(Circulation. 2000;102:1710.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Roles of P-Selectin in Inflammation, Neointimal Formation, and Vascular Remodeling in Balloon-Injured Rat Carotid Arteries
From the First Department of Internal Medicine (S.H., N.W., J.S., K.T., M.I.) and First Department of Pathology (K.N.), Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, and Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco, Yokohama (T.T., S.S.), Japan. Dr Isobe is now at the Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Correspondence to Mitsuaki Isobe, MD, PhD, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. E-mail isobemi.med3{at}med.tmd.ac.jp
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Abstract |
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Background—P-selectin plays key roles in mediating inflammation through promoting adherence of leukocytes to activated platelets and endothelium. This process is one of the initial events in atherosclerosis and restenosis after coronary angioplasty.
Methods and Results—Using a rat balloon-injury model, we examined
the role of P-selectin in vascular inflammatory processes. In the acute
phase, immunohistochemistry revealed that P-selectin was intensely
expressed on both activated platelets covering the denuded
segment and endothelial cells of the inflamed
adventitial small vessels. Treatment with an anti–P-selectin
monoclonal antibody (MAb) for 8 consecutive days significantly
inhibited neointimal formation at day 14 (42% inhibition;
P<0.05), and this effect persisted at day 56 (40%
inhibition; P<0.01) compared with the control group.
Vascular shrinking accompanying adventitial fibrosis was also
attenuated at day 56. Inhibition of both neointimal
formation and vascular shrinking resulted in the lumen area of the
anti–P-selectin treatment group being 
3 times larger at day 56 than
that of the control group. Accumulation of CD45-positive leukocytes in
the developing neointima, media, and adventitia at day 8
was significantly inhibited by treatment with the anti–P-selectin MAb.
Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that anti–P-selectin
treatment resulted in a less thrombogenic surface of the
arterial intima, which featured a
pseudoendothelial appearance at day 14 after
injury.
Conclusions—These results suggest that inhibition of P-selectin–mediated leukocyte recruitment prevents the development of neointimal formation, adventitial inflammation, and vascular shrinking and promotes pseudoendothelialization by luminal smooth muscle cells. This treatment thus beneficially affects vascular remodeling after balloon injury in rats.
Key Words: adhesion molecules • leukocytes • platelets • restenosis • remodeling
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Introduction |
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Late luminal renarrowing after coronary angioplasty remains a major problem, because it occurs in
30% to
50% of treated arteries within 6 months after the
procedure.1 Neointimal formation is considered
essential for restenosis to occur after angioplasty. However,
restenosis has recently been recognized as a combination of
neointimal formation and vascular remodeling.2
Although the exact mechanism of arterial remodeling remains
unclear, it has been suggested that adventitial reaction and
inflammation are involved in the development of
atherosclerosis and restenosis after balloon
angioplasty.3
Inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis acquired
growing importance in the 1990s.4 Immune system–mediated
inflammatory reactions were related to the expression of cell adhesion
molecules, migration of leukocytes, cytokine release, and
secretion of growth factors at the site of injury. Cell adhesion
molecules have emerged as essential for the development of
atherosclerosis and restenosis after
angioplasty.5 6 In particular, the selectin family (L, E,
and P) is crucial for the earliest events in the inflammatory response,
leading to the "rolling" phenomenon followed by leukocyte
migration. P-selectin is stored in the 
-granules of platelets
and the Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial
cells,7 and it appears in the outer membrane soon after
activation of both platelets and endothelial cells.
It mediates the adherence of activated platelets to
monocytes and neutrophils8 and the rapid transient
interactions between activated endothelial
cells and leukocytes9 via its carbohydrate ligands sialyl
Lewisx and P-selectin glycoprotein
(GP) ligand-1.10
Previous studies have indicated that plasma P-selectin levels are higher after coronary angioplasty in patients who develop restenosis.11 In addition, atherectomy specimens from patients with unstable angina showed significantly more intense P-selectin expression than did those from patients with stable angina.12 Recently, Kumar et al,13 using a cessation flow model without endothelial denudation, demonstrated that neointimal formation was attenuated in P-selectin–deficient mice. However, the inhibition of negative vascular remodeling, a major cause of restenosis after angioplasty, has not been clearly defined. For this reason, we tested the hypothesis that treatment with anti–P-selectin monoclonal antibody (MAb) can attenuate inflammatory responses and inhibit the development of neointimal formation and negative remodeling. We used a rat balloon-injury model, which is widely accepted as an animal model of restenosis after balloon angioplasty with regard to the similarity in endothelial denudation and arterial wall stretch.
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Methods |
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Arterial Injury Model
Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing
300 g were obtained
from Japan SLC Inc (Hamamatsu, Japan). All animals were provided with
care guided by the National Institutes of Health (Guide for the
Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, NIH publication No. 86-23,
revised 1985). Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium
(50 mg/kg IP). Their left common carotid arteries were injured as
previously described14 by 3 passages of an inflated
2F Fogarty embolectomy catheter (Baxter Healthcare). To attain a
constant degree of vessel wall injury for each of the animals, we kept
the diameter of the balloon and the resistance during withdrawal
constant and the same for each of the animals. The sham operation
involved simple ligation of the left external carotid arteries without
balloon injury. At various time intervals, the animals were killed with
a lethal dose of pentobarbital sodium. The injured and contralateral
uninjured carotids were perfused with cold 0.1 mol/L PBS (pH 7.4) under
physiological pressure followed by careful excision
of the carotid arteries. The existence of endothelial
denudation was evaluated by staining with Evans blue dye (60 mg/kg IV)
injected 30 minutes before death at 2 and 8 weeks after balloon injury
in preliminary experiments (n=5 for each period). The central portion
of the injured left carotids stained blue and was regarded as the
nonreendothelialized area.
Preparation of Anti–Rat P-Selectin MAb (S789G)
Anti–rat P-selectin MAb was prepared by immunizing female
BALB/c mice every seventh day with a footpad injection of
2x106 to 5x106 rat
P-selectin cDNA transfectants. The booster injection was made into the
footpad 2 days before fusion. Popliteal lymph node cells were fused
with mouse myeloma cells, PAI, using PEG 4000 (Life Technologies, Inc),
and the resulting hybridomas were screened according to their ability
to stain P-selectin transfectants. The MAb called S789G (mouse IgG2b)
reacted with rat P-selectin transfectants and also blocked the binding
of HL-60 cells to the transfectants.
In Vitro Cell-Binding Assay
HL-60 cells were labeled with BCECF-AM (Molecular Probes) for 30
minutes at 37°C, washed, and resuspended in RPMI 1640 medium
containing 10% FBS. P-selectin–transfected Chinese hamster ovary
(CHO) cells were cultured in 24-well culture plates for 48 to 72 hours.
Wells were washed with RPMI 1640 medium. Labeled HL-60 cells
(1x106 to 5x106
cells/well) were added to the wells and incubated for 1 hour at 4°C
in the absence or presence of S789G. Isotype-matched antibody (Ab)
(mouse IgG2b) was also used as a negative control. Unbound cells were
removed by 2 gentle washings of the wells with RPMI 1640 medium, and
the bound cells were lysed with 100 mL of 1% Nonidet P-40. The
relative number of cells per well was calculated from
fluorescence at 485/538 nm, obtained with a Fluoroskan II
microplate fluorometer (Laboratory Systems).
Time Course of P-Selectin Expression and Leukocyte
Recruitment
To evaluate the time course of P-selectin expression and
leukocyte recruitment in the balloon-injured arteries (n=5) and in the
uninjured arteries from sham-operated animals (n=5), rats were killed
at 1, 3, and 5 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after balloon injury. The
excised carotid arteries were immediately embedded in OCT compound and
rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen. Immunohistochemical studies were
performed by previously described methods15 on the frozen
sections. Briefly, a Vectastain Elite ABC kit (Vector Laboratories) was
used with the following primary MAbs: MAb S789G, and MAb OX-1 (mouse
IgG1, PharMingen) which reacts with leukocyte common antigen
CD45 on all hematopoietic cells except erythrocytes.16 To
confirm the identification of platelets, an anti–platelet GP
IIb/IIIa Ab (sheep IgG, Enzyme Research Laboratories Inc) was also
used. Isotype control Abs were used for negative controls.
Anti–Rat P-Selectin MAb (S789G) Treatment Study
Rats in the anti–P-selectin treatment group (P group)
received 4 mg/kg IP of S789G, and those in the control group (C group)
received the same dose of nonimmune mouse IgG (Seikagaku Kogyo), 30
minutes before arterial injury and for 7 consecutive days
after balloon injury. Fourteen days (n=7, each group) and 56 days (n=5,
each group) after balloon injury, the injured and uninjured
contralateral carotids were harvested as described above, and the
middle parts of both arteries were divided into 2 rings. One of them
was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in
paraffin for light microscopy; the other was prepared for scanning
electron microscopy (SEM).
Morphometry
Five sections from each carotid artery were stained with van
Gieson’s elastin stain and examined morphometrically by
videomicroscopy (HC-300i, Nikon) with a computerized digital image
analysis system (NIH Image) in a blind manner. The areas within
the external elastic lamina (EEL area), the internal elastic lamina
(IEL area), and the lumen area were measured. Other areas were
calculated as follows: medial area=EEL area-IEL area;
neointimal area=IEL area-lumen area;
neointima-to-media ratio (I/M)=neointimal
area/medial area. The circumferences (lengths) of the EEL, IEL, and
lumen were also measured to determine vascular shrinking.
Accumulation of Leukocytes
All CD45-positive leukocytes were counted in the
neointima, media, and adventitia at day 8 after balloon
injury in both groups (n=6, each). The percentage of CD45-positive
cells was determined as the number of CD45-positive cells divided by
the total number of cells in the 5 sections obtained from each injured
carotid.17
Thrombogenicity of the Injured Luminal Surface
Thrombogenicity of the injured arterial luminal
surface at day 14 after injury was evaluated by SEM. The injured and
contralateral uninjured carotid rings, prepared as described above,
were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 mol/L
phosphate buffer (pH 7.2), sliced into longitudinal strips, and then
postfixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. They were dehydrated through a
graded alcohol series, critical-point–dried with
CO2, and splatter-coated with platinum-palladium.
They were then examined with a JSM-6000 (JEOL) SEM at 5 kV.
Thrombogenicity was quantitatively assessed by counting the number of
platelets adhering to the injured luminal surface in both groups.
SEM pictures of 15 randomly selected visual fields were taken at a
magnification of x2500. The total number of platelets adhering to
the injured surface was then counted in each of the pictures in a blind
manner. In addition, immunohistochemistry was performed using adjacent
sections embedded in paraffin to confirm that the luminal surface was
covered with luminal smooth muscle cells. MAb 1C-10 (mouse IgG2b,
Seikagaku Kogyo) against smooth muscle myosin heavy chain isoform
(SM1)18 was used to identify smooth muscle cells and
polyclonal Ab against factor VIII–related antigen (rabbit IgG, DAKO
Laboratories) to identify endothelial
cells.19
Statistical Analysis
All data are presented as mean±SEM. Statistical
analysis for multiple comparisons between groups used a post
hoc test (Fisher’s protected least significant difference). Student’s
t test was used only for comparing the numbers of
platelets adhering to the injured luminal surface in the P group
and C group. Statistical significance was judged at
P<0.05.
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Results |
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Inhibitory Effect of MAb S789G on Binding of HL-60 Cells to Rat P-Selectin–Transfected CHO Cells
The binding of HL-60 cells to CHO parent cells (nontransfected), the negative control cell line, was clearly lower than the binding to P-selectin–transfected CHO cells (Table
). This suggests that HL-60
cells specifically bind to P-selectin–transfected CHO cells. S789G
strongly inhibited the binding of HL-60 cells to
P-selectin–transfected CHO cells (Table). A negative control
experiment using an isotype-matched control revealed that the binding
of HL-60 cells to P-selectin–transfected CHO cells was hardly
suppressed compared with results for S789G (Table). These
results indicate that S789G functionally and specifically reacts with
rat P-selectin.
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Time Course of P-Selectin Expression and Leukocyte
Recruitment
In the uninjured artery, the endothelial monolayer
remained intact and P-selectin expression was absent (Figure 1A). From days 1 to 3 after injury,
P-selectin was intensely expressed in adhering platelets and
platelet aggregates on the exposed subendothelium
with adherent leukocytes (Figure 1, B and C). No positive
staining for P-selectin was observed in the serial section used for
negative control staining (inset, Figure 1B). Intense positive
staining for GP IIb/IIIa, corresponding to positive staining for
P-selectin, was observed on platelets adhering to the injured
luminal surface (inset, Figure 1C). At day 5, P-selectin
expression became weaker (Figure 1D); at day 14, it became faint
on platelets adhering to the neointima (Figure 1E); and it finally disappeared at day 28 (Figure 1F).
P-selectin was also intensely expressed on the
endothelium of the inflamed adventitial small vessels
at day 3 after injury (Figure 2A) and
persisted up to day 7, accompanied by severe CD45-positive leukocyte
infiltration at the adventitia (Figure 2B). No positive staining
for P-selectin was observed in the serial section used for negative
control staining (inset, Figure 2A). In the sham-operated
animals, however, P-selectin expression at the adventitial small
vessels was faint (Figure 2C), with few inflammatory cells
(Figure 2D). P-selectin expression in the inflamed adventitia
and inflammatory response became undetectable 4 weeks after injury
(data not shown).
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Effects of P-Selectin Blockade on the Development of
Neointimal Formation and Vascular Remodeling
There was no significant difference in body weight between the C
group and P group 2 and 8 weeks after injury.
Representative sections of the vessels from the C group
and P group harvested at day 56 are shown in Figure 3. The control vessel developed a marked
neointima with adventitial fibrosis seen in green on the
Masson trichrome–stained sections (Figure 3, A and C). The
vessel from the P group revealed less neointimal formation,
less adventitial fibrosis, and a larger lumen area (Figure 3, B
and D).
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Morphometric analysis showed that the neointimal
area in the P group was reduced by 41.8% and I/M by 38.8% (Figure 4, A and B) compared with the C group 2
weeks after injury. The inhibitory effects on
neointimal formation were still apparent 8 weeks after
injury in the P group, with respective reductions of 40.1% and 43.6%
(Figure 4, A and B). The medial area of the 2 groups did not
differ significantly either 2 or 8 weeks after injury.
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There was no significant difference in vascular constriction between
the 2 groups 2 weeks after injury (Figure 4
, C and D). However,
the P group revealed significantly less shrinking of the IEL and EEL
than did the C group; in fact, the IEL length had increased by 9.2%
(Figure 4C) and the EEL length by 7.3% (Figure 4D),
respectively, 8 weeks after injury. As a result of the inhibition of
both neointimal formation and vascular shrinking, late
luminal narrowing was prevented. The lumen area of the P group remained
3 times larger than that of the C group 8 weeks after injury (Figure 4E).
Accumulation of Leukocytes
The administration of MAb S789G significantly attenuated the
recruitment of CD45-positive leukocytes to the injured vessel walls of
the P group (Figure 5B) than of the C
group (Figure 5A). The percentage of CD45-positive cells was
significantly lower in the developing neointima (85.0%
reduction; P<0.01), media (78.1% reduction;
P<0.01), and adventitia (64.9% reduction;
P<0.01) of the P group than of the C group (Figure 5C).
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Thrombogenicity of Injured Arterial Luminal
Surface
Figure 6A shows an SEM of the
luminal surface of an uninjured right carotid artery with fusiform and
elongated endothelial cells. Figure 6, B and C,
indicates that treatment with S789G resulted in an improvement of the
morphology of the luminal surface at day 14 after balloon injury. The P
group showed an arterial intima with a less thrombogenic
surface featuring flat and polygonal cells with complex interdigitation
with neighboring cells (Figure 6C). The number of platelets
adhering to the luminal surface in the P group as determined by SEM
decreased significantly to 79.4% in comparison with the C group (C
group, 29.6±2.1x103/mm2
versus P group,
6.1±2.8x103/mm2;
P<0.01). Immunohistochemistry showed linear positive
staining for factor VIII–related antigen (Figure 7A) and negative staining for SM1 (Figure 7B) in the endothelial cells of the uninjured
artery. Conversely, factor VIII–related antigen was absent (Figure 7C), but SM1 staining was positive in cells at the injured
luminal surface of the P group (Figure 7D).
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Discussion |
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Time Course of P-Selectin Expression in Injured Carotid Artery
To the best of our knowledge, this investigation is the first to identify the time course of P-selectin expression and its early and intense expression in both activated platelets and adventitial small vessels with balloon-induced injury. Barron et al20 demonstrated the early expression of both E-selectin in the retained endothelium and L-selectin on circulating leukocytes after balloon angioplasty of rabbit iliac arteries. However, lack of a P-selectin Ab to rabbit tissue prevented examination of P-selectin expression. Kumar et al13 demonstrated that P-selectin was expressed in developing neointima and media as well as endothelial cells and adhering platelets after ligation of mouse carotid arteries. However, expression of P-selectin in the inflamed adventitia was not identified. In our study, P-selectin immunostaining showed that inflammatory infiltrates are involved not only from the injured lumen side but also from the adventitial side. A possible mechanism for P-selectin expression on the adventitial side would be adventitial reaction to overstretch by the inflated balloon catheter, which could also occur during balloon angioplasty in the clinical setting.
Effects of Anti–P-Selectin MAb on Neointimal Formation
and Vascular Remodeling
The treatment with MAb S789G significantly suppressed
neointimal formation 14 days after injury, and this effect
persisted up to day 56. This demonstrates that the effects of early
anti–P-selectin treatment not only delayed the development of
neointimal formation but also influenced the severity of
neointimal hyperplasia in the chronic stage. Moreover, late
negative remodeling with marked adventitial fibrosis was also
attenuated by anti–P-selectin treatment. Accordingly, P-selectin is
involved in the progression of inflammation and unfavorable fibrotic
changes in the adventitia in this model. Inhibition by S789G of
neointimal formation and vascular shrinkage resulted in a
larger lumen area.
Kumar et al13 recently used a cessation flow model of P-selectin–deficient mice to study the role of P-selectin in early vascular remodeling and neointimal formation. Our results agree with theirs in terms of a significant reduction in neointimal formation in P-selectin–deficient mice. However, no change in vascular shrinking was observed in their study, whereas ours demonstrated that administration of anti– P-selectin MAb inhibits both neointimal formation and chronic vascular shrinking in a balloon-injury model. We assume that the absence of endothelial denudation and overstretch injury in their model contributes to the difference in the results. Endothelial denudation accompanied by platelet aggregation is a crucial initial event, and balloon overstretch injury could result in vascular remodeling through an adventitial response during postangioplasty restenosis.21
Possible Mechanisms of Attenuation of Lesion Formation
Accumulation of leukocytes to the injured vessel wall occurred, in
order of decreasing frequency, in the adventitia,
neointima, and media, suggesting the potential role of
adventitial inflammation in the development of vascular lesion
formation. Wilcox and Scott3 reported that the intensity
of the adventitial inflammatory response correlated with the severity
of atherosclerosis. The treatment with MAb S789G in our
study reduced the accumulation of leukocytes to the adventitia as well
as the neointima and media. As for a possible mechanism of
inhibitory effect on vessel shrinking, it should be noted
that this suppression of adventitial inflammatory response may
contribute to a reduction in adventitial fibrosis after balloon injury.
Furthermore, adventitial fibrosis physically limits vessel expansion,
which may result in unfavorable remodeling.22
Short-term perioperative treatment with S789G resulted in an improvement in the histological appearance of and a reduction of platelet accumulation on the injured luminal surface 14 days after injury. Immunohistochemical analysis verified that the less thrombogenic luminal surface in the P group was composed of smooth muscle cells (pseudoendothelium) 14 days after balloon injury.23 Because platelets are a source of mitogen for smooth muscle cells,4 the reduction in platelet accumulation on the injured luminal surface may limit their contribution to neointimal formation after injury. Akers et al24 showed that treatment with an MAb against P-selectin (PB 1.3, Cytel Corporation) accelerated reendothelialization in balloon-injured rabbit thoracic aorta.
To summarize, we demonstrated that P-selectin was involved in vascular inflammatory processes on the adventitial side as well as on the injured lumen side. Furthermore, the inhibition of P-selectin–mediated leukocyte recruitment prevented negative remodeling with adventitial fibrosis and neointimal formation in an arterial balloon-injury model. Our results suggest that P-selectin could play a key role in the restenotic processes after balloon injury and that restenosis after angioplasty could be modified by the attenuation of harmful inflammatory factors through anti–P-selectin treatment. Further investigations need to focus on the roles of P-selectin and adventitial inflammation in postangioplastic restenosis.
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Acknowledgments |
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This investigation was supported in part by a grant-in-aid from the Japanese Ministry of Science, Education, and Sports. The authors thank Rie Shiohara, Kayo Suzuki, and Kiyokazu Kametani for their excellent technical assistance.
Received February 29, 2000; revision received April 26, 2000; accepted May 8, 2000.
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M. Shinohara, S. Kawashima, T. Yamashita, T. Takaya, R. Toh, T. Ishida, T. Ueyama, N. Inoue, K.-i. Hirata, and M. Yokoyama Xenogenic smooth muscle cell immunization reduces neointimal formation in balloon-injured rabbit carotid arteries Cardiovasc Res, November 1, 2005; 68(2): 249 - 258. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Gotoh, J.-i. Suzuki, H. Kosuge, T. Kakuta, S. Sakamoto, M. Yoshida, and M. Isobe E-Selectin Blockade Decreases Adventitial Inflammation and Attenuates Intimal Hyperplasia in Rat Carotid Arteries After Balloon Injury Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., November 1, 2004; 24(11): 2063 - 2068. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. K. Shah Inflammation, Neointimal Hyperplasia, and Restenosis: As the Leukocytes Roll, the Arteries Thicken Circulation, May 6, 2003; 107(17): 2175 - 2177. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. C. Schulze, E. Kluge, G. Schuler, B. Lauer, O. Hofnagel, H. Robenek, N. Kume, M. Minami, T. Shimaoka, S. Yonehara, et al. Periprocedural Kinetics in Serum Levels of Cytokines and Adhesion Molecules in Elective PTCA and Stent Implantation: Impact on Restenosis * * Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., December 1, 2002; 22 (12): 2105 - 2107. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Zhou, M. S. Penn, F. Forudi, X. Zhou, K. Tarakji, E. J. Topol, A. M. Lincoff, and K. Wang Administration of Recombinant P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand Fc Fusion Protein Suppresses Inflammation and Neointimal Formation in Zucker Diabetic Rat Model Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., October 1, 2002; 22(10): 1598 - 1603. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Mori, K. Komori, T. Yamaoka, M. Tanii, C. Kataoka, A. Takeshita, M. Usui, K. Egashira, and K. Sugimachi Essential Role of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 in Development of Restenotic Changes (Neointimal Hyperplasia and Constrictive Remodeling) After Balloon Angioplasty in Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits Circulation, June 18, 2002; 105(24): 2905 - 2910. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. J. Shebuski and K. S. Kilgore Role of Inflammatory Mediators in Thrombogenesis J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., March 1, 2002; 300(3): 729 - 735. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Konishi, Y. Katoh, N. Takaya, Y. Kashiwakura, S. Itoh, C. Ra, and H. Daida Platelets Activated by Collagen Through Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif Play Pivotal Role in Initiation and Generation of Neointimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury Circulation, February 26, 2002; 105(8): 912 - 916. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Wang, Z. Zhou, X. Zhou, K. Tarakji, E. J. Topol, and A. M. Lincoff Prevention of intimal hyperplasia with recombinant soluble P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-immunoglobulin in the porcine coronary artery balloon injury model J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 1, 2001; 38(2): 577 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. S. Smyth, E. D. Reis, W. Zhang, J. T. Fallon, R. E. Gordon, and B. S. Coller {beta}3-Integrin-Deficient Mice but Not P-Selectin-Deficient Mice Develop Intimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury : Correlation With Leukocyte Recruitment to Adherent Platelets 1 Hour After Injury Circulation, May 22, 2001; 103(20): 2501 - 2507. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Sarma, C. A. Laan, S. Alam, A. Jha, K. A.A. Fox, and I. Dransfield Increased Platelet Binding to Circulating Monocytes in Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, May 7, 2002; 105(18): 2166 - 2171. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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