(Circulation. 2000;101:751.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Early Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, Platelet Inhibition With Eptifibatide, and Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes
From the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex (N.S.K.); Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (A.M.L., E.J.T.); University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo (G.C.F.); Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC (K.S.P., L.G.B., R.M.C., R.A.H.); Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK (R.G.W.); COR Therapeutics, South San Francisco, Calif (T.J.L.); Onassis Cardiac Surgery, Athens, Greece (D.V.C.); and University Hospital, Rotterdam, Netherlands (M.L.S., E.B.).
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Abstract |
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Background—Platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists prevent the composite end point of death or myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with acute coronary syndromes. There is uncertainty about whether this effect is confined to patients who have percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) and whether PCIs further prevent death or MI in patients already treated with GP IIb/IIIa antagonists.
Methods and Results—PURSUIT patients were treated with the GP IIb/IIIa antagonist eptifibatide or placebo; PCIs were performed according to physician practices. In 2253 of 9641 patients (23.4%), PCI was performed by 30 days. Early (<72 hours) PCI was performed in 1228 (12.7%). In 34 placebo patients (5.5%) and 10 treated with eptifibatide (1.7%) (P=0.001), MI preceded early PCI. In patients censored for PCI across the 30-day period, there was a significant reduction in the primary composite end point in eptifibatide patients (P=0.035). Eptifibatide reduced 30-day events in patients who had early PCI (11.6% versus 16.7%, P=0.01) and in patients who did not (14.6% versus 15.6%, P=0.23). After adjustment for PCI propensity, there was no evidence that eptifibatide treatment effect differed between patients with or without early PCI (P for interaction=0.634). PCI was not associated with a reduction of the primary composite end point but was associated with a reduced (nonspecified) composite of death or Q-wave MI. This association disappeared after adjustment for propensity for early PCI.
Conclusions—Eptifibatide reduced the composite rates of death or MI in PCI patients and those managed conservatively.
Key Words: platelets • coronary disease • eptifibatide
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Introduction |
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Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are characterized by obstructed coronary flow, platelet aggregation, and often by subsequent thrombosis at the site of disrupted atherosclerotic plaque. Management has consisted largely of attempts to modulate coagulation with aspirin and heparin,1 2 3 and more recently, by suppressing platelet aggregation with glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa antagonists.4 5 6 Another approach includes early revascularization of a culprit coronary artery to reduce underlying stenosis and lower the likelihood and sequelae of subsequent occlusion. However, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in this setting may increase the risk of vascular thrombosis and myocardial infarction (MI) compared with elective intervention.7 8 In 1 randomized trial, early aggressive PCI in patients with ACS did not reduce the incidence of death or MI in the first year9 ; another study suggested that early PCI in patients with recent myocardial necrosis may actually increase MI and mortality.10
Antagonists of GP IIb/IIIa given during and after PCI can reduce the likelihood of periprocedural MI 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 15 and long-term mortality.16 Thus, it is appealing to treat ACS patients with a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist as part of a strategy that includes aggressive early intervention (during GP IIb/IIIa inhibition). We reviewed a large trial of the GP IIb/IIIa antagonist eptifibatide (Integrilin) in ACS patients to determine the effects in those who had PCI and in those who were managed conservatively and whether early PCI as part of a strategy that included GP IIb/IIIa antagonism could reduce the risk of death or MI compared with delayed management.
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Methods |
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In the PURSUIT4 trial, patients presented with
24 hours of ischemic chest discomfort and had either
ST-segment or T-wave deviation or elevation of the creatine kinase MB
fraction without sustained (>30 minutes) ST elevation. Patients were
randomized to either placebo or intravenous eptifibatide as
a 180-µg/kg bolus followed by a 1.3- or 2-µg ·
kg-1 · min-1
infusion for a maximum of 72 hours. After review of the first 2000
patients by the data and safety monitoring board, the lower infusion
rate was stopped, in accord with the study protocol. In patients who
had PCI during the first 72 hours (early PCI), study drug infusion was
to continue through the intervention and a minimum of 24 hours
afterward to 96 hours maximum. All other treatment decisions, including
angiography and PCI, were left to the treating physician. When PCI was
planned, investigators were encouraged (but not required) to perform it
within 72 hours of randomization. The present analysis is
restricted to patients treated with the higher dose versus
placebo. The primary end point was the composite of death or MI within 30 days. Death or MI among patients who had PCI within the first 72 hours was a secondary end point, because the timing would capture those who had intervention while taking the study drug. The hospital and study records of patients suspected of having new MIs were reviewed and classified by a blinded adjudication committee.4 Investigators were also asked to report whether the patient had had an MI.
Statistical Methods
Modeling Techniques
Statistical comparisons of the rates of death or MI for
interventional subgroups were made by logistic regression modeling.
To estimate the difference in 30-day outcomes for the treatment arms during the period when patients were managed medically only, we did a censored analysis using Cox regression survival modeling. For each patient, we calculated the time until death, MI, or last follow-up (within 30 days). For those who had PCI, follow-up was censored at intervention; thus, survival information only during the period of purely medical treatment was used.
We estimated the relation between early (72 hours) PCI and event-free
survival with Cox regression modeling techniques using time-dependent
covariates. Although these techniques do not prove causality, we have
referred to association with a reduced event rate as "protective"
and association with an increased event rate as "detrimental." We
also made models for the main effect of randomized treatment and the
main effect and interaction terms of randomized treatment with PCI.
Adjustment for Selection Bias
We developed a propensity score for the likelihood of
PCI17 18 19 by identifying baseline factors to predict PCI.
The PCI probability was determined for each patient by use of a
logistic model. The time-dependent models were applied again with the
inclusion of the propensity score, which allowed us to estimate the
association of PCI or eptifibatide with clinical outcomes and the
interaction of the 2 after adjustment for PCI selection bias.
We also used a second approach to adjust for PCI selection bias. The proportion of patients who had early PCI ("PCI use") was calculated for each center. We then calculated the rates and odds ratios for death or MI within each tertile of PCI use for all patients in the 2 treatment arms. Because eptifibatide treatment was randomly allocated within each center, we could estimate the treatment effect for sites likely to use early PCI versus those unlikely to.
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Results |
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Patients Who Had PCI
Of 9641 patients in the 2 primary arms of PURSUIT, 5937 (62%) had coronary angiography; angiographic data are available in 5546 (58%). Single-vessel disease was present in 1615 (29%), 2-vessel disease in 1445 (26%), 3-vessel or left main disease in 1764 (32%), and minimal or no coronary artery disease in 722 (13%). The median time from enrollment to index PCI was 67 hours (25th, 75th percentiles: 23, 138 hours) (Figure 1
).
PCI was within 72 hours in 1228 patients (12.7%) and by 30 days in
2253 (24%). Compared with patients who did not have early PCI,
patients in the early PCI group were younger, heavier, taller, and more
likely to be smokers but less likely to be female or to have ST-segment
depression, rales, or previous infarction (Table 1).
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In eptifibatide patients, 282 PCIs (26%) were urgent, compared with 328 (28%) in placebo patients (P=0.25). Intracoronary stents were placed in 51% of PCIs in eptifibatide patients and 50% of PCIs in placebo patients (P=0.81).
Across the 30 days when patients were censored for PCI, there was a
significant reduction in the primary composite end point in
eptifibatide patients (P=0.035, Table 2). The reduction approached significance
when patients who had PCI or bypass surgery (CABG) were censored
(P=0.058).
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Propensity to Perform PCI
The propensity score was highly predictive of the likelihood of
PCI (
2=837) (Figure 2). Younger patients with less
comorbidity and patients in North America were more likely to have PCI.
The propensity score includes an interaction between sex and treatment.
PCI use was not different for men and women assigned to eptifibatide.
However, among placebo patients, men were more likely to undergo PCI
(OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.09–1.59).
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Patients Who Had Early PCI
Among the 1228 early PCI patients, 1105 (91%) were taking the
study drug at the time of the intervention. Study drug was continued a
median of 26 hours after initiation of PCI. Abciximab was used in 116
(9.5%) of the patients who had early PCI: 40 (34%) were assigned to
eptifibatide and 76 (66%) to placebo. Of 622 placebo-treated patients
who had early PCI, 156 (25%) had recurrent ischemia and 34
(5%) suffered an MI before the procedure, compared with 112 (18%) and
10 (1.7%), respectively, of 606 eptifibatide patients.
Kaplan-Meier survival estimates for patients who had early PCI are
shown in Figure 3 and Table 3. Eptifibatide-treated patients who had
early PCI experienced a significant (P<0.01) decrease in
events during 30-day follow-up. Among patients randomized to placebo,
the rates of death or MI were higher in patients who had early PCI than
in those managed conservatively or by a delayed invasive strategy. In
eptifibatide-treated patients, these rates were similar regardless of
the strategy chosen, indicating that eptifibatide blunted the early
hazard associated with PCI. Eptifibatide reduced the composite of death
or MI before and after early PCI (Figure 4). This reduction was present when
the analysis was restricted to events after PCI in patients who
received intracoronary stents (Table 4).
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Eptifibatide Effect in Early PCI Versus Delayed Invasive or
Conservative Strategy
In PURSUIT, the PCI use analysis showed that the
eptifibatide effect was greatest in the tertiles of centers with the
highest likelihood of early PCI
(Table 5). Unadjusted event rates showed a
greater effect for eptifibatide in early PCI patients than in those
treated conservatively or with a delayed invasive strategy (51 versus
11 events prevented/1000 patients treated). However, after adjustment
for differing clinical characteristics using the propensity score, this
difference disappeared (20 versus 18 events prevented/1000 patients
treated, P for interaction=0.634).
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Early PCI and Clinical Outcome
Table 6 shows time-dependent
covariate analyses for the associations between PCI and the
30-day composite of death or MI. Early PCI had little relation to the
likelihood of death or MI (hazard ratio 0.889, P=0.205)
either before or after statistical adjustment. Similar results were
seen for the end point of death or investigator-determined MI. However,
early PCI was associated with a lower composite rate of death or Q-wave
MI (hazard ratio=0.493, P<0.001; Figure 5).
After adjustment for treatment and
propensity, the association with early PCI remained but was of
borderline significance (hazard ratio=0.669, P=0.044). For
each of the 3 end points, the eptifibatide benefit was still
significant after adjustment for the propensity score and PCI use. The
hazard ratio for death or MI was 0.75 (P=0.008), for death
or Q-wave infarction 0.782 (P=0.031), and for death or
investigator-determined infarction 0.77 (P<0.001). The
interaction between PCI and randomized eptifibatide treatment was also
sampled after each statistical adjustment and did not reach
significance, indicating that the effect of eptifibatide was not
limited to either group.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Management of patients with ACS is evolving as revascularization and antiplatelet strategies are applied more aggressively. Many observers view the strategies as competitive, given the ability of many hospitals to perform revascularization rapidly in patients presenting with ACS. This study indicates that the strategies are more likely complementary. Eptifibatide reduced the number of deaths and MIs before and after PCI in stented and nonstented patients and in the large number of patients who did not undergo a PCI.
Eptifibatide in Patients Managed Invasively
Although eptifibatide reduced the overall rates of death or MI in
patients managed aggressively or conservatively, the reduction appeared
to be greater in patients who had early PCI. When events preceding PCI
were excluded, there was a 31% relative reduction in events at 30 days
in patients who underwent PCI within 72 hours; the reduction was 6% in
patients who had not had PCI during this period. A similar effect was
seen when centers were grouped according to their propensity to perform
PCI within the first 72 hours (use analysis). Conversely,
baseline patient characteristics were quite different between the
management groups, and correction of the event rates using the
propensity score indicated that the adjusted benefit of eptifibatide
did not differ between patients who did or did not have early PCI.
Unfortunately, no methods resolve these discrepancies precisely. Although treatment with eptifibatide or placebo was randomly assigned, PCI is inevitably determined by both preexisting patient characteristics (involving demographics, coronary anatomy, and physician biases) and postrandomization clinical events. We and others have observed that in patients with unstable syndromes, the characteristics differ in those who had or did not have PCI.20 21 22 Attempts to provide clinically meaningful approaches to this issue require adjustment for the characteristics that affect an individual patient’s propensity to undergo PCI. The propensity score has been validated as a useful instrument to test therapies not randomly assigned.23 Adjustment according to the propensity score indicated no difference in the effects of eptifibatide between patients who had PCI and those managed medically. Thus, selecting ACS patients for PCI may also select a group likely to benefit from a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist.
Effect of PCI on Outcome
The concept of early PCI in ACS patients is theoretically
attractive for many reasons, including the hope that increasing the
vascular luminal diameter may prevent subsequent ischemia and
infarctions. However, before the era of GP IIb/IIIa antagonism and
aggressive PCI with stent placement, 2 randomized
trials9 10 and a recent registry study24
failed to confirm this. Other trials indicate that an
intravenous GP IIb/IIIa antagonist is
beneficial during PCI. Very recently, the FRISC-2 investigators showed
a reduction in death or MI in patients assigned to early
revascularization; how this balance would be
affected by early treatment with a GP IIb/IIIa antagonist
is not known.25
The association of PCI with an early increase in the rate of enzymatically detected MI11 24 may obscure conclusions about the ultimate benefit of PCIs. Using Kaplan-Meier estimates of event rates, we saw that the composite of death or MI at 30 days was more common among patients who had PCI. However, the analysis also suggested that early PCI may be associated with a reduction in a composite of death or Q-wave infarction. Although not drawn from a randomized cohort, the data raise the possibility that PCI is associated with an early hazard and with a reduction in later, more significant events. Interestingly, this hazard was present primarily in placebo patients and was blunted by eptifibatide.
Limitations
Selection bias is the major study limitation. Although
patients were randomized to placebo or eptifibatide, selection for PCI
was an operator-dependent decision, often based on events after
randomization. In addition, the decision for early PCI is likely to
accompany a variety of other practice patterns, which may confound the
outcomes of GP IIb/IIIa antagonist treatment. Thus, seeing
these findings as hypothesis-generating is important. The use
analysis partly circumvented these problems by comparing
treatments in each tertile according to the likelihood of PCI at a
given center, although other medical practices may also vary between
centers in different tertiles. Factorial randomization between
eptifibatide and placebo and between early invasive and conservative
management would have provided a clearer answer to the interaction
between the treatment modes. However, such a design would help assess
the interaction between GP IIb/IIIa inhibition and a
revascularization strategy rather than a particular
procedure (such as PCI), because the latter depends primarily on
anatomic substrates rather than randomized treatment assignment.
Limitations include the difficulty in diagnosing periprocedural MI in patients who have early PCI while cardiac enzymes from enrollment are still elevated. The 24-hour infusion required after PCI may result in a further advantage for eptifibatide treatment. Finally, this analysis does not account for CABG, although the censored survival analysis suggests a reduction in events preceding bypass similar to that seen preceding PCI.
Clinical Implications
Our findings offer important insights into the interaction between
PCI and GP IIb/IIIa antagonism in ACS patients. In many centers, such
patients undergo early angiography and anatomically directed PCI to
reduce the degree of narrowing associated with a culprit lesion. Our
findings suggest that the 2 approaches are not competitive and may, in
fact, be complementary, because eptifibatide treatment prevented events
both before and after PCI. Therefore, even in the patient being
considered for early PCI, very early treatment with a GP IIb/IIIa
antagonist most likely forms a useful part of a larger
comprehensive strategy.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported in part by a grant from COR Therapeutics, Inc, South San Francisco, Calif, and Key Schering Plough, Inc, Kenilworth, NJ. The authors are grateful to John Daniel, A.J. Mayhew, and Susan Nichols for assistance in preparing the manuscript.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to Neal S. Kleiman, MD, 6565 Fannin, MS F-1090, Houston, TX 77030.
Guest Editor for this article was David P. Faxon, MD, USC School of Medicine, Los Angeles, Calif.
Dr Lorenz is an employee of Cor Therapeutics, Inc, the manufacturer of Integrilin, the form of eptifibatide used in this study.
Received March 9, 1999; revision received September 9, 1999; accepted September 23, 1999.
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W. B. Batchelor, T. R. Tolleson, Y. Huang, R. L. Larsen, R. M. Mantell, P. Dillard, M. Davidian, D. Zhang, W. J. Cantor, M. H. Sketch Jr, et al. Randomized COMparison of Platelet Inhibition With Abciximab, TiRofiban and Eptifibatide During Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndromes: The COMPARE Trial Circulation, September 17, 2002; 106(12): 1470 - 1476. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E.M. Antman 'I can see clearly now': a new view on the use of IV GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2002; 23(18): 1408 - 1411. [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. N. Khot and S. E. Nissen Is CURE a cure for acute coronary syndromes? Statistical versus clinical significance J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 17, 2002; 40(2): 218 - 219. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W.-C. Chang, R.A. Harrington, M.L. Simoons, R.M. Califf, A.M. Lincoff, and P.W. Armstrong Does eptifibatide confer a greater benefit to patients with unstable angina than with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction?. Insights from the PURSUIT Trial Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2002; 23(14): 1102 - 1111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Ronner, E. Boersma, G.-J. Laarman, G. A. Somsen, R. A. Harrington, J. W. Deckers, E. J. Topol, R. M. Califf, and M. L. Simoons Early angioplasty in acute coronary syndromes without persistent st-segment elevation improves outcome but increases the need for six-month repeat revascularization: An analysis of the pursuit trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 19, 2002; 39(12): 1924 - 1929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Labinaz, R. Kilaru, K. Pieper, S. P. Marso, M. M. Kitt, M. L. Simoons, R. M. Califf, E. J. Topol, P. W. Armstrong, and R. A. Harrington Outcomes of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes and Prior Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Results From the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) Trial Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 322 - 327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S.R Mehta, J.W Eikelboom, H.-J Rupprecht, B.S Lewis, M.K Natarajan, C Yi, J Pogue, and S Yusuf Efficacy of hirudin in reducing cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention Eur. Heart J., January 2, 2002; 23(2): 117 - 123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. E. Tardiff, L. K. Jennings, R. A. Harrington, D. Gretler, R. F. Potthoff, D. A. Vorchheimer, P. R. Eisenberg, A. M. Lincoff, M. Labinaz, D. M. Joseph, et al. Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Eptifibatide in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes: Prospective Analysis From PURSUIT Circulation, July 24, 2001; 104(4): 399 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Chew and D. J. Moliterno A critical appraisal of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., December 1, 2000; 36(7): 2028 - 2035. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. M. Lincoff, R. A. Harrington, R. M. Califf, J. S. Hochman, A. D. Guerci, E. M. Ohman, C. J. Pepine, S. L. Kopecky, N. S. Kleiman, C. M. Pacchiana, et al. Management of Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes in the United States by Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibition : Insights From the Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy (PURSUIT) Trial Circulation, September 5, 2000; 102(10): 1093 - 1100. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. Boersma, K. S. Pieper, E. W. Steyerberg, R. G. Wilcox, W.-C. Chang, K. L. Lee, K. M. Akkerhuis, R. A. Harrington, J. W. Deckers, P. W. Armstrong, et al. Predictors of Outcome in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndromes Without Persistent ST-Segment Elevation : Results From an International Trial of 9461 Patients Circulation, June 6, 2000; 101(22): 2557 - 2567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R.A. Harrington and M.L. Simoons What have we learned from the recent large trials in acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation? Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2000; 21(9): 702 - 704. [PDF]
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 Early Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Non-ST Elevation AMI Journal Watch Emergency Medicine, May 1, 2000; 2000(501): 11 - 11. [Full Text]
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