(Circulation. 2000;102:1388.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Lisinopril-Mediated Regression of Myocardial Fibrosis in Patients With Hypertensive Heart Disease
From the Division of Cardiology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
Correspondence to Prof Dr Christian Brilla, Philipps University of Marburg, Division of Cardiology, Baldingerstr, 35033 Marburg, Germany.
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Abstract |
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Background—In arterial hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) includes myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis, which leads to LV diastolic dysfunction and, finally, heart failure. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, myocardial fibrosis was regressed and LV diastolic function was improved by treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor lisinopril. Whether this holds true for patients with hypertensive heart disease was addressed in this prospective, randomized, double-blind trial.
Methods and Results—A total of 35 patients with primary hypertension, LVH, and LV diastolic dysfunction were treated with either lisinopril (n=18) or hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; n=17). At baseline and after 6 months, LV catheterization with endomyocardial biopsy, Doppler echocardiography with measurements of LV peak flow velocities during early filling and atrial contraction and isovolumic relaxation time, and 24-hour blood pressure monitoring were performed. Myocardial fibrosis was measured by LV collagen volume fraction and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration. With lisinopril, collagen volume fraction decreased from 6.9±0.6% to 6.3±0.6% (P<0.05 versus HCTZ) and myocardial hydroxyproline concentration from 9.9±0.3 to 8.3±0.4 µg/mg of LV dry weight (P<0.00001 versus HCTZ); this was associated with an increase in the early filling and atrial contraction LV peak flow velocity ratio from 0.72±0.04 to 0.91±0.06 (P<0.05 versus HCTZ) and a decrease in isovolumic relaxation time from 123±9 to 81±5 ms (P<0.00002 versus HCTZ). Normalized blood pressure did not significantly change in either group. No LVH regression occurred in lisinopril-treated patients, whereas with HCTZ, myocyte diameter was reduced from 22.1±0.6 to 20.7±0.7 µm (P<0.01 versus lisinopril).
Conclusions—In patients with hypertensive heart disease, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with lisinopril can regress myocardial fibrosis, irrespective of LVH regression, and it is accompanied by improved LV diastolic function.
Key Words: hypertension • hypertrophy • fibrosis • diastole
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Introduction |
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In experimental models of arterial hypertension, previous studies have demonstrated that in addition to left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is mediated by myocyte hypertrophy, progressive myocardial fibrosis occurs.1 2 3 4 This fibrosis accounts for the development of LV diastolic dysfunction.1 4 5 In vivo and in vitro experiments have shown that the effector hormones of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, angiotensin II and aldosterone,3 6 7 stimulate fibroblast-mediated collagen synthesis. Angiotensin II also suppresses the collagenase activity7 that synergistically leads to progressive collagen accumulation within the cardiac interstitium. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, LVH and myocardial fibrosis could be regressed and LV diastolic function could be improved by treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril.8 9 These improvements occurred independently of the drug’s antihypertensive effect.5 Whether myocardial fibrosis can also be regressed in patients with hypertensive heart disease, which is defined as arterial hypertension with LVH, myocardial fibrosis, and LV diastolic dysfunction, was the primary objective of the present study.
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Methods |
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Overall Study Design
This study, which was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Marburg, was designed as a prospective, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group trial evaluating antihypertensive treatment with lisinopril versus hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in patients with primary arterial hypertension who were analyzed by intention to treat. The primary end point was myocardial fibrosis. This was evaluated by 2 independent methods: morphometrically by collagen volume fraction (CVF) and biochemically by hydroxyproline concentration (HPro) of LV endomyocardial biopsies. Secondary end points were as follows: (1) systolic and diastolic blood pressures; (2) LVH determined by LV mass index (LVMI) and myocyte diameter (MyoD); and (3) LV diastolic function, which was evaluated for relaxation by the ratio of peak flow velocities during early filling and atrial contraction (E/A) and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) and for myocardial stiffness by the stiffness constant k and the A-wave duration of transmitral flow during atrial contraction (AWD). Because of a lack of human data, the target population size (n=35) was projected according to the sample size (n=20 to 23) from previous studies of spontaneously hypertensive rats with a comparable treatment period using the same ACE inhibitor and in which a significant regression of myocardial fibrosis was found.8 9
Patient Population
A total of 35 white patients of either sex were enrolled
according to the following inclusion criteria: symptomatic
patients (dyspnea or angina pectoris) with primary hypertension in whom
coronary artery disease was excluded by coronary
angiography, LVH with LVMI>134 g/m2 in men or
>110 g/m2 in women, LV diastolic
dysfunction with an E/A ratio <1, and an age of 18 to 70 years.
Patients were excluded from the study if 1 of the following criteria
were met: ACE inhibitor or HCTZ therapy in the past year;
LV systolic dysfunction; malignant hypertension; presence of
any other cardiovascular disease or coexisting systemic
disorder; allergy to ACE inhibitors, HCTZ, or prazosin;
history of angioneurotic edema or renal transplantation; renal failure;
pregnancy and lactation; and/or participation in other treatment trials
within the previous 3 months.
Randomization
No wash-out phase was performed to assure continuous
antihypertensive treatment (required by the ethics committee).
Therefore, patients were randomized in a blocked manner according to
their antihypertensive pretreatment by computer-generated random
numbers as follows: block I: antiadrenergic agents;
block II: calcium-channel blockers; block III: combined treatment with
antiadrenergic agents and calcium-channel blockers;
and block IV: other antihypertensive pretreatment. The code was kept at
the monitoring center and was not broken until all data were attained.
After randomization, 18 patients were assigned to
lisinopril and 17 to HCTZ treatment. Both groups did not
differ with respect to their baseline characteristics, except for sex
distribution (more female patients were assigned to HCTZ treatment in
patient cohorts who finished the study; Table 1
).
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Study Protocol
At baseline, informed consent was obtained and the following
examinations were performed: physical and laboratory examination,
24-hour blood pressure monitoring, Doppler
echocardiography (2D, pulse-wave Doppler), and
LV catheterization, including
endomyocardial biopsies of the inferior
wall.
Thereafter, previous antihypertensive drug therapy was substituted in a
double-blind fashion by either 5 mg of oral lisinopril or
25 mg of HCTZ once daily; study drugs were identical in appearance.
Dosages were adjusted to an optimal blood pressure response (maximal
dosages of lisinopril or HCTZ, 20 and 50 mg/d,
respectively), with follow-up checks after 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24
weeks. If diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was not 
90
mm Hg or systolic blood pressure (SBP) was not 160
mm Hg, prazosin could be added in an open manner up to a maximal
dosage of 15 mg/d. To check patients’ compliance, tablet counts were
made at each visit. After 6 months, the same procedures done at
baseline were performed.
Laboratory Measurements
Serum creatinine and potassium were determined at
each visit using standard methods. At baseline and at the end of study,
plasma renin and aldosterone concentrations were measured.
Samples were collected in a supine position after a 15-minute resting
period. Plasma renin concentration was measured by immunoradiometric
assay (Nichols Institute) using monoclonal antibodies against
human renin with 0.2% cross-reactivity with prorenin and a normal
range of 5 to 47 mU/L. Plasma aldosterone concentrations
were determined by radioimmunoassay (Serono Diagnostics)
with magnetic separation (normal range, 42 to 416 pmol/L;
cross-reactivity with other steroids, 0.004%).
Blood Pressure Monitoring and Doppler Echocardiography
SBP and DBP were monitored in a sitting position at each visit
using standard cuff equipment. At baseline and at the end of the study,
24-hour blood pressure recordings with readings in 15-minute
intervals were obtained.
The end-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and LV posterolateral wall, as well as the LV end-diastolic diameter, were measured by 2D echocardiography to calculate LVMI, as reported elsewhere.10 E/A ratio and AWD were determined using pulse-wave Doppler in which the sample volume was placed at the tips of mitral valve leaflets in the 4-chamber view11 while all patients were in sinus rhythm. IVRT was measured as the time interval between the end of LV outflow and the start of LV inflow using simultaneous registrations of outflow and inflow signals by high-pulse repetition frequency pulse-wave Doppler.
Hemodynamics
LV pressure was measured by a 7-French pigtail catheter
connected to a Statham pressure transducer (placed at right atrial
level). Immediately after LV end-diastolic pressure was
measured, standard LV angiography was performed. After a blood
withdrawal of 200 mL, a second LV end-diastolic pressure
measurement and LV angiogram were performed to construct
end-diastolic pressure-volume diagrams for each
patient.12 LV end-diastolic and
end-systolic volumes were determined by Simpson’s rule and
computerized planimetry of the LV cavity. LV ejection fraction was
calculated. End-diastolic wall thickness was
measured13 and myocardial diastolic stiffness
was calculated for the midwall at the LV equator, assuming spherical
geometry by stiffness constant k, as reported
elsewhere,12 14 using an exponential curve fit program for
end-diastolic pressure volume data (Statistica 6.0,
StatSoft).
Quantitative Morphometry
LV endomyocardial biopsies were obtained
using a 7-French bioptome.15 LV
endomyocardial samples were either immediately
frozen in liquid nitrogen (3 samples) or placed in 5% formalin (3
samples) until biochemical and histological
analysis. CVF was determined by morphometry of LV
endomyocardial biopsies sections stained with the
collagen-specific dye Sirius red using an automated image
analyzer (CUE 3, Olympus), as previously
reported,5 8 9 in which all fields of all samples were
analyzed. Three well-sized samples (5 to 10 mg) were considered
representative of the whole LV myocardium
because we focused on reactive fibrosis, which presents as a
diffuse accumulation of fibrillar collagen within the cardiac
interstitium.16 MyoD was measured perpendicularly to the
outer cell contour using hematoxylin- and eosin-stained sections. For
each section, 15 representative myocytes were examined.
The normal range of CVF and MyoD of LV tissue samples of explanted
hearts designated for heart transplantation is 0.1% to 1.1% and 15.2
to 17.3 µm, respectively.
Hydroxyproline Assay
Frozen endomyocardial biopsies were thawed
and minced. After samples were made into derivatives with
phenylisothiocyanate, the phenylthiocarbamyl-hydroxyproline
concentration was determined using high-pressure liquid
chromatography, as previously reported.17
Using this technique, highly reproducible results can be obtained
(±8% SEM for the whole procedure). The hydroxyproline concentration
was calculated as the HPro content per milligram of dry tissue, where
tissue dry weight was determined as previously
reported.17
Statistical Analysis
Data were obtained in a double-blind manner and expressed as
mean±SEM. To compare baseline characteristics of the 2 groups, data
were analyzed by Student’s t test for unpaired
data; 
2 analysis was used for
categorical data. To analyze treatment effects of
lisinopril versus HCTZ over 6 months, the following
hierarchical testing18 was applied: (1) 2 (between 2
treatment groups) by 2 (repeated measures with 2 levels, at baseline
and 6 months) ANOVA and (2) a Student’s t test for paired
data. The latter was performed if a significant treatment effect
(treatment/time interaction) was found and was done to analyze
changes within patient groups (baseline versus 6 months). A 2-sided
P<0.05 was required for statistical significance.
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Results |
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Dosages of Study Drugs and Patients’ Compliance
After titration, mean dosages of lisinopril and HCTZ were 11.4±7.2 and 45.6±9.8 mg, respectively. In 5 of 18 lisinopril-treated patients and in 10 of 17 HCTZ-treated patients (P=NS), additional treatment with prazosin with a mean final dosage of 4.8±2.2 and 7.5±4.1 mg, respectively, was required to normalize blood pressure.
Four lisinopril-treated patients did not want to complete the study, and an additional 3 patients stopped the study early due to adverse effects (dizziness, dry mouth). In the HCTZ group, 1 patient had to be excluded because blood pressure could not be controlled by study drugs, and 2 patients did not wish to complete the study. In 1 HCTZ-treated patient, hypokalemia of 2.8 mmol/L occurred, which could be controlled by potassium supplements. No other adverse effects or complications occurred.
In the lisinopril group, plasma renin concentrations
increased after the 6-month period (P<0.05); this increase
was associated with a decrease in plasma aldosterone
concentrations (P<0.05; Table 2). The typical rise in plasma renin
concentration after ACE inhibition proved the compliance of patients in
regularly taking their study drugs. The same seems to be true for
HCTZ-treated patients, in whom a decrease in serum potassium was found
(P<0.05). Serum creatinine remained unchanged
in both groups.
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Myocardial Fibrosis
At baseline, all patients had morphological evidence of myocardial
fibrosis (Figure 1). After 6 months,
treatment with lisinopril resulted in the regression of
myocardial fibrosis, as measured by CVF (P<0.05) and
myocardial HPro concentration (P<0.00001; treatment effect
versus HCTZ). With lisinopril, CVF was reduced from
6.9±0.6% to 6.3±0.6% (P<0.01) and HPro from 9.9±0.3 to
8.3±0.4 µg/mg LV dry weight (P<0.00001), whereas no
regression of myocardial fibrosis occurred with HCTZ (CVF and HPro at
baseline: 6.4±0.8% and 9.5±0.5 µg/mg LV dry weight, respectively;
6 months: 6.5±0.8% and 10.4±0.6 µg/mg, respectively).
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) patients and
mean±SEM are shown; probability values denote a significant reduction
of myocardial fibrosis over 6 months by lisinopril
treatment compared with HCTZ (treatment/time interaction; 2-by-2
ANOVA).
Blood Pressure and LVH
In both groups, SBP and DBP from 24-hour blood pressure
recordings did not significantly change throughout the study
because all patients were pretreated with antihypertensive agents and
no washout phase was performed (Table 3).
However, all patients had a DBP>100 mm Hg when antihypertensive
agents were withdrawn for baseline LV catheterization.
Likewise, in both groups, the percentage of patients with a
SBP>160 mm Hg or a DBP>90 mm Hg did not significantly
change, although in both groups blood pressure tended to be better
controlled at the end of the study.
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No significant treatment effect on LVMI was found with
lisinopril (baseline, 170±16 g/m2; 6
months, 177±15 g/m2). LVMI tended to be
decreased by HCTZ treatment (baseline, 176±17
g/m2; 6 months, 145±11
g/m2; P=0.08). More specifically, the
treatment effect of HCTZ on MyoD was significant (P<0.01)
compared with lisinopril (Figure 2). In HCTZ-treated patients, MyoD
decreased from 22.1±0.6 to 20.7±0.7 µm (P<0.005),
whereas no change occurred in lisinopril-treated patients
(baseline, 22.5±0.4 µm; 6 months, 22.8±0.3 µm).
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LV Diastolic Function
Treatment with lisinopril resulted in an improvement
of LV diastolic function, as evidenced by a significant
rise of the E/A ratio in lisinopril-treated patients
compared with HCTZ-treated patients (P<0.05; Table 3
). In addition, the treatment effect of lisinopril
was significant for both IVRT (P<0.00002) and AWD
(P<0.0002). With lisinopril, IVRT was reduced
from 123±9 to 81±5 ms (P<0.0005), whereas AWD increased
from 149±16 to 247±16 ms (P<0.001; Figure 3). With HCTZ, IVRT (baseline, 117±8 ms;
6 months, 121±9 ms) and AWD (baseline, 154±19 ms; 6 months, 144±16
ms) were not affected. In both groups, the stiffness constant k
remained unchanged (Table 3).
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Discussion |
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The present study represents the first clinical trial evaluating the effects of ACE inhibition on myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease in which the primary end point (ie, myocardial fibrosis) was measured directly by 2 independent methods. We chose a treatment period just long enough to remove a significant amount of collagen from the myocardium, in keeping with the half-life of fibrillar collagen.19 In a 1-year study, we would have expected greater effects. However, we did not want to lose too many patients as dropouts because of the invasive nature of the study. Indeed, even during 6 months, we observed a significant dropout of patients, mainly at their own request. Therefore, baseline characteristics were compared for all patients in either treatment group and for patients who completed the study. Overall, both groups seemed to be comparable. A significant difference was found only in the sex distribution in patient cohorts without dropouts: more female patients were assigned to HCTZ treatment. However, no effect of sex on any of the examined end points is known. Indeed, no difference in the response of male and female patients was evident. Because patients were randomized in a blocked manner according to their antihypertensive pretreatment and no significant difference of random blocks was found in either treatment group, any influence of pretreatment on results of the present study can be ruled out.
After 6 months of treatment with the ACE inhibitor lisinopril, a significant reduction in myocardial HPro concentration and CVF was found, indicating that regression of myocardial fibrosis can be achieved in patients with hypertensive heart disease by specific antihypertensive treatment that counteracts the adverse trophic effects of angiotensin II.5 7 9 These results, obtained by the direct measurement of myocardial collagen concentration, confirmed the findings of Diez et al,20 who found in patients with primary hypertension that treatment with the ACE inhibitor lisinopril resulted in a decrease in serum concentrations of procollagens type I carboxy and type III amino terminal peptides, which are markers of tissue collagen synthesis. However, in the present study under conditions of advanced hypertensive heart disease with LVH and diastolic LV dysfunction, CVF remained elevated after the rather short controlled treatment period. In addition, because reactive fibrosis is primarily mediated via the circulating and local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system whereas replacement fibrosis is under separate controls,16 it can be assumed that reactive fibrosis was affected by long-term ACE inhibition with lisinopril whereas replacement fibrosis due to microscopic scars may contribute to the still-elevated CVF values at the end of the study.
LVH measured by LVMI and MyoD did not further regress with lisinopril treatment because blood pressure was already controlled at baseline. In contrast, with HCTZ treatment, a significant decrease in myocyte diameter was found, presumably due to a predominant reduction of LV preload and the fact that blood pressure was controlled as well as with lisinopril. This is in accordance with the perception that hemodynamics are the most relevant determinants of LVH21 and does not support the view that ACE inhibitors have more power to regress LVH compared with diuretics, as suggested by a retrospective meta-analysis of antihypertensive treatment studies.22 Indeed, a large-scale prospective clinical trial, the treatment of mild hypertension study, has also shown that LVH could be significantly more regressed by a diuretic agent compared with the ACE inhibitor enalapril.23
Regression of myocardial fibrosis in lisinopril-treated patients was associated with a significant improvement of LV diastolic function, as measured by an increase in the Doppler echocardiographically–determined E/A ratio; in contrast, no change occurred with HCTZ. Because a reduced E/A ratio predominantly reveals impaired relaxation,11 it can be concluded that LV relaxation in particular could be improved by lisinopril treatment. This has been confirmed by measurements of IVRT, which revealed a prolonged relaxation at baseline in both groups (IVRT >100 ms) that was decreased to almost-normal values in lisinopril-treated patients only.11 Myocardial fibrosis impairs the relengthening of cardiac myocytes during the relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle24 and thereby leads to relaxation abnormalities of the myocardium. In addition, lisinopril treatment increased AWD, indicating improvement of LV compliance.25 In contrast, no significant change in the myocardial stiffness constant was found in either treatment group. We chose a well-established determination of the stiffness constant.12 14 However, potential errors exist in the calculation of myocardial stiffness in that we assumed homogeneity in myocardial structure and isotropic behavior. In addition, the pressure recordings obtained by routinely used fluid-filled catheter systems seemed to be inadequate to detect small changes within the short observation period.
Prevention of the progression of heart failure by long-term ACE inhibition was confirmed in several large-scale clinical trials. However, the underlying mechanism for these beneficial effects of ACE inhibition in heart failure is not well understood. The influence of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system on myocardial fibrosis3 5 7 20 26 and its counteraction by ACE inhibition could be one important determinant, particularly because myocardial fibrosis is progressive over time and associated with the progressive deterioration of cardiac function.2 4 9 In the present study, we showed for the first time that in patients with hypertensive heart disease, myocardial fibrosis can be regressed by long-term ACE inhibition, leading to an improvement of LV diastolic function. This study sets the stage for large-scale clinical trials using invasive or noninvasive measurements of myocardial fibrosis in patients with hypertensive heart disease. These trials will be of major clinical importance because arterial hypertension is still one of the most frequent causes of heart failure in Western countries, and any prevention of the appearance of symptomatic heart failure is of the utmost socioeconomic relevance.
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Acknowledgments |
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This trial was supported by Zeneca research grant 1262GR/0006. The authors thank the late Adolfo Bittinger, MD, for morphometric analysis.
Received November 3, 1999; revision received April 28, 2000; accepted May 2, 2000.
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S. J. Lester, A. J. Tajik, R. A. Nishimura, J. K. Oh, B. K. Khandheria, and J. B. Seward Unlocking the Mysteries of Diastolic Function Deciphering the Rosetta Stone 10 Years Later. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2008; 51(7): 679 - 689. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Casaclang-Verzosa, B. J. Gersh, and T. S.M. Tsang Structural and functional remodeling of the left atrium: clinical and therapeutic implications for atrial fibrillation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2008; 51(1): 1 - 11. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Martos, J. Baugh, M. Ledwidge, C. O'Loughlin, C. Conlon, A. Patle, S. C. Donnelly, and K. McDonald Diastolic Heart Failure: Evidence of Increased Myocardial Collagen Turnover Linked to Diastolic Dysfunction Circulation, February 20, 2007; 115(7): 888 - 895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Wang, K. M. Kurrelmeyer, G. Torre-Amione, and S. F. Nagueh Systolic and Diastolic Dyssynchrony in Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure and the Effect of Medical Therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 31, 2006; (2006) j.jacc.2006.10.023v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Varagic, E. D. Frohlich, J. Diez, D. Susic, J. Ahn, A. Gonzalez, and B. Lopez Myocardial fibrosis, impaired coronary hemodynamics, and biventricular dysfunction in salt-loaded SHR Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, April 1, 2006; 290(4): H1503 - H1509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. D'Ascia, A. Cittadini, M. G. Monti, G. Riccio, and L. Sacca Effects of biventricular pacing on interstitial remodelling, tumor necrosis factor-{alpha} expression, and apoptotic death in failing human myocardium Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2006; 27(2): 201 - 206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Cuspidi, M. Ciulla, and A. Zanchetti Hypertensive myocardial fibrosis Nephrol. Dial. Transplant., January 1, 2006; 21(1): 20 - 23. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Brown Cardiac extracellular matrix: a dynamic entity Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): H973 - H974. [Full Text] [PDF]
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S H Poulsen, N H Andersen, L Heickendorff, and C E Mogensen Relation between plasma amino-terminal propeptide of procollagen type III and left ventricular longitudinal strain in essential hypertension Heart, May 1, 2005; 91(5): 624 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. K. Munagala, C. Y.T. Hart, J. C. Burnett Jr, D. M. Meyer, and M. M. Redfield Ventricular Structure and Function in Aged Dogs With Renal Hypertension: A Model of Experimental Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, March 8, 2005; 111(9): 1128 - 1135. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Borbely, J. van der Velden, Z. Papp, J. G.F. Bronzwaer, I. Edes, G. J.M. Stienen, and W. J. Paulus Cardiomyocyte Stiffness in Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, February 15, 2005; 111(6): 774 - 781. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kahan and L. Bergfeldt Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: its arrhythmogenic potential Heart, February 1, 2005; 91(2): 250 - 256. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J E Toblli, G Cao, G DeRosa, and P Forcada Reduced cardiac expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and transforming growth factor {beta}1 in obese Zucker rats by perindopril Heart, January 1, 2005; 91(1): 80 - 86. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, J. L. Martinez Ubago, and J. Diez Increased Collagen Type I Synthesis in Patients With Heart Failure of Hypertensive Origin: Relation to Myocardial Fibrosis Circulation, September 7, 2004; 110(10): 1263 - 1268. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. M. Mottram, B. Haluska, R. Leano, D. Cowley, M. Stowasser, and T. H. Marwick Effect of Aldosterone Antagonism on Myocardial Dysfunction in Hypertensive Patients With Diastolic Heart Failure Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 558 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Ciulla, R. Paliotti, A. Esposito, J. Diez, B. Lopez, B. Dahlof, M. G. Nicholls, R. D. Smith, L. Gilles, F. Magrini, et al. Different Effects of Antihypertensive Therapies Based on Losartan or Atenolol on Ultrasound and Biochemical Markers of Myocardial Fibrosis: Results of a Randomized Trial Circulation, August 3, 2004; 110(5): 552 - 557. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. D. Frohlich Left ventricular hypertrophy: a "factor of risk": Mass is reversible, but is the risk? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 16, 2004; 43(12): 2216 - 2218. [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, A. Gonzalez, E. Sanchez, M. Larman, and J. Diez Effects of loop diuretics on myocardial fibrosis and collagen type I turnover in chronic heart failure J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 2, 2004; 43(11): 2028 - 2035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Peng, O. A. Carretero, D. R. Brigstock, N. Oja-Tebbe, and N.-E. Rhaleb Ac-SDKP Reverses Cardiac Fibrosis in Rats With Renovascular Hypertension Hypertension, December 1, 2003; 42(6): 1164 - 1170. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.-H. Cheng, P.-Y. Cheng, N.-L. Shih, I.-B. Chen, D. L. Wang, and J.-J. Chen Involvement of reactive oxygen species in angiotensin II-induced endothelin-1 gene expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 19, 2003; 42(10): 1845 - 1854. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Fraccarollo, P. Galuppo, S. Hildemann, M. Christ, G. Ertl, and J. Bauersachs Additive improvement of left ventricular remodeling and neurohormonal activation by aldosterone receptor blockade with eplerenone and ACE inhibition in rats with myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 5, 2003; 42(9): 1666 - 1673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Lombardi, S. Betocchi, M. A. Losi, C. G. Tocchetti, M. Aversa, M. Miranda, G. D'Alessandro, A. Cacace;, Q. Ciampi, and M. Chiariello Myocardial Collagen Turnover in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, September 23, 2003; 108(12): 1455 - 1460. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. P. Schlaich, D. M. Kaye, E. Lambert, M. Sommerville, F. Socratous, and M. D. Esler Relation Between Cardiac Sympathetic Activity and Hypertensive Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Circulation, August 5, 2003; 108(5): 560 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. E. Cingolani, O. R. Rebolledo, E. L. Portiansky, N. G. Perez, and M. C. Camilion de Hurtado Regression of Hypertensive Myocardial Fibrosis by Na+/H+ Exchange Inhibition Hypertension, February 1, 2003; 41(2): 373 - 377. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. G. F. Bronzwaer, C. Heymes, C. A. Visser, and W. J. Paulus Myocardial fibrosis blunts nitric oxide synthase-related preload reserve in human dilated cardiomyopathy Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H10 - H16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. F. Baicu, J. D. Stroud, V. A. Livesay, E. Hapke, J. Holder, F. G. Spinale, and M. R. Zile Changes in extracellular collagen matrix alter myocardial systolic performance Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2003; 284(1): H122 - H132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Grandi, D. Imperiale, R. Santillo, E. Barlocco, A. Bertolini, L. Guasti, and A. Venco Aldosterone Antagonist Improves Diastolic Function in Essential Hypertension Hypertension, November 1, 2002; 40(5): 647 - 652. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. M. Lindsay, P. Maxwell, and F. G. Dunn TIMP-1: A Marker of Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction and Fibrosis in Hypertension Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 136 - 141. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. D. Stroud, C. F. Baicu, M. A. Barnes, F. G. Spinale, and M. R. Zile Viscoelastic properties of pressure overload hypertrophied myocardium: effect of serine protease treatment Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2002; 282(6): H2324 - H2335. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Diez, R. Querejeta, B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, M. Larman, and J. L. Martinez Ubago Losartan-Dependent Regression of Myocardial Fibrosis Is Associated With Reduction of Left Ventricular Chamber Stiffness in Hypertensive Patients Circulation, May 28, 2002; 105(21): 2512 - 2517. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Shi, D. Li, J.-C. Tardif, and S. Nattel Enalapril effects on atrial remodeling and atrial fibrillation in experimental congestive heart failure Cardiovasc Res, May 1, 2002; 54(2): 456 - 461. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A Gonzalez, B Lopez, and J Diezl Myocardial fibrosis in arterial hypertension Eur. Heart J. Suppl., April 1, 2002; 4(suppl_D): D18 - D22. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. R. Zile and D. L. Brutsaert New Concepts in Diastolic Dysfunction and Diastolic Heart Failure: Part II: Causal Mechanisms and Treatment Circulation, March 26, 2002; 105(12): 1503 - 1508. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Li, K. Shinagawa, L. Pang, T. K. Leung, S. Cardin, Z. Wang, and S. Nattel Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on the Development of the Atrial Fibrillation Substrate in Dogs With Ventricular Tachypacing-Induced Congestive Heart Failure Circulation, November 20, 2001; 104(21): 2608 - 2614. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Lopez, A. Gonzalez, N. Varo, C. Laviades, R. Querejeta, and J. Diez Biochemical Assessment of Myocardial Fibrosis in Hypertensive Heart Disease Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1222 - 1226. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Zannad, B. Dousset, and F. Alla Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure: Interfering the Aldosterone-Cardiac Extracellular Matrix Relationship Hypertension, November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1227 - 1232. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.G.F. Cleland, K. Thygesen, B.F. Uretsky, P. Armstrong, J.D. Horowitz, B. Massie, M. Packer, P.A. Poole-Wilson, L. Ryden, and on behalf of the ATLAS investigators Cardiovascular critical event pathways for the progression of heart failure; a report from the ATLAS study Eur. Heart J., September 1, 2001; 22(17): 1601 - 1612. [Abstract] [PDF]
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K. T. Weber Cardioreparation in Hypertensive Heart Disease Hypertension, September 1, 2001; 38(3): 588 - 591. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Lopez, R. Querejeta, N. Varo, A. Gonzalez, M. Larman, J. L. Martinez Ubago, and J. Diez Usefulness of Serum Carboxy-Terminal Propeptide of Procollagen Type I in Assessment of the Cardioreparative Ability of Antihypertensive Treatment in Hypertensive Patients Circulation, July 17, 2001; 104(3): 286 - 291. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M.H. Yacoub A novel strategy to maximize the efficacy of left ventricular assist devices as a bridge to recovery Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2001; 22(7): 534 - 540. [PDF]
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J.-J. Boffa, Ying Lu, J.-C. Dussaule, and C. Chatziantoniou Improvements of renal lesions and function by angiotensin and endothelin receptor antagonism in nitric oxide-deficient rats Journal of Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, March 1, 2001; 2(1_suppl): S211 - S216. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D.-S. Lim, S. Lutucuta, P. Bachireddy, K. Youker, A. Evans, M. Entman, R. Roberts, and A. J. Marian Angiotensin II Blockade Reverses Myocardial Fibrosis in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Human Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Circulation, February 13, 2001; 103(6): 789 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.-J. Boffa, P.-L. Tharaux, J.-C. Dussaule, and C. Chatziantoniou Regression of Renal Vascular Fibrosis by Endothelin Receptor Antagonism Hypertension, February 1, 2001; 37(2): 490 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. T. Weber Targeting Pathological Remodeling : Concepts of Cardioprotection and Reparation Circulation, September 19, 2000; 102(12): 1342 - 1345. [Full Text] [PDF]
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