(Circulation. 2000;101:676.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Regulation of Endothelial Constitutive Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells and In Vivo
A Specific Vascular Action of Insulin
From the Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
Correspondence to George L. King, MD, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215. E-mail kingg{at}joslab.harvard.edu
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Abstract |
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Background—The vasodilatory effect of insulin can be acute or increase with time from 1 to 7 hours, suggesting that insulin may enhance the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells. The objective of the present study was to characterize the extent and signaling pathways by which insulin regulates the expression of eNOS in endothelial cells and vascular tissues.
Methods and Results—Physiological concentrations of insulin (10-10 to 10-7 mmol/L) increased the levels of eNOS mRNA, protein, and activity by 2-fold after 2 to 8 hours of incubation in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Insulin enhanced eNOS gene expression in microvessels isolated from Zucker lean rats but not from insulin-resistant Zucker fatty rats. Inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) decreased the effect of insulin on eNOS gene expression, but a general protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, GF109203X or PKCß isoform inhibitor, LY333531 enhanced eNOS expression. In contrast, PKC activators inhibited both the activation by insulin of PI-3 kinase and eNOS mRNA levels. Overexpression of PKCß isoform in endothelial cells inhibited the stimulation by insulin of eNOS expression and PI-3 kinase activities in parallel.
Conclusions—Insulin can regulate the expression of eNOS gene, mediated by the activation of PI-3 kinase, in endothelial cells and microvessels. Thus, insulin may chronically modulate vascular tone. The activation of PKC in the vascular tissues as in insulin resistance and diabetes may inhibit PI-3 kinase activity and eNOS expression and may lead to endothelial dysfunctions in these pathological states.
Key Words: insulin • nitric oxide • RNA • endothelium • cells • diabetes mellitus • proteins
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Introduction |
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Insulin has multiple physiological effects on the vascular tissues such as vasodilation,1 2 3 4 which may be endothelial cell dependent and can be inhibited by inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS).2 3 4 5 6 Zeng and Quon7 suggested that insulin can increase the production of NO in cultured endothelial cells within a few minutes, indicating an activation of NOS via the insulin receptors. However, the vasodilatory effect of insulin in vivo may have both acute and prolonged actions; Utriainen et al6 and other researchers2 3 4 5 showed that the effect of insulin on forearm blood flow continued to increase even after 6 to 7 hours of infusion. In addition, the concentrations of insulin required to rapidly activate NOS in cultured endothelial cells were much higher than physiological levels.7 These results suggest that insulin could also be increasing the production of NO in vivo by inducing both the expression and the activation of NOS in the endothelial cells.
We investigated the possibility that one mechanism of the vasodilatory effect of insulin is to increase the expression of endothelial NOS (eNOS) in endothelial cells. Although all 3 types of NOS have been reported to be expressed by endothelial cells, eNOS is the most abundant form8 and can be regulated by acetylcholine, hypoxia, sheer stress, lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and cytokines.8 9 10 11
In the present study, we characterized the effect of insulin on the expression of eNOS both in cultured endothelial cells and in microvessels from lean and insulin-resistant rats. In addition, the signaling pathway and regulation of the action of insulin on eNOS gene expression were studied.
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Methods |
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Cell Culture
Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) from passages 4 to 10 were isolated and used as described previously.12 Confluent cells were placed in DMEM containing 1% platelet-deprived horse serum (PDHS) for 24 hours before being studied and pretreated with the following inhibitors: phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase–selective inhibitors wortmannin (Sigma Chemical Co)13 and LY294002 (BIOMOL Research Laboratories),14 protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) (Sigma Chemical Co), general PKC inhibitor GF109203X (GFX) (Calbiochem-Novabiochem Corp),15 and PKCß isoform–selective inhibitor LY333531 (Lilly Inc).16 Cells were then stimulated with insulin (Sigma Chemical Co), recombinant insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (Upstate Biotechnology), and LPC (Avanti Polar Lipid) or
-IR3 antibodies
(Sigma).
Construction of Replication-Deficient Recombinant Adenovirus
Containing PKCß1 cDNA
The construction of a replication-deficient recombinant
adenovirus for PKCß1 expression was performed
as described previously.17 Adenovirus-mediated gene
transfer to confluent BAECs was performed through a 1-hour adenoviral
infection of 109 pfu/mL at 37°C in DMEM
containing 10% PDHS as described previously.17 The
infected BAECs were then incubated in DMEM containing 1% PDHS for 24
hours, incubated with or without insulin (100 nmol/L) for an additional
6 hours, and harvested. AdV-CMV-PKCß1– or
ß-galactosidase (ß-Gal)–infected BAECs were assessed for PKC
activity and protein expression as previously
described.12
Isolation of Vascular Stroma From Epididymal Fat Pads of
Zucker Rats
Vascular stromas were obtained from the epididymal fat pads of
12-week-old Zucker lean and fatty rats (Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc).
Epididymal fat pads were isolated, minced, and incubated with 0.2%
collagenase I for 30 minutes at 37°C. Then, they were
fractionated with the use of a Dounce homogenizer and
centrifuged at 3000g for 20 minutes to isolate
vessels from adipocytes. Vascular stroma were washed with DMEM
containing 0.2% BSA and incubated with DMEM containing 0.2% BSA with
or without insulin for 6 hours at 37°C. The purity of the isolated
vascular stroma was quantified through immunohistochemical staining
with anti–factor VIII antibody and through
immunoblotting of the stroma with antibodies to smooth
muscle cell -actin. Only preparations that were stained positively
in 
90% of the vessels were used.
RNA Isolation and Northern Blot Analysis
Total RNA from cultured BAECs,
PKCß1-overexpressed BAECs, and vascular stroma
from the epididymal fat pads of Zucker rats were isolated according to
the guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform method with TRI Reagent
(Molecular Research Center) and solution D containing 4 mol/L
guanidinium thiocyanate, 25 mmol/L sodium citrate, pH 7.0, 0.5%
sarcosyl, and 0.1 mol/L 2-mercaptoethanol. Total RNA (20 µg) was
fractionated and hybridized to 650-bp cDNA fragments of rat eNOS
(kindly provided by Dr Mark A. Perella and Arthur M.E. Lee, Harvard
School of Public Health, Boston, Mass), which were labeled with the use
of a DNA labeling system (Multiprime; Amersham Corp).18
The quantification of eNOS mRNA levels was performed with a
PhosphorImager (Molecular Dynamics) and normalized to 36B4
mRNA.19
Immunoblot Analysis of eNOS
Cells were washed 3 times with ice-cold PBS, pH 7.4, lysed in
50 mmol/L Tris, pH 7.5, 2 mmol/L EDTA, 0.5 mmol/L EGTA,
2 mmol/L PMSF, 25 µg/mL leupeptin, 0.1 mg/mL aprotinin, 1
mmol/L dithiothreitol, 50 mmol/L NaF, and 1% Triton X-100 (Sigma
Chemical Co); scraped from the dish; rotated for 1 hour at 4°C; and
centrifuged for 15 minutes at 14 000g. Protein
concentrations of the supernatant were measured according to the method
of Bradford20 and separated with the use of 6%
SDS-PAGE as described previously.14 The membrane was
incubated for 1 hour with polyclonal anti-human eNOS antibody
(Transduction Laboratories) diluted in PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20
and 1% BSA, washed 3 times for 10 minutes with PBS containing 0.1%
Tween-20, and incubated with 0.1 µCi/mL
125I-protein A (Amersham Life Science, Inc).
Protein levels of eNOS were quantified with a PhosphorImager.
Assay of PI-3 Kinase Activity
After preincubation with or without 100 nmol/L PMA for 30
minutes, BAECs were stimulated with insulin (100 nmol/L) for 5 minutes.
Cells were processed as described previously for this
assay.14 Aliquots of proteins from the supernatant were
immunoprecipitated with 10 µL/ml anti–-insulin receptor
substrates (IRS)-2 antibodies (kindly provided by Dr Morris F. White,
Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Mass) for 2 hours and bound to protein
A–Sepharose beads at 4°C as described previously.14 The
lipids were quantified with a PhosphorImager.
Assay of NOS Activity
The amount of NOS activity produced by BAECs was measured by
using an NOS Detect assay kit (Transduction Laboratories) according to
the manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, BAECs were harvested in PBS
containing 1 mmol/L EDTA and centrifuged at
12 000g. The pellets were lysed in
homogenization buffer containing 25 mmol/L
Tris, pH 7.4, 1 mmol/L EDTA, and 1 mmol/L EGTA and
centrifuged at 12 000g. Aliquots from the
supernatant were used for the measurement of NOS activity through the
conversion of
[3H]L-arginine to
[3H]L-citrulline. Data
were normalized by the amount of protein and reaction time.
PKC Activity Assay and Immunoblotting Studies
After adenoviral infection, confluent BAECs were harvested and
PKC activity were measured as previously described.12 19
Briefly, PKC activities were measured according to
32P labeling of 100 µmol/L PKC-specific
peptide substrate RKRTLRRL. For immunoblotting studies,
total cell lysate (75 µg/lane) was fractionated with the use of PAGE
and detected with the use of antibodies to the
PKCß1 isoform (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc).
A detailed description of the method was reported
previously.14 21
Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as mean±SEM and were analyzed with
the use of the Newman-Keuls test for ANOVA for multiple comparisons. A
value of P<0.05 was considered statistically
significant.
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Results |
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Effect of Insulin on mRNA and Protein Levels of eNOS
Insulin (100 nmol/L) significantly augmented the eNOS mRNA expression of eNOS at 1 hour by 33±9%, reached 71±21% at 6 hours, and attained a maximum of 2-fold at 12 hours, which was maintained for 24 hours (Figure 1A
). Expression of eNOS
mRNA responded to insulin (Figure 1B) with a significant
increase even at 0.1 nmol/L. At 10 nmol/L insulin, eNOS mRNA level was
significantly increased by 50±12%, and a maximum effect of 2-fold was
attained at 100 nmol/L. Therefore, stimulation with 100 nmol/L insulin
with an incubation time of 6 hours IGF-1 (25 nmol/L) also increased the
eNOS mRNA level by 47±10% in human umbilical
endothelial cells. The addition of IR3, an IGF-1
receptor–specific antibody (1 µg/mL), inhibited the effect of IGF-1
by 60% but did not decrease the effect of insulin. Insulin also
increased eNOS protein levels at 6 hours by 43±16% and reached a
maximum of 2-fold at 24 hours, which was maintained for 36 hours.
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Effect of PI-3 Kinase Inhibitors Wortmannin and
LY294002 on Expression of eNOS
The acute effect of insulin on NO production in
endothelial cells was reported to be inhibited by
wortmannin, a PI-3 kinase inhibitor.7 To
determine whether PI-3 kinase activation could be increasing mRNA
expression and protein levels of eNOS, 2 structurally different PI-3
kinase inhibitors, wortmannin (100 nmol/L) and LY294002 (50
nmol/L), were preincubated with BAECs before the addition of insulin
(100 nmol/L) (Figure 2). Insulin
increased the mRNA level of eNOS by 58±20% compared with control, but
the effect of insulin was inhibited by preincubation with wortmannin
(Figure 2A). Similar to eNOS mRNA levels, insulin significantly
increased the eNOS protein level by 74±9%, which was completely
inhibited by the addition of wortmannin (Figure 2B).
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The pretreatment of BAECs with another PI-3 kinase inhibitor, LY294002 (50 nmol/L), completely inhibited the induction of eNOS mRNA expression by insulin. Unlike wortmannin, LY294002 significantly decreased the basal mRNA expression of eNOS without insulin treatment by 30±4%. Correspondingly, LY294002 inhibited the increases in eNOS protein levels stimulated by insulin and decreased the basal eNOS protein level by 72±5%.
Insulin (100 nmol/L) significantly increased NOS activity from 115±9 to 176±7 pmol · mg protein-1 · min-1 after 24 hours (P=0.01, n=6). Preincubation with wortmannin (100 nmol/L) for 15 minutes significantly decreased insulin-induced NOS activity to 123±13 pmol · mg protein-1 · min-1, but the basal levels of NOS activity were unchanged.
Effect of PMA on Insulin-Induced eNOS mRNA Expression and PI-3
Kinase Activities
Because PKC activation is observed in the vascular tissue in
diabetes and may regulate eNOS in BAECs,12 16 21 the
actions of PMA, a PKC agonist, on eNOS expression were studied (Figure 3). In time course experiments, PMA (100
nmol/L) did not change the eNOS mRNA level for the initial 6 hours but
significantly increased the expression of eNOS mRNA after 12 and 24
hours of incubation by 66±11% and 105±14%, respectively (Figure 3A). In contrast, when BAECs were preincubated with PMA for 30
minutes, the effect of insulin on eNOS mRNA levels was inhibited
(14±13%) (Figure 3B).
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Because insulin may increase NO production via activation of PI-3 kinase through the tyrosine phosphorylation of its receptors and IRS,22 the effects of PKC activation on the of insulin induction of eNOS expression and PI-3 kinase activity were examined in parallel. Insulin significantly increased IRS-2–associated PI-3 kinase activity by 5.4±0.4-fold. When BAECs were preincubated with PMA (100 nmol/L) for 30 minutes, insulin-induced IRS-2–associated PI-3 kinase activity was mostly inhibited. However, the basal PI-3 kinase activity was not changed with PMA treatment.
Effect of PKC Inhibitors on eNOS mRNA
Expression
The exposure of BAECs to the PKC inhibitor GFX (5
µmol/L) without insulin for 6 hours increased the expression of eNOS
mRNA by 38±10% (Figure 4). The
expression of eNOS mRNA was greater in cells exposed to both insulin
and GFX (by 76±20% compared with control cells or those incubated
with either insulin or GFX alone). We have reported that hyperglycemia
may preferentially activate PKCß isoforms in the vascular
cells.16 To explore the possibility that the PKCß
isoform could also have a role in regulation of the activation by
insulin of PI-3 kinase and eNOS expression, the effect of LY333531 (20
nmol/L), a PKCß isoform inhibitor, was
characterized.16 The addition of LY333531 also increased
eNOS mRNA expression by 60±14%, which is similar to insulin or GFX
alone. LY333531 and insulin together did not have a significant
additive effect.
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Effect of Overexpression of PKCß Isoform on Insulin-Induced eNOS
mRNA Level
To determine directly whether the PKCß isoform can regulate the
effect of insulin on eNOS expression, we overexpressed the
PKCß1 isoform in BAECs through the use of
replication-deficient adenovirus containing cDNA of the
PKCß1 isoform. Compared with control cells
infected with adenovirus containing the ß-Gal gene, cells infected
with adenovirus containing the PKCß1 gene had a
50-fold increase in the protein for the PKCß1
isoform. Total PKC activities were also increased by 11- and 7-fold in
the cytosol and membrane fractions, respectively.
Insulin (100 nmol/L) enhanced eNOS mRNA expression in BAECs with or
without infection with adenovirus containing only ß-Gal by as much as
2-fold (Figure 5). In contrast, insulin
did not increase eNOS mRNA levels in cells infected with adenovirus
containing the PKCß1 isoform. The expression of
eNOS was not changed by overexpression of the
PKCß1 isoform (Figure 5) at the basal
level. In contrast, LPC (100 µmol/L) increased eNOS mRNA levels
by 5- and 4.5-fold in control and adenovirus-containing ß-Gal cells,
respectively. In BAECs infected with the
adenoviral-PKCß1 isoform, LPC increased eNOS
mRNA by 4-fold, which was not significantly different from
controls.
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Effect of Insulin on eNOS mRNA Level in Vascular Stroma Isolated
From Epididymal Fat Pads of Zucker Fatty and Lean Rats
To determine whether insulin can also change eNOS expression in
vascular tissue, we characterized eNOS mRNA levels in vascular stroma
isolated from Zucker lean and fatty insulin-resistant rats, a
model of insulin resistance.23 The expression of eNOS mRNA
with or without insulin (100 nmol/L) for 6 hours in the vascular stroma
isolated from insulin-resistant models (Zucker fatty rats)
showed that the basal levels of eNOS mRNA expression were significantly
decreased to 29±5% of vascular stroma derived from Zucker lean rats
(Figure 6). The contents of vascular
stroma in both preparations were found to be similar through the use of
immunostaining with factor VIII antibodies and
immunoblotting with antibodies to smooth muscle cell
-actin. Moreover, insulin increased eNOS mRNA levels by 50±16% in
the vascular stroma from the Zucker lean rats but was ineffective in
vascular stroma isolated from the insulin-resistant rats.
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Discussion |
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One of the important vascular actions of insulin is its vasodilatory effect, which is associated with NO production, either from endothelial cells or from perivascular neuronal cells.1 2 3 4 5 6 The possibility that insulin can enhance the production of NO is supported by the findings that insulin and IGF-1 increased NO production in endothelial cells in <1 minute.7 24 This suggested that insulin can directly activate eNOS because protein and mRNA levels of eNOS could not increase so rapidly. However, the acute effect of insulin on NO production cannot account for all of the vasodilatory effects of insulin in vivo, because some physiological studies have reported that the vasodilatory effect of insulin continues to increase even after 7 hours of infusion.6 These results suggest that the vasodilatory effect of insulin has a sustained component that requires several hours of stimulation when near-physiological concentrations of insulin are used. Our findings that physiological concentrations of insulin enhanced the expression of eNOS in the endothelial cells only after 4 hours of incubation, with maximum effects observed at 8 hours, are consistent with the sustained component of the vasodilatory effects of insulin.6
The effect of insulin on eNOS mRNA levels was observed between 0.1 and 100 nmol/L, which corresponded closely to the range of binding and activation of insulin receptors in the endothelial cells and to the physiological levels of insulin in the plasma. It is interesting that the rapid effect of insulin on NO production in cultured human umbilical endothelial cells required pharmacological insulin concentrations of 10 to 10 000 nmol/L.7 This suggests that the acute effect of insulin on NO production may not be significant under physiological conditions and may be mediated in part by IGF-1 receptors.7 24
The parallel increases in the mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activities of eNOS indicate that the effect of insulin is primarily due to the elevation of steady state levels of eNOS mRNA. It is not possible from these results to determine whether the effect of insulin on eNOS mRNA levels was due to increases in the transcription rate or the half-life of eNOS mRNA. However, it is likely that the changes are due to increases in the transcription rate, which is the most common mechanism via which insulin regulates the mRNA levels of many genes in cells.25
The signaling pathways of insulin action on eNOS mRNA appear to involve mainly the insulin receptors, because the maximal effect on eNOS mRNA level was attained with <100 nmol/L, a concentration of insulin shown to bind minimally to IGF-1 receptors in endothelial cells.1 In addition, the effect of insulin on eNOS mRNA was not prevented by inhibitory antibodies to IGF-1 receptors. The effects of the PI-3 kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 suggest that the activation of PI-3 kinase is involved. Interestingly, the rapid effect of insulin on NO production from endothelial cells was also inhibited by wortmannin, although the direct effect of insulin on PI-3 kinase was not measured in the previous study.7
PKC activation appears to modulate the effect of insulin on eNOS mRNA expression; rapid PKC activation induced by phorbol esters caused inhibition of insulin-stimulated PI-3 kinase activity and eNOS mRNA expression. The findings that eNOS expression was increased by the long-term incubation of PMA and by PKC inhibitors are consistent because both maneuvers will reduce PKC activities in endothelial cells. These findings confirmed previous reports that PKC inhibition increased eNOS mRNA in BAECs.21
The findings that both general PKC inhibitor GFX and specific PKCß isoform inhibitor LY333531 increased basal eNOS levels suggest that PKC activities may regulate eNOS mRNA levels in endothelial cells. The use of the PKCß isoform inhibitor LY333531 (20 nmol/L, a concentration that selectively inhibited the PKCß isoform) indicated that the activation of PKCß isoform may have a selective effect on eNOS expression.18 This finding was surprising in that the PKCß isoform is expressed to a lesser extent than other PKC isoforms in the endothelial cells.26 The inhibitory effect of the PKCß isoform on eNOS mRNA level is directly confirmed through the overexpression of the PKCß isoform in endothelial cells with the use of adenoviral vectors containing full-length DNA of the PKCß1 isoform. The inhibitory effect of PKC activation on eNOS expression may be specific to insulin because the stimulating effect of LPC was not affected. The finding that the activation of the PKCß isoform can inhibit eNOS expression in endothelial cells is of particular interest in the area of diabetic vascular complications because the activation of PKCß isoforms has been associated with various vascular dysfunctions in the retina, renal glomeruli, and cardiovascular systems of diabetic animals1 27 and with cardiac hypertrophy in transgenic mice.19
The results obtained for the microvessels isolated from the Zucker fatty and lean rats support the likelihood that our findings in cultured endothelial cells have physiological meaning and that this action of insulin is blunted in insulin-resistant states. These in vivo findings are consistent with previous reports that showed the total NOS activities were decreased in the skeletal muscle and neuronal tissues of Zucker fatty rats.28 The basal expression of eNOS was also much lower in insulin-resistant Zucker fatty rats than in lean animals, suggesting that insulin may also modulate eNOS levels in the vessels at the basal state. However, specific measurements of the signaling steps of insulin must be determined to document the extent of insulin resistance in the vascular tissues in insulin-resistant animals or humans.
In summary, insulin can modulate eNOS expression chronically both in vitro and in vivo, which may enhance the NO production induced by other agonists such as acetylcholine. Because the enhancement of NO production causes vasodilatation and inhibits smooth muscle growth, it is possible that at physiological levels in an insulin-sensitive state, insulin can indirectly have antiatherosclerotic effects. In the presence of hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which are known to activate PKC and induce the inhibition of PI-3 kinase activities in the vasculatures, the effect of insulin on eNOS expression is blunted, resulting in the loss of its vasodilatory effects. Further studies are necessary to determine whether PKC activities are increased in the insulin-resistant state and whether the use of the inhibitor of the PKCß isoform or of specific insulin sensitizers can improve the vascular actions of insulin and endothelial cell dysfunctions.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grant NIH DK-53105 and by Diabetes Endocrinology Research Center grant NIH 5-P30-DK-6836.
Received May 26, 1999; revision received July 30, 1999; accepted August 13, 1999.
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F. Andreozzi, G. Formoso, S. Prudente, M. L. Hribal, A. Pandolfi, E. Bellacchio, S. Di Silvestre, V. Trischitta, A. Consoli, and G. Sesti TRIB3 R84 Variant Is Associated With Impaired Insulin-Mediated Nitric Oxide Production in Human Endothelial Cells Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, July 1, 2008; 28(7): 1355 - 1360. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 I. Russo, P. Del Mese, G. Doronzo, L. Mattiello, M. Viretto, A. Bosia, G. Anfossi, and M. Trovati Resistance to the Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine 5'-Monophosphate/Protein Kinase G Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from the Obese Zucker Rat, a Classical Animal Model of Insulin Resistance: Role of Oxidative Stress Endocrinology, April 1, 2008; 149(4): 1480 - 1489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. T. Kearney, E. R. Duncan, M. Kahn, and S. B. Wheatcroft Insulin resistance and endothelial cell dysfunction: studies in mammalian models Exp Physiol, January 1, 2008; 93(1): 158 - 163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. Blouet, F. Mariotti, V. Mathe, D. Tome, and J.-F. Huneau Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Not Production Is First Altered During the Onset of Insulin Resistance in Sucrose-Fed Rats Experimental Biology and Medicine, December 1, 2007; 232(11): 1458 - 1464. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. C. Eringa, C. D. A. Stehouwer, M. H. Roos, N. Westerhof, and P. Sipkema Selective resistance to vasoactive effects of insulin in muscle resistance arteries of obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, November 1, 2007; 293(5): E1134 - E1139. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Muniyappa, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon Cardiovascular Actions of Insulin Endocr. Rev., August 1, 2007; 28(5): 463 - 491. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Y. Wei, A. T. Whaley-Connell, K. Chen, J. Habibi, G. M.-E. Uptergrove, S. E. Clark, C. S. Stump, C. M. Ferrario, and J. R. Sowers NADPH Oxidase Contributes to Vascular Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and Remodeling in the Transgenic (mRen2) Rat Hypertension, August 1, 2007; 50(2): 384 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. Arikawa, R. C.W. Ma, K. Isshiki, I. Luptak, Z. He, Y. Yasuda, Y. Maeno, M. E. Patti, G. C. Weir, R. A. Harris, et al. Effects of Insulin Replacements, Inhibitors of Angiotensin, and PKC{beta}'s Actions to Normalize Cardiac Gene Expression and Fuel Metabolism in Diabetic Rats Diabetes, May 1, 2007; 56(5): 1410 - 1420. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. W. A. Smit and J. A. Romijn Acute insulin resistance in myocardial ischemia: causes and consequences. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, September 1, 2006; 10(3): 215 - 219. [Abstract] [PDF]
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S. Melancon, H. Bachelard, M. Badeau, F. Bourgoin, M. Pitre, R. Lariviere, and A. Nadeau Effects of high-sucrose feeding on insulin resistance and hemodynamic responses to insulin in spontaneously hypertensive rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2006; 290(6): H2571 - H2581. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. Nigro, N. Osman, A. M. Dart, and P. J. Little Insulin Resistance and Atherosclerosis Endocr. Rev., May 1, 2006; 27(3): 242 - 259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J.-a Kim, M. Montagnani, K. K. Koh, and M. J. Quon Reciprocal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Endothelial Dysfunction: Molecular and Pathophysiological Mechanisms Circulation, April 18, 2006; 113(15): 1888 - 1904. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. He, D. M. Opland, K. J. Way, K. Ueki, N. Bodyak, P. M. Kang, S. Izumo, R. N. Kulkarni, B. Wang, R. Liao, et al. Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Vascularization in the Myocardium by Insulin Receptor and PI3K/Akt Pathways in Insulin Resistance and Ischemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, April 1, 2006; 26(4): 787 - 793. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Naruse, C. Rask-Madsen, N. Takahara, S.-w. Ha, K. Suzuma, K. J. Way, J. R.C. Jacobs, A. C. Clermont, K. Ueki, Y. Ohshiro, et al. Activation of Vascular Protein Kinase C-{beta} Inhibits Akt-Dependent Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Function in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance Diabetes, March 1, 2006; 55(3): 691 - 698. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. He and G. L. King Can Protein Kinase C {beta}-Selective Inhibitor, Ruboxistaurin, Stop Vascular Complications in Diabetic Patients? Diabetes Care, November 1, 2005; 28(11): 2803 - 2805. [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Pandolfi, A. Solini, G. Pellegrini, G. Mincione, S. Di Silvestre, P. Chiozzi, A. Giardinelli, M. C. Di Marcantonio, A. Piccirelli, F. Capani, et al. Selective Insulin Resistance Affecting Nitric Oxide Release But Not Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Synthesis in Fibroblasts From Insulin-Resistant Individuals Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2005; 25(11): 2392 - 2397. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Jonas, E. R. Edelman, A. Groothuis, A. B. Baker, P. Seifert, and C. Rogers Vascular Neointimal Formation and Signaling Pathway Activation in Response to Stent Injury in Insulin-Resistant and Diabetic Animals Circ. Res., September 30, 2005; 97(7): 725 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K.-i. Kodama, Y. Nishio, O. Sekine, Y. Sato, K. Egawa, H. Maegawa, and A. Kashiwagi Bidirectional regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene at distinct sites of its promoter by nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle cells Am J Physiol Cell Physiol, September 1, 2005; 289(3): C582 - C590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E. B. Okon, A. W.Y. Chung, P. Rauniyar, E. Padilla, T. Tejerina, B. M. McManus, H. Luo, and C. van Breemen Compromised Arterial Function in Human Type 2 Diabetic Patients Diabetes, August 1, 2005; 54(8): 2415 - 2423. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Brownlee The Pathobiology of Diabetic Complications: A Unifying Mechanism Diabetes, June 1, 2005; 54(6): 1615 - 1625. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Rask-Madsen and G. L. King Proatherosclerotic Mechanisms Involving Protein Kinase C in Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, March 1, 2005; 25(3): 487 - 496. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Galic, C. Hauser, B. B. Kahn, F. G. Haj, B. G. Neel, N. K. Tonks, and T. Tiganis Coordinated Regulation of Insulin Signaling by the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases PTP1B and TCPTP Mol. Cell. Biol., January 15, 2005; 25(2): 819 - 829. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. Fulton, M. B. Harris, B. E. Kemp, R. C. Venema, M. B. Marrero, and D. W. Stepp Insulin resistance does not diminish eNOS expression, phosphorylation, or binding to HSP-90 Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, December 1, 2004; 287(6): H2384 - H2393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 D. J Collinson, R. Rea, and R. Donnelly Masterclass series in peripheral arterial disease: Vascular risk: diabetes Vascular Medicine, November 1, 2004; 9(4): 307 - 310. [PDF]
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C. C. L. Wang, M. L. Goalstone, and B. Draznin Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance That Impact Cardiovascular Biology Diabetes, November 1, 2004; 53(11): 2735 - 2740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H.-N. Huang, P.-J. Lu, W.-C. Lo, C.-H. Lin, M. Hsiao, and C.-J. Tseng In Situ Akt Phosphorylation in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii Is Involved in Central Control of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Circulation, October 19, 2004; 110(16): 2476 - 2483. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Sugita, H. Sugita, and M. Kaneki Increased Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Serine Phosphorylation and Stress-Activated Protein Kinase/c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Activation Associated With Vascular Insulin Resistance in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, October 1, 2004; 44(4): 484 - 489. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. Kondo and C. R. Kahn Altered Insulin Signaling in Retinal Tissue in Diabetic States J. Biol. Chem., September 3, 2004; 279(36): 37997 - 38006. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Isshiki, A. Mutoh, and T. Fujita Subcortical Ca2+ Waves Sneaking Under the Plasma Membrane in Endothelial Cells Circ. Res., August 6, 2004; 95(3): e11 - e21. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 G. Li, R. W. Currie, and I. S. Ali Insulin potentiates expression of myocardial heat shock protein 70 Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., August 1, 2004; 26(2): 281 - 288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. He and G. L. King Protein Kinase C{beta} Isoform Inhibitors: A New Treatment for Diabetic Cardiovascular Diseases Circulation, July 6, 2004; 110(1): 7 - 9. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 F. Perticone, A. Sciacqua, A. Scozzafava, G. Ventura, E. Laratta, A. Pujia, M. Federici, R. Lauro, and G. Sesti Impaired Endothelial Function in Never-Treated Hypertensive Subjects Carrying the Arg972 Polymorphism in the Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 Gene J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., July 1, 2004; 89(7): 3606 - 3609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kobayashi, T. Matsumoto, K. Ooishi, and K. Kamata Differential expression of {alpha}2D-adrenoceptor and eNOS in aortas from early and later stages of diabetes in Goto-Kakizaki rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, July 1, 2004; 287(1): H135 - H148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Erdos, J. A. Snipes, A. W. Miller, and D. W. Busija Cerebrovascular Dysfunction in Zucker Obese Rats Is Mediated by Oxidative Stress and Protein Kinase C Diabetes, May 1, 2004; 53(5): 1352 - 1359. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Rodriguez, T. R. Gaunt, S. D. O'Dell, X.-h. Chen, D. Gu, E. Hawe, G. J. Miller, S. E. Humphries, and I. N.M. Day Haplotypic analyses of the IGF2-INS-TH gene cluster in relation to cardiovascular risk traits Hum. Mol. Genet., April 1, 2004; 13(7): 715 - 725. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. K. Andersen, J. Gjedsted, C. Christiansen, and E. Tonnesen The roles of insulin and hyperglycemia in sepsis pathogenesis J. Leukoc. Biol., March 1, 2004; 75(3): 413 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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V. Fonseca, C. Desouza, S. Asnani, and I. Jialal Nontraditional Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Endocr. Rev., February 1, 2004; 25(1): 153 - 175. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Vehkavaara and H. Yki-Jarvinen 3.5 Years of Insulin Therapy With Insulin Glargine Improves In Vivo Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetes Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, February 1, 2004; 24(2): 325 - 330. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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M. Federici, A. Pandolfi, E. A. De Filippis, G. Pellegrini, R. Menghini, D. Lauro, M. Cardellini, M. Romano, G. Sesti, R. Lauro, et al. G972R IRS-1 Variant Impairs Insulin Regulation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells Circulation, January 27, 2004; 109(3): 399 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. D. I. Anderson, D. Rahmutula, and D. G. Gardner Tumor Necrosis Factor-{alpha} Inhibits Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Gene Promoter Activity in Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., January 9, 2004; 279(2): 963 - 969. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Campia, G. Sullivan, M. B. Bryant, M. A. Waclawiw, M. J. Quon, and J. A. Panza Insulin impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation independent of insulin sensitivity or lipid profile Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, January 1, 2004; 286(1): H76 - H82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. G. Perry, A. Spiers, S. J. Cleland, G. D. O. Lowe, J. R. Petrie, and J. M. C. Connell Glucocorticoids and Insulin Sensitivity: Dissociation of Insulin's Metabolic and Vascular Actions J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., December 1, 2003; 88(12): 6008 - 6014. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B.-L. Johansson, J. Wahren, and J. Pernow C-peptide increases forearm blood flow in patients with type 1 diabetes via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, October 1, 2003; 285(4): E864 - E870. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Creager, T. F. Luscher, F. Cosentino, and J. A. Beckman Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Pathophysiology, Clinical Consequences, and Medical Therapy: Part I Circulation, September 23, 2003; 108(12): 1527 - 1532. [Full Text] [PDF]
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Z. Y. Jiang, Z. He, B. L. King, T. Kuroki, D. M. Opland, K. Suzuma, I. Suzuma, K. Ueki, R. N. Kulkarni, C. R. Kahn, et al. Characterization of Multiple Signaling Pathways of Insulin in the Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Vascular Cells and Angiogenesis J. Biol. Chem., August 22, 2003; 278(34): 31964 - 31971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. B. Wheatcroft, M. T. Kearney, A. M. Shah, D. J. Grieve, I. L. Williams, J. P. Miell, and P. A. Crossey Vascular Endothelial Function and Blood Pressure Homeostasis in Mice Overexpressing IGF Binding Protein-1 Diabetes, August 1, 2003; 52(8): 2075 - 2082. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Maruyama, Y. Yano, E. C. Gabazza, R. Araki, A. Katsuki, Y. Hori, K. Nakatani, Y. Sumida, and Y. Adachi Association Between Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Glu298Asp Polymorphism and Postchallenge Insulin Levels in Nondiabetic Japanese Subjects Diabetes Care, July 1, 2003; 26(7): 2216 - 2218. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Komers and S. Anderson Paradoxes of nitric oxide in the diabetic kidney Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, June 1, 2003; 284(6): F1121 - F1137. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. P. Salt, V. A. Morrow, F. M. Brandie, J. M. C. Connell, and J. R. Petrie High Glucose Inhibits Insulin-stimulated Nitric Oxide Production without Reducing Endothelial Nitric-oxide Synthase Ser1177 Phosphorylation in Human Aortic Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., May 23, 2003; 278(21): 18791 - 18797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. He, C. Rask-Madsen, and G.L. King Mechanisms of cardiovascular complications in diabetes and potential new pharmacological therapies Eur. Heart J. Suppl., January 1, 2003; 5(suppl_B): B51 - B57. [Abstract] [PDF]
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X.-F. Ming, H. Viswambharan, C. Barandier, J. Ruffieux, K. Kaibuchi, S. Rusconi, and Z. Yang Rho GTPase/Rho Kinase Negatively Regulates Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation through the Inhibition of Protein Kinase B/Akt in Human Endothelial Cells Mol. Cell. Biol., December 15, 2002; 22(24): 8467 - 8477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Sheetz and G. L. King Molecular Understanding of Hyperglycemia's Adverse Effects for Diabetic Complications JAMA, November 27, 2002; 288(20): 2579 - 2588. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Kobayashi and K. Kamata Short-term insulin treatment and aortic expressions of IGF-1 receptor and VEGF mRNA in diabetic rats Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2002; 283(5): H1761 - H1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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O. Sekine, Y. Nishio, K. Egawa, T. Nakamura, H. Maegawa, and A. Kashiwagi Insulin Activates CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Proteins and Proinflammatory Gene Expression through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 20, 2002; 277(39): 36631 - 36639. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Nishimoto, T. Tomida, H. Matsui, T. Ito, and K. Okumura Decrease in Renal Medullary Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase of Fructose-Fed, Salt-Sensitive Hypertensive Rats Hypertension, August 1, 2002; 40(2): 190 - 194. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Federici, R. Menghini, A. Mauriello, M. L. Hribal, F. Ferrelli, D. Lauro, P. Sbraccia, L. G. Spagnoli, G. Sesti, and R. Lauro Insulin-Dependent Activation of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Is Impaired by O-Linked Glycosylation Modification of Signaling Proteins in Human Coronary Endothelial Cells Circulation, July 23, 2002; 106(4): 466 - 472. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. W. Miller, C. Tulbert, M. Puskar, and D. W. Busija Enhanced Endothelin Activity Prevents Vasodilation to Insulin in Insulin Resistance Hypertension, July 1, 2002; 40(1): 78 - 82. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Arcaro, A. Cretti, S. Balzano, A. Lechi, M. Muggeo, E. Bonora, and R. C. Bonadonna Insulin Causes Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans: Sites and Mechanisms Circulation, February 5, 2002; 105(5): 576 - 582. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Schnyder, M. Pittet, J. Durand, and S. Schnyder-Candrian Rapid effects of glucose on the insulin signaling of endothelial NO generation and epithelial Na transport Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, January 1, 2002; 282(1): E87 - E94. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Igarashi, A. Hirata, H. Yamaguchi, H. Tsuchiya, H. Ohnuma, M. Tominaga, M. Daimon, and T. Kato Candesartan Inhibits Carotid Intimal Thickening and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Balloon-Injured Diabetic Rats Hypertension, December 1, 2001; 38(6): 1255 - 1259. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Hardy, F. Stanke-Labesque, M. Peoc'h, A. Hakim, P. Devillier, F. Caron, S. Morel, P. Faure, S. Halimi, and G. Bessard Cysteinyl Leukotrienes Modulate Angiotensin II Constrictor Effects on Aortas From Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2001; 21(11): 1751 - 1758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. Rask-Madsen, N. Ihlemann, T. Krarup, E. Christiansen, L. Kober, C. Nervil Kistorp, and C. Torp-Pedersen Insulin Therapy Improves Insulin-Stimulated Endothelial Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Ischemic Heart Disease Diabetes, November 1, 2001; 50(11): 2611 - 2618. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 U. N Das Cognitive performance and glucose Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, September 1, 2001; 74(3): 409 - 409. [Full Text]
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R. Govers and T. J. Rabelink Cellular regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, February 1, 2001; 280(2): F193 - F206. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Shinozaki, Y. Nishio, T. Okamura, Y. Yoshida, H. Maegawa, H. Kojima, M. Masada, N. Toda, R. Kikkawa, and A. Kashiwagi Oral Administration of Tetrahydrobiopterin Prevents Endothelial Dysfunction and Vascular Oxidative Stress in the Aortas of Insulin-Resistant Rats Circ. Res., September 29, 2000; 87(7): 566 - 573. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Naruse and G. L. King Protein Kinase C and Myocardial Biology and Function Circ. Res., June 9, 2000; 86(11): 1104 - 1106. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 E. M. Brooks-Asplund, A. A. Shoukas, S.-Y. Kim, S. A. Burke, and D. E. Berkowitz Estrogen has opposing effects on vascular reactivity in obese, insulin-resistant male Zucker rats J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2002; 92(5): 2035 - 2044. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Suzuma, K. Naruse, I. Suzuma, N. Takahara, K. Ueki, L. P. Aiello, and G. L. King Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Induces Expression of Connective Tissue Growth Factor via KDR, Flt1, and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-Akt-dependent Pathways in Retinal Vascular Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 40725 - 40731. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Montagnani, I. Golovchenko, I. Kim, G. Y. Koh, M. L. Goalstone, A. N. Mundhekar, M. Johansen, D. F. Kucik, M. J. Quon, and B. Draznin Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Enhances Mitogenic Actions of Insulin in Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., January 11, 2002; 277(3): 1794 - 1799. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. Beckman, A. B. Goldfine, M. B. Gordon, L. A. Garrett, and M. A. Creager Inhibition of Protein Kinase C{beta} Prevents Impaired Endothelium-Dependent Vasodilation Caused by Hyperglycemia in Humans Circ. Res., January 11, 2002; 90(1): 107 - 111. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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