Treating Resistant Hypertension With a Neglected Old Drug Hypertension, April 1, 2007; 49(4): 763 - 764. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Martos, J. Baugh, M. Ledwidge, C. O'Loughlin, C. Conlon, A. Patle, S. C. Donnelly, and K. McDonald Diastolic Heart Failure: Evidence of Increased Myocardial Collagen Turnover Linked to Diastolic Dysfunction Circulation, February 20, 2007; 115(7): 888 - 895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Yndestad, L. E. Vinge, R. Bjornerheim, T. Ueland, J. E. Wang, S. S. Froland, H. Attramadal, P. Aukrust, and E. Oie Thalidomide attenuates the development of fibrosis during post-infarction myocardial remodelling in rats Eur J Heart Fail, December 1, 2006; 8(8): 790 - 796. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Rahman, A. Nishiyama, P. Guo, Y. Nagai, G.-X. Zhang, Y. Fujisawa, Y.-Y. Fan, S. Kimura, N. Hosomi, K. Omori, et al. Effects of Adrenomedullin on Cardiac Oxidative Stress and Collagen Accumulation in Aldosterone-Dependent Malignant Hypertensive Rats J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., September 1, 2006; 318(3): 1323 - 1329. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L. Groban and J. Butterworth Perioperative management of chronic heart failure. Anesth. Analg., September 1, 2006; 103(3): 557 - 575. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Rizzoni, S. Paiardi, L. Rodella, E. Porteri, C. De Ciuceis, R. Rezzani, G. E. M. Boari, F. Zani, M. Miclini, G. A. M. Tiberio, et al. Changes in Extracellular Matrix in Subcutaneous Small Resistance Arteries of Patients with Primary Aldosteronism J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2006; 91(7): 2638 - 2642. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. Boixel, B. Gavillet, J.-S. Rougier, and H. Abriel Aldosterone increases voltage-gated sodium current in ventricular myocytes Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2257 - H2266. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 N. C Shah, S. Pringle, and A. Struthers Aldosterone Blockade Over and Above ACE-Inhibitors in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease but without Heart Failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2006; 7(1): 20 - 30. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Alla, A. Kearney-Schwartz, A. Radauceanu, S. D. Dores, B. Dousset, and F. Zannad Early changes in serum markers of cardiac extra-cellular matrix turnover in patients with uncomplicated hypertension and type II diabetes Eur J Heart Fail, March 1, 2006; 8(2): 147 - 153. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. R. Marcy and T. L. Ripley Aldosterone antagonists in the treatment of heart failure Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm., January 1, 2006; 63(1): 49 - 58. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E. C. Miner and W. L. Miller A Look Between the Cardiomyocytes: The Extracellular Matrix in Heart Failure Mayo Clin. Proc., January 1, 2006; 81(1): 71 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. H. W. Tang, A. C. Parameswaran, A. P. Maroo, and G. S. Francis Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists in the Medical Management of Chronic Heart Failure Mayo Clin. Proc., December 1, 2005; 80(12): 1623 - 1630. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Izawa, T. Murohara, K. Nagata, S. Isobe, H. Asano, T. Amano, S. Ichihara, T. Kato, S. Ohshima, Y. Murase, et al. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonism Ameliorates Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Myocardial Fibrosis in Mildly Symptomatic Patients With Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Pilot Study Circulation, November 8, 2005; 112(19): 2940 - 2945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Milliez, N. DeAngelis, C. Rucker-Martin, A. Leenhardt, E. Vicaut, E. Robidel, P. Beaufils, C. Delcayre, and S. N. Hatem Spironolactone reduces fibrosis of dilated atria during heart failure in rats with myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., October 2, 2005; 26(20): 2193 - 2199. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Karram, A. Abbasi, S. Keidar, E. Golomb, I. Hochberg, J. Winaver, A. Hoffman, and Z. Abassi Effects of spironolactone and eprosartan on cardiac remodeling and angiotensin-converting enzyme isoforms in rats with experimental heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2005; 289(4): H1351 - H1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Ishizawa, Y. Izawa, H. Ito, C. Miki, K. Miyata, Y. Fujita, Y. Kanematsu, K. Tsuchiya, T. Tamaki, A. Nishiyama, et al. Aldosterone Stimulates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation Via Big Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 Activation Hypertension, October 1, 2005; 46(4): 1046 - 1052. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Stowasser, J. Sharman, R. Leano, R. D. Gordon, G. Ward, D. Cowley, and T. H. Marwick Evidence for Abnormal Left Ventricular Structure and Function in Normotensive Individuals with Familial Hyperaldosteronism Type I J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., September 1, 2005; 90(9): 5070 - 5076. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. Ma, F. Albornoz, C. Yu, D. W. Byrne, D. E. Vaughan, and N. J. Brown Differing Effects of Mineralocorticoid Receptor-Dependent and -Independent Potassium-Sparing Diuretics on Fibrinolytic Balance Hypertension, August 1, 2005; 46(2): 313 - 320. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, I. Schmidt, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Additive amelioration of left ventricular remodeling and molecular alterations by combined aldosterone and angiotensin receptor blockade after myocardial infarction Cardiovasc Res, July 1, 2005; 67(1): 97 - 105. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Funder The Nongenomic Actions of Aldosterone Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2005; 26(3): 313 - 321. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. G.A. Veliotes, A. J. Woodiwiss, D. A.J. Deftereos, D. Gray, O. Osadchii, and G. R. Norton Aldosterone Receptor Blockade Prevents the Transition to Cardiac Pump Dysfunction Induced by {beta}-Adrenoreceptor Activation Hypertension, May 1, 2005; 45(5): 914 - 920. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Milliez, X. Girerd, P.-F. Plouin, J. Blacher, M. E. Safar, and J.-J. Mourad Evidence for an increased rate of cardiovascular events in patients with primary aldosteronism J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 19, 2005; 45(8): 1243 - 1248. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. T. Yan, R. T. Yan, and P. P. Liu Narrative Review: Pharmacotherapy for Chronic Heart Failure: Evidence from Recent Clinical Trials Ann Intern Med, January 18, 2005; 142(2): 132 - 145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Agostoni, A. Magini, D. Andreini, M. Contini, A. Apostolo, M. Bussotti, G. Cattadori, and P. Palermo Spironolactone improves lung diffusion in chronic heart failure Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2005; 26(2): 159 - 164. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 B. J Barnes and P. A Howard Eplerenone: A Selective Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist for Patients with Heart Failure Ann. Pharmacother., January 1, 2005; 39(1): 68 - 76. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. D Struthers Aldosterone blockade in cardiovascular disease Heart, October 1, 2004; 90(10): 1229 - 1234. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. M. McCurley, S. U. Hanlon, S.-k. Wei, E. F. Wedam, M. Michalski, and M. C. Haigney Furosemide and the progression of left ventricular dysfunction in experimental heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 15, 2004; 44(6): 1301 - 1307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, J. L. Martinez Ubago, and J. Diez Increased Collagen Type I Synthesis in Patients With Heart Failure of Hypertensive Origin: Relation to Myocardial Fibrosis Circulation, September 7, 2004; 110(10): 1263 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Mahmud and J. Feely Review: Arterial stiffness and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2004; 5(3): 102 - 108. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. M. Mottram, B. Haluska, R. Leano, D. Cowley, M. Stowasser, and T. H. Marwick Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism on Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 558 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Struthers The clinical implications of aldosterone escape in congestive heart failure Eur J Heart Fail, August 1, 2004; 6(5): 539 - 545. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J E Macdonald, N Kennedy, and A D Struthers Effects of spironolactone on endothelial function, vascular angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and other prognostic markers in patients with mild heart failure already taking optimal treatment Heart, July 1, 2004; 90(7): 765 - 770. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Young and J. W. Funder Eplerenone, But Not Steroid Withdrawal, Reverses Cardiac Fibrosis in Deoxycorticosterone/ Salt-Treated Rats Endocrinology, July 1, 2004; 145(7): 3153 - 3157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. Mazak, A. Fiebeler, D. N. Muller, J.-K. Park, E. Shagdarsuren, C. Lindschau, R. Dechend, C. Viedt, B. Pilz, H. Haller, et al. Aldosterone Potentiates Angiotensin II-Induced Signaling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Circulation, June 8, 2004; 109(22): 2792 - 2800. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, and J. Diez Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collagen type I turnover in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 2, 2004; 43(11): 2028 - 2035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Z. T. Bloomgarden Diabetes Complications Diabetes Care, June 1, 2004; 27(6): 1506 - 1514. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A Rossi, M Cicoira, G Golia, L Zanolla, L Franceschini, P Marino, M Graziani, and P Zardini Amino-terminal propeptide of type III procollagen is associated with restrictive mitral filling pattern in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: a possible link between diastolic dysfunction and prognosis Heart, June 1, 2004; 90(6): 650 - 654. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. S. Vasan, J. C. Evans, E. J. Benjamin, D. Levy, M. G. Larson, J. Sundstrom, J. M. Murabito, F. Sam, W. S. Colucci, and P. W. F. Wilson Relations of Serum Aldosterone to Cardiac Structure: Gender-Related Differences in the Framingham Heart Study Hypertension, May 1, 2004; 43(5): 957 - 962. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. K Shieh, E. Kotlyar, and F. Sam Aldosterone and cardiovascular remodelling: focus on myocardial failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1): 3 - 13. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D Struthers Aldosterone blockade in heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2004; 5(1_suppl): S23 - S27. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Schirger, H. H. Chen, M. Jougasaki, O. Lisy, G. Boerrigter, A. Cataliotti, and J. C. Burnett Jr Endothelin A Receptor Antagonism in Experimental Congestive Heart Failure Results in Augmentation of the Renin-Angiotensin System and Sustained Sodium Retention Circulation, January 20, 2004; 109(2): 249 - 254. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, S. Hildemann, M. Christ, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Additive improvement of left ventricular remodeling and neurohormonal activation by aldosterone receptor blockade with eplerenone and ACE inhibition in rats with myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 5, 2003; 42(9): 1666 - 1673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Saudan, F. Mach, T. Perneger, B. Schnetzler, C. Stoermann, Z. Fumeaux, M. Rossier, and P.-Y. Martin Safety of low-dose spironolactone administration in chronic haemodialysis patients Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., November 1, 2003; 18(11): 2359 - 2363. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. I. Jugdutt Ventricular Remodeling After Infarction and the Extracellular Collagen Matrix: When Is Enough Enough? Circulation, September 16, 2003; 108(11): 1395 - 1403. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. N. Cohn, I. S. Anand, R. Latini, S. Masson, Y.-T. Chiang, and R. Glazer Sustained Reduction of Aldosterone in Response to the Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Valsartan in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure: Results From the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Circulation, September 16, 2003; 108(11): 1306 - 1309. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. T Weber, Yao Sun, L. A Wodi, A. Munir, E. Jahangir, R. A Ahokas, I. C Gerling, A. E Postlethwaite, and K. J Warrington Toward a broader understanding of aldosterone in congestive heart failure Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2003; 4(3): 155 - 163. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Pitt, C. T Stier Jr, and S. Rajagopalan Mineralocorticoid receptor blockade: new insights into the mechanism of action in patients with cardiovascular disease Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, September 1, 2003; 4(3): 164 - 168. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Domanski, J. Norman, B. Pitt, M. Haigney, S. Hanlon, and E. Peyster Diuretic use, progressive heart failure, and death in patients in the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 20, 2003; 42(4): 705 - 708. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. F. Hernandez and C. M. O'Connor Sparing a little may save a lot: Lessons from the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 20, 2003; 42(4): 709 - 711. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. S. Williams and G. H. Williams 50th Anniversary of Aldosterone J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2364 - 2372. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. W. Funder Aldosterone Resurgens--Letter from EPHESUS J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2373 - 2375. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. C. White Aldosterone: Direct Effects on and Production by the Heart J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., June 1, 2003; 88(6): 2376 - 2383. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Pitt Aldosterone Blockade in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, May 27, 2003; 107(20): 2525 - 2527. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Hayashi, T. Tsutamoto, A. Wada, T. Tsutsui, C. Ishii, K. Ohno, M. Fujii, A. Taniguchi, T. Hamatani, Y. Nozato, et al. Immediate Administration of Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Spironolactone Prevents Post-Infarct Left Ventricular Remodeling Associated With Suppression of a Marker of Myocardial Collagen Synthesis in Patients With First Anterior Acute Myocardial Infarction Circulation, May 27, 2003; 107(20): 2559 - 2565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
N. J. Brown Eplerenone: Cardiovascular Protection Circulation, May 20, 2003; 107(19): 2512 - 2518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Mehra, P. A. Uber, and G. S. Francis Heart failure therapy at a crossroad: are there limits to the neurohormonal model? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 7, 2003; 41(9): 1606 - 1610. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. K.G Koshy, H. K Reddy, and H. H Shukla Collagen cross-linking: new dimension to cardiac remodeling Cardiovasc Res, March 1, 2003; 57(3): 594 - 598. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Kasama, T. Toyama, H. Kumakura, Y. Takayama, S. Ichikawa, T. Suzuki, and M. Kurabayashi Effect of spironolactone on cardiacsympathetic nerve activity and left ventricular remodeling in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4): 574 - 581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. B. Felder, J. Francis, Z.-H. Zhang, S.-G. Wei, R. M. Weiss, and A. K. Johnson Heart failure and the brain: new perspectives Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, February 1, 2003; 284(2): R259 - R276. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. G. F. Bronzwaer, C. Heymes, C. A. Visser, and W. J. Paulus Myocardial fibrosis blunts nitric oxide synthase-related preload reserve in human dilated cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H10 - H16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. D. Stockand and J. G. Meszaros Aldosterone stimulates proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by activating Ki-RasA and MAPK1/2 signaling Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H176 - H184. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 I. Manabe, T. Shindo, and R. Nagai Gene Expression in Fibroblasts and Fibrosis: Involvement in Cardiac Hypertrophy Circ. Res., December 13, 2002; 91(12): 1103 - 1113. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. F. Rousseau, O. Gurne, D. Duprez, W. Van Mieghem, A. Robert, S. Ahn, L. Galanti, J.-M. Ketelslegers, and Belgian RALES Investigators Beneficial neurohormonal profile of spironolactone in severe congestive heart failure: Results from the RALES neurohormonal substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 6, 2002; 40(9): 1596 - 1601. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Cicoira, L. Zanolla, A. Rossi, G. Golia, L. Franceschini, G. Brighetti, P. Marino, and P. Zardini Long-term, dose-dependent effects of spironolactone on left ventricular function and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2002; 40(2): 304 - 310. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. McMurray and M. A. Pfeffer New Therapeutic Options in Congestive Heart Failure: Part I Circulation, April 30, 2002; 105(17): 2099 - 2106. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 E Allot, C de Chillou, and N Sadoul Ventricular instability and sudden death in patients with heart failure: lessons from clinical trials Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2002; 4(suppl_D): D31 - D42. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F Zannad Evidence-based drug therapy for chronic heart failure Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2002; 4(suppl_D): D66 - D72. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Neumann, K. Huse, R. Semrau, A. Diegeler, R. Gebhardt, G. H. Buniatian, and G. H. Scholz Aldosterone and D-Glucose Stimulate the Proliferation of Human Cardiac Myofibroblasts In Vitro Hypertension, March 1, 2002; 39(3): 756 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. T. Weber Aldosterone in Congestive Heart Failure N. Engl. J. Med., December 6, 2001; 345(23): 1689 - 1697. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D Struthers Review: Aldosterone-induced vasculopathy: a new reversible cause of cardiac death Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, December 1, 2001; 2(4): 211 - 214. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. Zannad, B. Dousset, and F. Alla Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure: Interfering the Aldosterone-Cardiac Extracellular Matrix Relationship Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1227 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S.G. Priori, E. Aliot, C. Blomstrom-Lundqvist, L. Bossaert, G. Breithardt, P. Brugada, A.J. Camm, R. Cappato, S.M. Cobbe, C. Di Mario, et al. Task Force on Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology Eur. Heart J., August 2, 2001; 22(16): 1374 - 1450. [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, N. Varo, A. Gonzalez, M. Larman, J. L. Martinez Ubago, and J. Diez Usefulness of Serum Carboxy-Terminal Propeptide of Procollagen Type I in Assessment of the Cardioreparative Ability of Antihypertensive Treatment in Hypertensive Patients Circulation, July 17, 2001; 104(3): 286 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Braunwald Congestive heart failure: a half century perspective Eur. Heart J., May 2, 2001; 22(10): 825 - 836. [PDF]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||