(Circulation. 2000;102:1221.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Extensive Troponin I and T Modification Detected in Serum From Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
From the Departments of Physiology (R.L., L.O., J.E.V.E.), Biochemistry (J.E.V.E.), and Pathology (C.C.), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R.L.); and the Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, State University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark (D.A.).
Correspondence to Dr Jennifer E. Van Eyk, Department of Physiology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6. E-mail JVE1{at}post.queensu.ca
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Abstract |
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Background—Cardiac troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT) are specific biochemical serum markers for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, cTnI diagnostic assays are plagued by difficulties, resulting in
20-fold differences
in measured values. These discrepancies may result from the release of
the numerous cTnI modification products that are present in
ischemic myocardium. The resolution of these
discrepancies requires an investigation of the exact forms of cTnI
present in the bloodstream of patients after myocardial
injury. Methods and Results—A western blot–direct serum analysis protocol was developed that allowed us to detect intact cTnI and a spectrum of up to 11 modified products in the serum from patients with AMI. For the first time, we document both a cTnI degradation pattern and the existence of phosphorylated cTnI in serum. The number and extent of these modifications reflect patterns similar to the time profiles of the routine clinical serum markers of total creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, and cTnI (determined by ELISA). Data from in vitro experiments, which were undertaken to study the degradation of human recombinant cTnI and cTnT when spiked in serum, indicate that some modification products present in patient serum existed in the myocardium and that recombinant cTnI alteration dramatically reduces the detectability of cTnI by the Immuno1 assay over time (our assay was unaffected).
Conclusions—This pilot study defines, for the first time, what forms of cTnI and cTnT appear in the bloodstream of AMI patients, and it clarifies the lack of standardization between different cTnI diagnostic assays.
Key Words: troponin • myocardial infarction • biological markers • diagnosis • blotting, western
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Introduction |
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It is widely accepted that the presence of cardiac troponin I or T (cTnI or cTnT) in blood serum indicates myocardial damage; thus, cTnI and cTnT are considered specific biochemical markers for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).1 2 3 Despite the widespread use of cTnI and cTnT detection as a diagnostic tool in acute coronary syndromes, problems arise from variations in the sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity of various commercially available diagnostic cTnI immunoassay kits.4 5 6 7 These differences are due to (1) the lack of mass standardization,8 9 10 (2) the presence of post-translationally modified cTnI in the serum, and (3) variations in antibody cross-reactivities to the various detectable forms of cTnI.10 11 Although cTnT is thought to be unaffected by such problems, this remains to be proven: thus far, only one manufacturer has marketed a diagnostic cTnT assay. The underlying reason for this controversy is the inability to determine reliably the exact forms and amounts of cTnI and cTnT present in blood.
On the basis of previous findings, some have proposed that only a small amount of free intact cTnI is detectable in blood, with the predominant form being a complex between cTnI and cardiac tropinin C.11 12 13 However, post-translational modifications, including selective degradation, covalent complex formation, and phosphorylation of cTnI, occur in the myocardium of ischemic-reperfused rat hearts14 15 16 and human postischemic myocardium.17 18 In fact, these modification products, and not intact cTnI, are preferentially detected in the effluent from severely ischemic rat hearts.15 In human myocardium, cTnI proteolysis is even more extensive and complex, in part because of the heterogeneity of disease states present in a given patient population.18 Similar considerations apply to cTnT, the detection of which was proposed to be equivalent or superior to cTnI as a biochemical marker for myocardial ischemia.19 Nevertheless, the significance of the necrotic release of these modified products has not been investigated, despite their possible clinical importance as a correlate to the subsequent progression of ischemic heart disease.
In this article, we report a pilot study in which we observed and characterized the progression of cTnI and cTnT modification products present in the serum of patients with AMI. This was accomplished by the development of a western blot–direct serum analysis (WB-DSA) procedure. The serum from 12 patients diagnosed with AMI was analyzed to demonstrate the capability of this method in a clinical setting.
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Methods |
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Patient Samples
Blood samples from 12 patients admitted to the Kingston General Hospital Emergency Department with chest pain and unequivocal signs of AMI (on the basis of ECG findings) were approved for use by the Human Research Ethics Board of Queen’s University. Serum sampling was performed according to routine care protocols and not by a defined study time course. This led to different intervals between successive blood samples, which gave us the opportunity to study the occurrence of biochemical markers in a "real-life" scenario. Because this was essentially a pilot study to investigate the effectiveness of our new method on human samples, no further clinical data were obtained for these patients.
Routine Biochemical Testing
Blood was collected in serum separator tubes,
centrifuged, and assayed immediately for routine biochemistry
tests. Samples were then frozen until WB-DSA. Routine testing included
total creatine kinase (CK; measured by CX7, Beckman Coulter),
its MB isoenzyme (CKMB), and cTnI (both measured by Technicon Immuno1,
Bayer Corporation). A diagnosis of AMI was confirmed if a typical time
profile was observed for CK, with at least a doubling from baseline
values. Confirmatory testing by either CKMB or cTnI was also required
on at least one sample. CKMB was considered positive if the absolute
value was >8 µg/L and the relative index (CKMBx100/CK) was >3%.
cTnI was considered positive when >0.9 µg/L.
Stability Studies for cTnI and cTnT
To determine the proteolytic susceptibility of cTnI and cTnT in
serum, full-length human recombinant cTnI (209 amino acids), human
recombinant cTnI (amino acid fragment 1 to 192), and human recombinant
cTnT (rcTnI, rcTnI1–192, and rcTnT,
respectively) were added to 3 separate serum pools at a final
concentration of 100 µg/L and incubated at 37°C for up to 48 hours.
The serum was obtained from a 28-year-old healthy male volunteer
(hereafter referred to as normal serum).
Electrophoresis and Western Blot Analysis
Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was performed under
denaturing and reducing conditions using a sample buffer containing
0.33% SDS, 0.33% CHAPS, 0.33% NP-40, 0.1 mol/L DTT, 4 mol/L urea,
and 50 mmol/L Tris-Cl (pH 6.8) in 50% glycerol. Serum was diluted
12.5x in sample buffer to prevent precipitation of serum proteins
during boiling. Diluted samples were then boiled for 10 minutes to
assure separation of the troponins from serum proteins and to break up
binary and ternary complexes. Twenty-five microliters of serum
(equivalent to 2 µL of neat serum) were then loaded on 12% gels (14
cmx14 cmx0.75 mm), which were run at 110 V for 5 hours. Gel
electrophoresis proteins were transferred onto nitrocellulose (45
Micron, Micton Separation Inc) in the presence of 10 mmol/L
CAPS (pH 11.0) for 1 hour at 100 V and 4°C. Thereafter, membranes
were blocked overnight at 4°C in 10% blocking reagent
(Boehringer Mannheim).
Western blot analysis was then performed with the following anti-cTnI antibodies (and epitopes to): monoclonal antibody 8I-7 (amino acid residues 136 to 154) or 3E3 (residues 1 to 54; donated by Spectral Diagnostics Inc, Toronto, Canada, and used at a concentration of 0.5 µg/mL); polyclonal antibody P1 (residues 1 to 26; BiosPacific; 0.5 µg/mL); monoclonal antibody 10F2 (residues 188 to 199; Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur; 0.25 µg/mL). cTnT was probed with polyclonal antibody anti-cTnT (residues 3 to 15; BiosPacific; 0.5 µg/mL), able to detect all isoforms of cTnT. Primary antibodies were detected with horseradish peroxidase–conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG or rabbit anti-goat IgG (both from Jackson Laboratories), and signals were visualized using chemiluminescence substrate (Boehringer Mannheim) and X-Omat Scientific Imaging Film (Eastman Kodak Company). All antibodies were diluted in 1% blocking reagent and incubated for 1 hour at room temperature.
Dephosphorylation of Serum
On the basis of previously published
protocols,20 21 dephosphorylation of serum
was performed as follows: 100 U of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase
(New England Biolabs) and 1.6 µL of 10x
dephosphorylation buffer (50 mmol/L Tris, 100
mmol/L NaCl, 10 mmol/L MgCl2, and 1
mmol/L DTT; pH 7.9) were added to 4 µL of serum (
100 mg/mL serum
proteins) and incubated for 30 minutes at 30°C (1 U of alkaline
phosphatase hydrolyzes/1 nmol of p-nitrophenylphosphate per minute at
30°C; pH 8.5). Reactions were terminated by adding 4 µL of 5x
sample buffer and boiling for 5 minutes. The activity of alkaline
phosphatase in serum was confirmed by its ability to
dephosphorylate 32P-labeled
myelin basic protein when added to normal serum (data not shown).
Data Analysis
Because this was a pilot study designed to address qualitative
rather than quantitative alterations of the troponin molecules, no
formal statistical analysis of these results was performed.
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Results |
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In Figure 1
, we present the
western blots for 5 representative AMI patients. In
addition to intact cTnI, as many as 8 truncated degradation
products and 3 products of higher molecular weight were
observed. The number and extent of cTnI modifications in each patient
changed over time after the infarction. This profile of the visually
detectable cTnI modification products (and their intensity, as
indicated by WB-DSA) corresponded with the time profiles of serum CK,
CKMB, and cTnI, as determined by CX7 and Immuno1.
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Western blot analysis of serum samples from patient 1, using an
anti-cTnT polyclonal antibody, showed massive degradation of intact
cTnT to a single truncated product with a molecular weight of 26
kDa (Figure 1a
). In addition, 2 further products appeared in
the final sample. Like cTnI, the amount of cTnT detectable in
patients’ serum changed over time after an AMI. This profile also
corresponded to the time profiles of serum CK, CKMB, and cTnI. It is
interesting to note that for this particular patient, cTnI was detected
before cTnT.
Dephosphorylation of serum verified that some of the
cTnI (intact and modified products) found in patients’ serum was
phosphorylated. Although some antibodies (Figures 2b through 2d) seemed to change their
immunoreactivity toward cTnI due to the
dephosphorylation of serum, others (Figure 2a)
were not affected. Phosphorylated cTnI has not been
shown previously in the serum of patients with AMI. Serum from an AMI
patient incubated in dephosphorylation buffer in the
absence of alkaline phosphatase served as a negative control for the
dephosphorylation experiment and showed no difference
in the cTnI pattern when compared with native conditions (data not
shown).
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The cTnI fragments all arose from C-terminal truncations, as shown by
the lack of immunoreactivity to the C-terminal anti-cTnI antibody 10F2
(Figure 2d). In addition, it was clear that degradation
products below a molecular weight of 22 kDa resulted from both N-
and C-terminal truncations, as evidenced by the lack of interaction
with the N-terminal anti-cTnI antibody P1 (Figure 2a).
The determination of whether the protein modifications detected
in the serum occurred before or after release from the
myocardium was addressed by adding human rcTnI,
rcTnI1–192, or rcTnT to normal serum, followed
by incubation at 37°C for up to 48 hours (Figure 3). The Immuno1 results demonstrated a
dramatic decline in detectable cTnI for both the intact form and the 1
to 192 fragment (Figure 3). When using WB-DSA, rcTnI underwent
degradation within 30 minutes in serum, forming a fragment that
migrated in a gel to the same position as
rcTnI1–192 (Figure 3). No additional
cleavage products were detected, and we observed no further
substantial degradation and reduction of total rcTnI after 2 hours that
could explain the dramatic decline in detectable cTnI by Immuno1. These
data are supported by control experiments in which a 5-fold excess of
spiked rcTnI, relative to the amount resolved in Figure 3, showed the same discrete proteolysis (data not shown).
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Degradation of rcTnI1–192 (Figure 3)
occurred to a lesser extent than that observed for rcTnI and, again, no
reduction of total protein was detected over a period of 48 hours. In
contrast, human rcTnT did not degrade in normal serum (data not shown).
We noted that freeze/thawing of both normal serum containing rcTnI and
rcTnT and patients’ serum did not change the pattern of protein
degradation detectable by WB-DSA.
All western blots used for this study were repeated, and samples of the
serum time courses from patients 1 and 5 (see Figure 1) were
frequently used as positive controls. We have not yet determined any
change in the cTnI patterns of these samples.
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Discussion |
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The full diagnostic potential of cTnI is currently impeded by discrepancies between commercially available detection kits.8 22 23 We report a WB-DSA procedure that, for the first time, directly detects the cTnI and cTnT in the serum from patients with diagnosed AMI. Our procedure has overcome the main problems limiting the application of SDS-PAGE to serum. The large quantities of albumin and IgG hamper migration within the gel and overwhelm the small amount of cTnI and cTnT that are commonly present in serum after AMI, which limits the sample volume that can be applied to a polyacrylamide gel. By modifying our sample preparation, we could optimize the method so that only 2 µL of serum was required for the reliable detection of cTnI and cTnT. Our small volume requirements also circumvent another problem. Manipulating the serum to concentrate or to isolate the cardiac troponins11 13 to enable further analysis increases the inherent risk of missing some forms of the proteins; this problem is not encountered with our protocol.
The continuum of changing cTnI profiles observed in AMI patients contains specific modification products that are not identified by an investigation of rcTnI proteolytic susceptibility in normal human serum. Obvious discrepancies include the absence of any higher molecular weight products and degradation products <22 kDa. This finding is in contrast to those of Morjana,13 who showed extensive degradation of spiked rcTnI; this discrepancy is most likely due to differences in methodology, including the 30-fold higher concentration of spiked rcTnI used by Morjana13 (3.2 mg/L compared with 0.1 mg/L in our protocol).
Although rcTnT shows no proteolytic susceptibility in normal serum, AMI
patients possess only a small amount of intact cTnT, but 1 major and 2
minor degradation products of cTnT. Therefore, it is likely that
these forms of cTnI and cTnT, which are found only in AMI patients, are
generated in the diseased myocardium itself and then
subsequently released into serum. Indeed, some modifications of cTnI
observed here are reminiscent of those seen in the
myocardium of animal models and bypass
patients.15 16 18 In a recent study, it was reported that
in the myocardium of bypass patients, the presence of
specific cTnI degradation products correlated with the extent of
myocardial injury.18 Similarly, the patterns of cTnI
degradation products present in our patients’ serum seem to
correspond with the severity of the AMI, as assessed by routine
biochemical markers (ie, CK, CKMB, and cTnI; Figure 1).
Although rcTnI remains relatively stable in serum, as demonstrated by
WB-DSA, it was interesting to note that an analysis by Immuno1
measured a dramatic decrease of rcTnI over a period of 48 hours (Figure
3). The onset of rcTnI degradation within 30 minutes may
mitigate detection by Immuno1, yet the continuous decline in serum cTnI
concentration, as determined by the Immuno1 assay, is not attributable
to further general proteolysis of rcTnI. We hypothesize that some
as-yet-unidentified modification (other than degradation) is
responsible for altering the immunogenicity of rcTnI in the serum,
which influences its detectability by the Immuno1 assay. Thus, the
accuracy of this diagnostic assay decreases with time after
the onset of the ischemic event. This increases the risk of
false-negative diagnosis in patients with minor myocardial damage and
late admittance to the emergency department.
The reason for this change in accuracy may lie in the inability of the antibodies used in the diagnostic assay to detect the present forms of modified troponin, rather than to the actual serum concentration of cTnI. If so, we should lower the detection level, which would increase the sensitivity of the diagnostic assays. This change should be achievable by optimizing the antibody combination to detect all of the various forms of cTnI. This concept is supported by data from the WB-DSA performed on the serum of patients undergoing bypass surgery, in which cTnI was found in samples diagnosed as negative by Immuno1 (unpublished data).
By comparing the data from the WB-DSAs of patients’ time courses
with results from patient serum probed with antibodies raised against
different epitopes of cTnI (compare Figures 1 and 2), we
confirmed previous findings that the cTnI found in patients’ serum
after an AMI is indeed both C- and N-terminal
clipped.10 13 24 The C-terminal cleavage occurs as the
first of numerous proteolytic steps, leading to up to 8 degraded
products found in serum after AMI. Therefore, we support the
suggestion by Katrukha et al24 to avoid the use of
antibodies against extreme C- or N-terminal epitopes of cTnI for the
diagnosis of AMI. This leads to the conclusion that the total amount of
detectable troponin is related to the antibody used and underlines the
importance of antibody selection for a diagnostic assay.
Herein lies the difficulty with the standardization of cTnI assays.
Whether the same holds true for cTnT cannot be verified, because only
one manufacturer currently offers commercially available assays.
Because this manufacturer has already released modified versions of
these assays to overcome problems with false-positives, it is likely
that, with other manufacturers marketing cTnT assays using different
antibodies, variations in the performance of these tests
(similar to those seen with cTnI) will occur.
This pilot study was designed to address qualitative rather than
quantitative alterations of the troponin molecules and to demonstrate
the capability of our new procedure to detect even these alterations in
a clinical setting. Indeed, a thorough inspection of Figure 1
reveals unequivocal changes in the visually detectable modifications of
the troponins during the time course after AMI. In fact, these changes
correspond with the rising and declining patterns in the time profiles
of serum CK, CKMB, and cTnI. Obviously, because of different methods of
signal detection, a direct comparison of the intensity of bands
appearing on western blots with the numeric concentration values
obtained by ELISA would be inappropriate and misleading; this was not a
part of the scientific design.
In conclusion, this pilot study using our WB-DSA procedure defines, for the first time, the exact forms of cTnI and cTnT that appear in the blood stream of patients after acute myocardial injury. We demonstrated that the cTnI and cTnT found in patients’ serum after an AMI shows modifications that reflect primary damage occurring intramyocardially, as well as changes arising after the release of troponin into the bloodstream. The number and extent of cTnI and cTnT modifications in each patient change throughout the time course after the infarct, and the continuous change of their visually detectable amounts corresponds with the time profiles of serum CK, CKMB, and cTnI (as determined by CX7 and Immuno1). Some modification of cTnI (other than degradation), occurring after its release from the myocardium, alters its detectability by Immuno1.
The following question arises: Does the appearance of a certain troponin modification product or a distinct pattern of products over time correlate with a distinct cardiovascular condition, a specific time point after the onset of an AMI or, possibly, the severity of an infarct or even reinfarction? These issues must be addressed in larger clinical studies.
Our findings should help direct the future design of new immunological diagnostic tools using the variety of forms of troponin in a patient’s blood to detect myocardial damage and to provide more information about the condition of the diseased myocardium, which would reflect its viability. Ultimately, this tool may have therapeutic implications and lead to a more differentiated risk stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes.
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Acknowledgments |
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This research was supported by grants from the Medical Research Council of Canada (MT-14375; to J.E.V.E.), the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada (T-3759; to J.E.V.E.), the National Institutes of Health (to J.E.V.E.), and the Swiss National Science Foundation (32–49126.96; to D.A.). Dr. Van Eyk is a scholar of the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. The authors thank D. Brian Foster for generously providing the recombinant proteins used for this study. They also thank D. Kent Arrell, Jason L. McDonough, and Dr Irina Neverova for their advice and assistance with the writing of the manuscript.
Received July 6, 2000; accepted July 27, 2000.
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D. M. Bunk and M. J. Welch Characterization of a New Certified Reference Material for Human Cardiac Troponin I Clin. Chem., February 1, 2006; 52(2): 212 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Panteghini Standardization of Cardiac Troponin I Measurements: The Way Forward? Clin. Chem., September 1, 2005; 51(9): 1594 - 1597. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Simpson, R. Labugger, C. Collier, R. J. Brison, S. Iscoe, and J. E. Van Eyk Fast and Slow Skeletal Troponin I in Serum from Patients with Various Skeletal Muscle Disorders: A Pilot Study Clin. Chem., June 1, 2005; 51(6): 966 - 972. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Eriksson, T. Ilva, C. Becker, J. Lund, P. Porela, K. Pulkki, L.-M. Voipio-Pulkki, and K. Pettersson Comparison of Cardiac Troponin I Immunoassays Variably Affected by Circulating Autoantibodies Clin. Chem., May 1, 2005; 51(5): 848 - 855. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Eriksson, H. Halenius, K. Pulkki, J. Hellman, and K. Pettersson Negative Interference in Cardiac Troponin I Immunoassays by Circulating Troponin Autoantibodies Clin. Chem., May 1, 2005; 51(5): 839 - 847. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. A Colantonio, J. E Van Eyk, and K. Przyklenk Stunned peri-infarct canine myocardium is characterized by degradation of troponin T, not troponin I Cardiovasc Res, August 1, 2004; 63(2): 217 - 225. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. G. Soergel, D. Georgakopoulos, L. B. Stull, D. A. Kass, and A. M. Murphy Augmented systolic response to the calcium sensitizer EMD-57033 in a transgenic model with troponin I truncation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2004; 286(5): H1785 - H1792. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. A. Simpson, J. Van Eyk, and S. Iscoe Respiratory muscle injury, fatigue and serum skeletal troponin I in rat J. Physiol., February 1, 2004; 554(3): 891 - 903. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. H.C. Diris, C. M. Hackeng, J. P. Kooman, Y. M. Pinto, W. T. Hermens, and M. P. van Dieijen-Visser Impaired Renal Clearance Explains Elevated Troponin T Fragments in Hemodialysis Patients Circulation, January 6, 2004; 109(1): 23 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Eriksson, M. Junikka, P. Laitinen, K. Majamaa-Voltti, H. Alfthan, and K. Pettersson Negative Interference in Cardiac Troponin I Immunoassays from a Frequently Occurring Serum and Plasma Component Clin. Chem., July 1, 2003; 49(7): 1095 - 1104. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. Labugger, J. A. Simpson, M. Quick, H. A. Brown, C. E. Collier, I. Neverova, and J. E. Van Eyk Strategy for Analysis of Cardiac Troponins in Biological Samples with a Combination of Affinity Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Clin. Chem., June 1, 2003; 49(6): 873 - 879. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. Venge, N. Johnston, B. Lagerqvist, L. Wallentin, and B. Lindahl Clinical and Analytical Performance of the Liaison Cardiac Troponin I Assay in Unstable Coronary Artery Disease, and the Impact of Age on the Definition of Reference Limits. A FRISC-II Substudy Clin. Chem., June 1, 2003; 49(6): 880 - 886. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. J. Freda, W. H. W. Tang, F. Van Lente, W. F. Peacock, and G. S. Francis Cardiac troponins in renal insufficiency: Review and clinical implications J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 18, 2002; 40(12): 2065 - 2071. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. Bertrand, M. L. Simoons, K. A.A. Fox, L. C. Wallentin, C. W. Hamm, E. McFadden, P. J. De Feyter, G. Specchia, and W. Ruzyllo Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2002; 23(23): 1809 - 1840. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. van der Laarse Hypothesis: troponin degradation is one of the factors responsible for deterioration of left ventricular function in heart failure Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2002; 56(1): 8 - 14. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Simpson, R. Labugger, G. G. Hesketh, C. D'Arsigny, D. O'Donnell, N. Matsumoto, C. P. Collier, S. Iscoe, and J. E. Van Eyk Differential Detection of Skeletal Troponin I Isoforms in Serum of a Patient with Rhabdomyolysis: Markers of Muscle Injury? Clin. Chem., July 1, 2002; 48(7): 1112 - 1114. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Panteghini Performance of Today's Cardiac Troponin Assays and Tomorrow's Clin. Chem., June 1, 2002; 48(6): 809 - 810. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Uettwiller-Geiger, A. H.B. Wu, F. S. Apple, A. W. Jevans, P. Venge, M. D. Olson, C. Darte, D. L. Woodrum, S. Roberts, and S. Chan Multicenter Evaluation of an Automated Assay for Troponin I Clin. Chem., June 1, 2002; 48(6): 869 - 876. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Plebani, M. Mion, S. Altinier, M. A. Girotto, G. Baldo, and M. Zaninotto False-Positive Troponin I Attributed to a Macrocomplex Clin. Chem., April 1, 2002; 48(4): 677 - 679. [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. McCord, R. M. Nowak, P. A. McCullough, C. Foreback, S. Borzak, G. Tokarski, M. C. Tomlanovich, G. Jacobsen, and W. D. Weaver Ninety-Minute Exclusion of Acute Myocardial Infarction By Use of Quantitative Point-of-Care Testing of Myoglobin and Troponin I Circulation, September 25, 2001; 104(13): 1483 - 1488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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