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(Circulation. 2000;101:125.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Relationship of TIMI Myocardial Perfusion Grade to Mortality After Administration of Thrombolytic Drugs
From the Cardiovascular Divisions of the Departments of Medicine, the University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco (C.M.G., S.A.M., K.A.R., R.M., S.J.M.), University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium (F.V.d.W.), and Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Mass (C.P.C., C.H.M., E.B.).
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Abstract |
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 Top Abstract IntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Background—Although improved epicardial blood flow (as assessed with either TIMI flow grades or TIMI frame count) has been related to reduced mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs, the relationship of myocardial perfusion (as assessed on the coronary arteriogram) to mortality has not been examined.
Methods and Results—A new, simple angiographic method, the TIMI myocardial perfusion (TMP) grade, was used to assess the filling and clearance of contrast in the myocardium in 762 patients in the TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) 10B trial, and its relationship to mortality was examined. TMP grade 0 was defined as no apparent tissue-level perfusion (no ground-glass appearance of blush or opacification of the myocardium) in the distribution of the culprit artery; TMP grade 1 indicates presence of myocardial blush but no clearance from the microvasculature (blush or a stain was present on the next injection); TMP grade 2 blush clears slowly (blush is strongly persistent and diminishes minimally or not at all during 3 cardiac cycles of the washout phase); and TMP grade 3 indicates that blush begins to clear during washout (blush is minimally persistent after 3 cardiac cycles of washout). There was a mortality gradient across the TMP grades, with mortality lowest in those patients with TMP grade 3 (2.0%), intermediate in TMP grade 2 (4.4%), and highest in TMP grades 0 and 1 (6.0%; 3-way P=0.05). Even among patients with TIMI grade 3 flow in the epicardial artery, the TMP grades allowed further risk stratification of 30-day mortality: 0.73% for TMP grade 3; 2.9% for TMP grade 2; 5.0% for TMP grade 0 or 1 (P=0.03 for TMP grade 3 versus grades 0, 1, and 2; 3-way P=0.066). TMP grade 3 flow was a multivariate correlate of 30-day mortality (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.02, P=0.054) in a multivariate model that adjusted for the presence of TIMI 3 flow (P=NS), the corrected TIMI frame count (OR 1.02, P=0.06), the presence of an anterior myocardial infarction (OR 2.3, P=0.03), pulse rate on admission (P=NS), female sex (P=NS), and age (OR 1.1, P<0.001).
Conclusions—Impaired perfusion of the myocardium on coronary arteriography by use of the TMP grade is related to a higher risk of mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs that is independent of flow in the epicardial artery. Patients with both normal epicardial flow (TIMI grade 3 flow) and normal tissue level perfusion (TMP grade 3) have an extremely low risk of mortality.
Key Words: mortality • risk factors • perfusion • thrombolysis
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Introduction |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Whereas improved epicardial blood flow (as assessed with either TIMI flow grades1 2 3 4 5 6 or the TIMI frame count7 8 ) has been related to reduced mortality after administration of thrombolytic drugs, the relationship between tissue-level microvascular perfusion and mortality has not been examined in a large number of patients after thrombolytic administration. This study describes the development and use of a simple semiquantitative classification scheme, the TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMP), that can be used to characterize the filling and clearance of myocardial perfusion from a coronary angiogram. This filling appears as a myocardial blush, the ground-glass appearance of the myocardium on the coronary arteriogram. We hypothesized that improved myocardial perfusion would be related to lower mortality and that the assessment of myocardial perfusion would add independent prognostic information to the assessment of epicardial flow.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Seven hundred sixty two patients from the TIMI (Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) 10B trial had both TMP and 30-day mortality data available for analysis. TIMI 10B was a randomized comparison of TNK (30, 40, and 50 mg) and 90-minute infusion of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) in 854 patients.9 Angiography was performed at 90 minutes after thrombolytic administration.9 Nitroglycerin was administered every 15 minutes if the systolic blood pressure exceeded 110 mm Hg.9
Assessment of Flow
All angiographic end points were prospectively assessed at 90
minutes. The TIMI flow grade, as previously defined,1 was
assessed at the TIMI angiographic core laboratory by a single observer
(C.M.G.) who was blinded to treatment assignment and clinical outcome.
The corrected TIMI frame count (CTFC) is the number of cine frames
required for contrast to first reach standardized distal
coronary landmarks in the culprit artery and is measured by use
of a frame counter on a cine viewer.7 8 A frame count of
100, a value that is the 99th percentile of patent vessels, was imputed
to an occluded vessel.7 8 The CTFC is a measure of time,
and the data were converted when necessary to be based on the most
common filming speed in the United States of 30 frames per
second.7 8 The collateral grade was assessed at 90
minutes10 and was based on the presence of collaterals to
the culprit artery.
TMP grades are defined in Table 1
.
Blush was assessed distal to the culprit lesion, and views were chosen
to minimize superimposition of noninfarcted territories in the
assessment of the TMP grade for the culprit artery. The duration of
cine filming was required to exceed 3 cardiac cycles in the washout
phase to assess washout of the myocardial blush. Care was taken not to
mistake filling of the venous system, such as the great cardiac vein,
as blush. Blush was assessed during the same phase of the cardiac
cycle, because it may be less intense during diastole.
Mortality was confirmed by a clinical events committee.
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Statistical Analysis
Analyses were performed with Stata statistical software
version 6.0.11 Variables were compared with the
Fisher’s exact test or 
2 test for categorical
data. The Student’s t test or ANOVA was used for
analysis of normally distributed continuous variables. The
nonparametric Wilcoxon rank sum test (for 2-way
comparisons) or the Kruskal-Wallis test (for 3-way comparisons) was
used to compare continuous variables when the data were not
normally distributed or when data were imputed to an occluded vessel.
Data are summarized as mean±SD.
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Results |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Baseline Demographic and Angiographic Characteristics of the TMP Grades
There was no difference among TMP grades with respect to many demographic and angiographic variables: age, sex, blood pressure, pulse rate, ejection fraction, history of myocardial infarction (MI), and presence of angiographically visible collaterals (Tables 2
and 3).
Compared with patients who exhibited some myocardial perfusion (TMP
grades 1, 2, or 3), patients without detectable perfusion (TMP grade 0)
had significantly slower epicardial flow (higher CTFCs and a lower
incidence of TIMI grade 3 flow), a significantly greater thrombus
burden, and tighter epicardial stenoses (Table 3). In
these cases, LAD infarcts tended to be involved more frequently (Table 3).
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Relationship of TMP Grade to Mortality
Patients with TMP grade 0 had a higher 30-day mortality rate
(6.2%, 27 of 434 patients) than patients with TMP grade 1 (5.1%, 4 of
79 patients), TMP grade 2 (4.4%, 2 of 46 patients), or TMP grade 3
(2.0%, 4 of 203 patients; TMP grades 0 and 1 combined to achieve
adequate power, P=0.055 by Fisher’s exact test,
P=0.046 by logistic regression) (Figure 1). Likewise, when TMP grades 2 and 3
flow were combined, the mortality rate was lower than that in patients
with TMP grade 0 or 1 (2.4% [6 of 249 patients] versus 6.0% [31 of
513 patients]; P=0.03).
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Risk Stratification Within TIMI Grade 3 Flow by Use of TMP
Grades
Among patients with TIMI grade 3 flow in the epicardial artery,
use of TMP grades allowed further risk stratification such that reduced
myocardial perfusion was related to a higher risk of 30-day mortality:
the mortality rate was 0.7% among those with TMP grade 3 (1/137)
versus 4.7% among all others (15/318; P=0.05) (Figure 2). When the patients were further
divided into 3 TMP grades, the same relationship held true: the
mortality rate was 0.73% for TMP grade 3, 2.9% for TMP grade 2, and
5.0% for TMP grades 0 and 1 (P=0.03 for TMP grade 3 versus
grades 0, 1, and 2; 3-way P=0.066) (Figure 2). For an
open (TMP grade 2 or 3) versus a closed (TMP grade 0 or 1)
microvasculature, the P value was 0.04. Among those patients
with less than TIMI grade 3 flow in the epicardial artery, those with
TMP grade 3 flow also tended to have better outcomes (Figure 2).
Likewise, among patients with a CTFC of <40 (a value that
quantitatively characterizes TIMI grade 3 flow),7 TMP
grade 3 was associated with reduced mortality (0.8%, 1 of 131
patients) compared with TMP grades 0 through 2 (4.6%, 14 of 306
patients; P=0.05) (Figure 3).
A similar gradient was seen in patients with CTFC 
40, with a 4.5%
(3/67) mortality rate in TMP grade 3 compared with 7.8% (18/232) in
TMP grades 0 through 2 (4-way P=0.02) (Figure 3).
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To evaluate the independent contribution of myocardial perfusion to mortality, a multivariate model was developed that included angiographic and demographic variables previously shown to be related to mortality.8 The presence of TMP grade 3 flow was an independent correlate of 30-day mortality (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.02, P=0.054) in a multivariate model that adjusted for variables that have been previously identified in the TIMI studies as correlates of mortality8 : TIMI grade 3 flow (P=NS), CTFC (OR 1.02 per 1-frame rise, P=0.06), presence of an anterior MI (OR 2.3, P=0.03), pulse rate on admission (P=NS), female sex (P=NS), and age (OR 1.1 per 1-year rise, P<0.001).
Combination of TIMI Epicardial Flow and TMP Grades and Their
Relationship to Mortality
Those patients with both epicardial TIMI grade 3 flow and
myocardial perfusion grade 3 flow (successful epicardial and
tissue-level perfusion) had a low mortality rate of 0.73% (1/137),
whereas those with grades of 0 or 1 for both TIMI epicardial flow and
myocardial perfusion had a mortality rate of 10.9% (14 of 129
patients) (Figure 4). Patients with
either incomplete epicardial or myocardial flow (ie, patients with
neither the combination of TIMI flow grade 3 and TMP grade 3 or the
combination of TIMI flow grade 0/1 and TMP grade 0/1) had an
intermediate mortality rate of 4.4% (21/483; 3-way
P<0.001) (Figure 4). The presence of both TIMI
epicardial flow and myocardial perfusion grade 3 (successful epicardial
and tissue-level reperfusion) was a multivariate
predictor of low mortality (OR 0.056, P=0.006), even after
adjustment for anterior MI location and age (overall model n=742,
P<0.0001). Thus, in the multivariate model,
the odds of death by 30 days for patients with an occluded epicardial
artery and no tissue-level reperfusion (TIMI flow grade 0/1 and TMP
grade 0/1) were 18 times as great as in those with both successful
epicardial and successful tissue-level reperfusion (TIMI flow grade 3
and TMP grade 3).
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Improved epicardial blood flow assessed by use of either TIMI flow grades1 2 3 4 5 6 or the TIMI frame count7 8 has been related to reduced mortality after thrombolytic administration. The data presented here indicate that improved myocardial perfusion at 90 minutes after thrombolytic administration is related to reduced mortality independent of epicardial blood flow. Its reliance on ordinary visual inspection of the angiogram without the use of sophisticated equipment allows the method to be conveniently and broadly applied. Although simple, the myocardial perfusion grade scheme is semiquantitative and is adjusted for the heart rate of the patient.
These findings extend those of previous investigators1 2 3 4 5 6
who have reported that patients with TIMI grade 3 flow have a reduced
incidence of mortality. Use of the TMP grades allows additional risk
stratification into low- and high-risk subgroups such that slower
myocardial perfusion among patients with TIMI grade 3 flow is related
to higher mortality (0.7% for TMP grade 3 versus 4.7% for TMP grades
0 to 2; Figure 2
). Interestingly, TMP grade 3 appeared to be a
better marker of reduced mortality (2.0%) than the presence of TIMI
flow grade 3 (3.5%; 1-sided P=0.2), which has been the
"gold standard" for assessment of complete reperfusion over the
past 15 years. Likewise, the TMP grade was an independent predictor of
mortality when adjustments were made for the epicardial TIMI flow
grades, infarct artery location, and age. Indeed, those patients with
TIMI grade 3 flow with absent or near-absent myocardial perfusion (TMP
grade 0 or 1) had a mortality rate (5.0%) as high as that in patients
with unsuccessful restoration of epicardial artery patency (TIMI 0 to
2; 4.7%) but preservation of myocardial perfusion (TMP grade 3),
presumably through collaterals.
Finally, the combined use of the TMP grade and the TIMI flow grade appears to identify 2 subgroups of patients with extremely low and high risks of mortality, respectively. Patients with both normal epicardial flow and myocardial perfusion (both grade 3) had a mortality rate of 0.73%. As we8 have reported in the past, patients with hyperemic flow (CTFCs faster than the 95th percentile, <14 frames, TIMI grade 4 flow) were found to have a mortality rate of 0% (0/41), and these patients had nearly twice the incidence of excellent myocardial perfusion (TMP grade 3) as other groups (44.8% versus 26.2%; P=0.03). Improved myocardial perfusion may explain in part the favorable mortality rate that we have reported for this subgroup of patients. Thus, the TMP grade adds additional prognostic information to the conventional epicardial TIMI flow grades and TIMI frame counts.
Relationship to Previous Work in the Field
Van’t Hof et al12 showed that the presence of no,
minimal, moderate, or normal blush (relative to the contrast density in
uninvolved territories) is related to mortality after primary
angioplasty. The method used in the present study differs from that
study in that we characterize the duration of the blush rather than the
brightness or density of the blush. The patients in the present
study were treated with thrombolysis, whereas those in
the study by Van’t Hof et al were treated with primary PTCA. Thus, it
appears that both the contrast density and the duration of blush may be
related to mortality, but both measures have not been implemented
simultaneously in the same study to determine whether they
are independent of one another.
Myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) has also been used to characterize the no-reflow phenomenon.13 14 15 16 The incidence of no reflow varies across studies. Whereas we observed that nearly half of the patients had minimal or no blush on the coronary arteriogram, prior reports have ranged from 23%12 to 56%14 of patients having no-reflow after restoration of patency (via either thrombolytic administration or primary PTCA) when MCE was used. The lower percentages in some MCE studies likely reflect the lower number of patients with no reflow after patency is restored, whereas our series includes patients with occluded epicardial arteries. In the study by Ito et al,13 patients were excluded if they had a tight residual stenosis, and 29 of 39 patients were treated with primary PTCA.
Myocardial tissue perfusion has also been assessed by Maes et al17 using PET. Among patients with TIMI grade 3 epicardial flow, both regional and global ejection fraction at 5 days and 3 months after infarction were lower in patients with severely impaired myocardial flow than in patients with moderately decreased flow or adequate tissue reperfusion. This reduced contractile function may explain in part the mortality risk observed in patients with TMP grades 0 or 1.
Study Limitations
TMP grades were available in 88% of patients with 30-day
mortality data in the TIMI 10B trial (762 of 865 patients). With
prospective emphasis on a longer duration of cine filming, adequate
panning, and the use of a 9-in image intensifier in coronary
angiography, it is likely that the rate of ascertainment will be
greater. The mortality rate among patients in whom TMP grades were
assessed (4.9%, 37 of 762 patients) was no different from that in the
study group overall (5.3%, 46 of 865 patients). The reproducibility of
the TMP grades remains to be determined. It must be borne in mind that
although 90-minute myocardial perfusion and epicardial coronary
blood flow are both related to mortality, there are other causes of
death that may be unrelated to 90-minute perfusion, such as
intracranial hemorrhage, reinfarction, ventricular
arrhythmias, and mechanical complications. Both rescue and
adjunctive angioplasty may have obscured differences in outcomes that
would have been attributable to 90-minute TIMI flow grades and TMP
grades. However, even when the analysis was stratified by those
patients who did not subsequently undergo rescue or adjunctive PTCA or
stenting and those who did, the same relationships were observed (3-way
P=0.003 and P=0.088, respectively).
Conclusions
After administration of thrombolytic drugs
in patients with acute MI, impaired perfusion of the
myocardium on coronary arteriography as assessed by
TMP grade is related to a higher risk of mortality that is independent
of flow in the epicardial artery. The use of the TMP grade permits risk
stratification, even among patients with TIMI grade 3 flow. Patients
with both normal epicardial flow (TIMI grade 3 flow) and normal
tissue-level perfusion (TMP grade 3 flow) had an extremely low risk of
mortality (0.73%) and in a multivariate model were 18
times less likely to die by 30 days than patients with occluded
epicardial flow (TIMI grade 0 or 1 flow) and no tissue perfusion (TMP
grade 0 or 1). The TMP grade represents a simple, readily
available method to assess myocardial perfusion in patients undergoing
reperfusion therapy.
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Acknowledgments |
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This study was supported in part by a grant from Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco Calif.
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Footnotes |
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Reprint requests to C. Michael Gibson, MS, MD, Associate Chief of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Division, UCSF Medical Center, 3333 California St, Suite 430, San Francisco, CA 94118.
Received February 26, 1999; revision received August 10, 1999; accepted August 16, 1999.
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W. F. Fearon, M. Shah, M. Ng, T. Brinton, A. Wilson, J. A. Tremmel, I. Schnittger, D. P. Lee, R. H. Vagelos, P. J. Fitzgerald, et al. Predictive value of the index of microcirculatory resistance in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 5, 2008; 51(5): 560 - 565. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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X. Liu, Y. Huang, P. Pokreisz, P. Vermeersch, G. Marsboom, M. Swinnen, E. Verbeken, J. Santos, M. Pellens, H. Gillijns, et al. Nitric Oxide Inhalation Improves Microvascular Flow and Decreases Infarction Size After Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 21, 2007; 50(8): 808 - 817. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Erbs, A. Linke, V. Schachinger, B. Assmus, H. Thiele, K.-W. Diederich, C. Hoffmann, S. Dimmeler, T. Tonn, R. Hambrecht, et al. Restoration of Microvascular Function in the Infarct-Related Artery by Intracoronary Transplantation of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction: The Doppler Substudy of the Reinfusion of Enriched Progenitor Cells and Infarct Remodeling in Acute Myocardial Infarction (REPAIR-AMI) Trial Circulation, July 24, 2007; 116(4): 366 - 374. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Fernandez-Aviles, J. J. Alonso, G. Pena, J. Blanco, J. Alonso-Briales, J. Lopez-Mesa, F. Fernandez-Vazquez, J. Moreu, R. A. Hernandez, A. Castro-Beiras, et al. Primary angioplasty vs. early routine post-fibrinolysis angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation: the GRACIA-2 non-inferiority, randomized, controlled trial Eur. Heart J., April 2, 2007; 28(8): 949 - 960. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Lerman, D. R. Holmes, J. Herrmann, and B. J. Gersh Microcirculatory dysfunction in ST-elevation myocardial infarction: cause, consequence, or both? Eur. Heart J., April 1, 2007; 28(7): 788 - 797. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Porto, J. B. Selvanayagam, W. J. Van Gaal, F. Prati, A. Cheng, K. Channon, S. Neubauer, and A. P. Banning Plaque Volume and Occurrence and Location of Periprocedural Myocardial Necrosis After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Insights From Delayed-Enhancement Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction Myocardial Perfusion Grade Analysis, and Intravascular Ultrasound Circulation, August 15, 2006; 114(7): 662 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson, D. A. Morrow, S. A. Murphy, T. M. Palabrica, L. K. Jennings, P. H. Stone, H. H. Lui, T. Bulle, N. Lakkis, R. Kovach, et al. A Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Relative Protection Against Post-Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Microvascular Dysfunction, Ischemia, and Inflammation Among Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Agents: The PROTECT-TIMI-30 Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., June 20, 2006; 47(12): 2364 - 2373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Suzuki, T. Sakaue, M. Tanaka, E. Hirose, H. Saeki, T. Matsunaka, S. Hiramatsu, and Y. Kazatani Association Between Right Bundle Branch Block and Impaired Myocardial Tissue-Level Reperfusion in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., May 16, 2006; 47(10): 2122 - 2124. [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Bolognese, G. Falsini, F. Liistro, P. Angioli, K. Ducci, T. Taddei, R. Tarducci, F. Cosmi, S. Baldassarre, and A. Burali Randomized Comparison of Upstream Tirofiban Versus Downstream High Bolus Dose Tirofiban or Abciximab on Tissue-Level Perfusion and Troponin Release in High-Risk Acute Coronary Syndromes Treated With Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: The EVEREST Trial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 7, 2006; 47(3): 522 - 528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. W. Aude and J. L. Mehta Do we need continuous ECG monitoring in patients transferred for primary angioplasty? Eur. Heart J., February 1, 2006; 27(3): 249 - 250. [Full Text] [PDF]
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U. Zeymer, R. Zahn, R. Schiele, W. Jansen, E. Girth, A. Gitt, K. Seidl, R. Schroder, S. Schneider, and J. Senges Early eptifibatide improves TIMI 3 patency before primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST elevation myocardial infarction: results of the randomized integrilin in acute myocardial infarction (INTAMI) pilot trial Eur. Heart J., October 1, 2005; 26(19): 1971 - 1977. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. Gick, N. Jander, H.-P. Bestehorn, R.-P. Kienzle, M. Ferenc, K. Werner, T. Comberg, K. Peitz, D. Zohlnhofer, V. Bassignana, et al. Randomized Evaluation of the Effects of Filter-Based Distal Protection on Myocardial Perfusion and Infarct Size After Primary Percutaneous Catheter Intervention in Myocardial Infarction With and Without ST-Segment Elevation Circulation, September 6, 2005; 112(10): 1462 - 1469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Sabatine, C. P. Cannon, C. M. Gibson, J. L. Lopez-Sendon, G. Montalescot, P. Theroux, M. J. Claeys, F. Cools, K. A. Hill, A. M. Skene, et al. Addition of Clopidogrel to Aspirin and Fibrinolytic Therapy for Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation N. Engl. J. Med., March 24, 2005; 352(12): 1179 - 1189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Sabatine, G. J. Blake, M. H. Drazner, D. A. Morrow, B. M. Scirica, S. A. Murphy, C. H. McCabe, W. S. Weintraub, C. M. Gibson, and C. P. Cannon Influence of Race on Death and Ischemic Complications in Patients With Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Despite Modern, Protocol-Guided Treatment Circulation, March 15, 2005; 111(10): 1217 - 1224. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. K. Ray, D. A. Morrow, C. M. Gibson, S. Murphy, E. M. Antman, E. Braunwald, and for the ENTIRE-TIMI 23 Study Group Predictors of the rise in vWF after ST elevation myocardial infarction: implications for treatment strategies and clinical outcome: An ENTIRE-TIMI 23 substudy Eur. Heart J., March 1, 2005; 26(5): 440 - 446. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 B. J. Gersh, G. W. Stone, H. D. White, and D. R. Holmes Jr Pharmacological Facilitation of Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Is the Slope of the Curve the Shape of the Future? JAMA, February 23, 2005; 293(8): 979 - 986. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Prasad, G. W. Stone, T. D. Stuckey, C. O. Costantini, P. J. Zimetbaum, M. McLaughlin, R. Mehran, E. Garcia, J. E. Tcheng, D. A. Cox, et al. Impact of diabetes mellitus on myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 15, 2005; 45(4): 508 - 514. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F. Marin, R. Gonzalez-Conejero, K. W. Lee, J. Corral, V. Roldan, F. Lopez, F. Sogorb, J. Caturla, G. Y.H. Lip, and V. Vicente A pharmacogenetic effect of factor XIII valine 34 leucine polymorphism on fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 4, 2005; 45(1): 25 - 29. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y Ohara, Y Hiasa, T Takahashi, K Yamaguchi, R Ogura, T Ogata, K Yuba, K Kusunoki, S Hosokawa, K Kishi, et al. Relation between the TIMI frame count and the degree of microvascular injury after primary coronary angioplasty in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction Heart, January 1, 2005; 91(1): 64 - 67. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. W. Krucoff, P. Johanson, R. Baeza, S. W. Crater, and M. Dellborg Clinical Utility of Serial and Continuous ST-Segment Recovery Assessment in Patients With Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Assessing the Dynamics of Epicardial and Myocardial Reperfusion Circulation, December 21, 2004; 110(25): e533 - e539. [Full Text] [PDF]
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K P Balachandran, C Berry, J Norrie, B D Vallance, M Malekianpour, T J Gilbert, A C H Pell, and K G Oldroyd Relation between coronary pressure derived collateral flow, myocardial perfusion grade, and outcome in left ventricular function after rescue percutaneous coronary intervention Heart, December 1, 2004; 90(12): 1450 - 1454. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson, R. L. Dumaine, E. V. Gelfand, S. A. Murphy, D. A. Morrow, S. D. Wiviott, R. P. Giugliano, C. P. Cannon, E. M. Antman, E. Braunwald, et al. Association of glomerular filtration rate on presentation with subsequent mortality in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; observations in 13307 patients in five TIMI trials Eur. Heart J., November 2, 2004; 25(22): 1998 - 2005. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Bolognese, K. Ducci, P. Angioli, G. Falsini, F. Liistro, S. Baldassarre, and A. Burali Elevations in Troponin I After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions Are Associated With Abnormal Tissue-Level Perfusion in High-Risk Patients With Non-ST-Segment-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes Circulation, September 21, 2004; 110(12): 1592 - 1597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson, S. A. Murphy, A. J. Kirtane, R. P. Giugliano, C. P. Cannon, E. M. Antman, E. Braunwald, and TIMI Study Group Association of duration of symptoms at presentation with angiographic and clinical outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy in patients with st-segment elevation myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 1, 2004; 44(5): 980 - 987. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson, L. K. Jennings, S. A. Murphy, D. P. Lorenz, R. P. Giugliano, R. A. Harrington, S. Cholera, R. Krishnan, R. M. Califf, E. Braunwald, et al. Association Between Platelet Receptor Occupancy After Eptifibatide (Integrilin) Therapy and Patency, Myocardial Perfusion, and ST-Segment Resolution Among Patients With ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: An INTEGRITI (Integrilin and Tenecteplase in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Substudy Circulation, August 10, 2004; 110(6): 679 - 684. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. O. Costantini, G. W. Stone, R. Mehran, E. Aymong, C. L. Grines, D. A. Cox, T. Stuckey, M. Turco, B. J. Gersh, J. E. Tcheng, et al. Frequency, correlates, and clinical implications of myocardial perfusion after primary angioplasty and stenting, with and without glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition, in acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 21, 2004; 44(2): 305 - 312. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. R. Chaitman and M. J. Lim No reflow and the quest to achieve optimal perfusion during the acute phase of myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., July 21, 2004; 44(2): 313 - 315. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson and A. Schomig Coronary and Myocardial Angiography: Angiographic Assessment of Both Epicardial and Myocardial Perfusion Circulation, June 29, 2004; 109(25): 3096 - 3105. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson, J. Karha, S. A. Murphy, J. A. de Lemos, D. A. Morrow, R. P. Giugliano, M. T. Roe, R. A. Harrington, C. P. Cannon, E. M. Antman, et al. Association of a pulsatile blood flow pattern on coronary arteriography and short-term clinical outcomes in acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 7, 2004; 43(7): 1170 - 1176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson, D. S. Pinto, S. A. Murphy, D. A. Morrow, H.-P. Hobbach, S. D. Wiviott, R. P. Giugliano, C. P. Cannon, E. M. Antman, E. Braunwald, et al. Association of creatinine and creatinine clearance on presentation in acute myocardial infarction with subsequent mortality J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 5, 2003; 42(9): 1535 - 1543. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. C. Herrmann Optimizing outcomes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 15, 2003; 42(8): 1357 - 1359. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Dangas Interventional therapy for acute myocardial infarction: respect the microvasculature J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 15, 2003; 42(8): 1403 - 1405. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R Hoffmann, P Haager, W Lepper, A Franke, and P Hanrath Relation of coronary flow pattern to myocardial blush grade in patients with first acute myocardial infarction Heart, October 1, 2003; 89(10): 1147 - 1151. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. Scheller, B. Hennen, B. Hammer, J. Walle, C. Hofer, V. Hilpert, H. Winter, G. Nickenig, M. Bohm, and SIAM III Study Group Beneficial effects of immediate stenting after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 20, 2003; 42(4): 634 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. M. Gibson Has My Patient Achieved Adequate Myocardial Reperfusion? Circulation, August 5, 2003; 108(5): 504 - 507. [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. Cotter, E. Kaluski, O. Milo, A. Blatt, A. Salah, A. Hendler, R. Krakover, A. Golick, and Z. Vered LINCS: L-NAME (a NO synthase inhibitor) In the treatment of refractory Cardiogenic Shock: A prospective randomized study Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2003; 24(14): 1287 - 1295. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W. F. Fearon, L. B. Balsam, H. M. O. Farouque, R. C. Robbins, P. J. Fitzgerald, P. G. Yock, and A. C. Yeung Novel Index for Invasively Assessing the Coronary Microcirculation Circulation, July 1, 2003; 107(25): 3129 - 3132. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. P.S. Henriques, F. Zijlstra, A. W.J. van 't Hof, M.-J. de Boer, J.-H. E. Dambrink, M. Gosselink, J. C.A. Hoorntje, and H. Suryapranata Angiographic Assessment of Reperfusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction by Myocardial Blush Grade Circulation, April 29, 2003; 107(16): 2115 - 2119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. P. Giugliano, M. T. Roe, R. A. Harrington, C. M. Gibson, U. Zeymer, F. Van de Werf, K. W. Baran, H.-P. Hobbach, L. H. Woodlief, K. L. Hannan, et al. Combination reperfusion therapy with eptifibatide and reduced-dose tenecteplase for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: Results of the integrilin and tenecteplase in acute myocardial infarction (INTEGRITI) Phase II Angiographic urial J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 16, 2003; 41(8): 1251 - 1260. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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D V Cokkinos, A Manginas, and V Voudris Coronary flow: clinical considerations Heart, April 1, 2003; 89(4): 361 - 363. [Full Text] [PDF]
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D. P. Lee, N. A. Herity, B. L. Hiatt, W. F. Fearon, M. Rezaee, A. J. Carter, M. Huston, D. Schreiber, P. M. DiBattiste, and A. C. Yeung Adjunctive Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor Inhibition With Tirofiban Before Primary Angioplasty Improves Angiographic Outcomes: Results of the TIrofiban Given in the Emergency Room before Primary Angioplasty (TIGER-PA) Pilot Trial Circulation, March 25, 2003; 107(11): 1497 - 1501. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Dibra, J. Mehilli, J. Dirschinger, J.u. Pache, J. Neverve, M. Schwaiger, A. Schomig, and A. Kastrati Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction myocardial perfusion grade in angiography correlates with myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with stenting or thrombolysis J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., March 19, 2003; 41(6): 925 - 929. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. K. Haager, P. Christott, N. Heussen, W. Lepper, P. Hanrath, and R. Hoffmann Prediction of clinical outcome after mechanical revascularization in acute myocardial infarction by markers of myocardial reperfusion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 19, 2003; 41(4): 532 - 538. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. S. Sabatine, D. A. Morrow, C. P. Cannon, S. A. Murphy, L. A. Demopoulos, P. M. DiBattiste, C. H. McCabe, E. Braunwald, and C. M. Gibson Relationship between baseline white blood cell count and degree of coronary artery disease and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes: A TACTICS-TIMI 18 substudy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 20, 2002; 40(10): 1761 - 1768. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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F.-J. Neumann and N. Jander How to best counteract the enemies? By ensuring adequate oxygen delivery Eur. Heart J. Suppl., November 1, 2002; 4(suppl_G): G35 - G42. [Abstract] [PDF]
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D. P. Faxon, R. J. Gibbons, N. A. F. Chronos, P. A. Gurbel, F. Sheehan, and HALT-MI Investigators The effect of blockade of the CD11/CD18 integrin receptor on infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with direct angioplasty: the results of the HALT-MI study J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., October 2, 2002; 40(7): 1199 - 1204. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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C.-K. Wong, J.K. French, M.W. Krucoff, W. Gao, P.E. Aylward, and H.D. White Slowed ST segment recovery despite early infarct artery patency in patients with Q waves at presentation with a first acute myocardial infarction. Implications of initial Q waves on myocyte reperfusion Eur. Heart J., September 2, 2002; 23(18): 1449 - 1455. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. R. Bowers, W. W. O'Neill, M. Pica, and J. A. Goldstein Patterns of Coronary Compromise Resulting in Acute Right Ventricular Ischemic Dysfunction Circulation, August 27, 2002; 106(9): 1104 - 1109. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Poli, R. Fetiveau, P. Vandoni, G. del Rosso, M. D'Urbano, G. Seveso, F. Cafiero, and S. De Servi Integrated Analysis of Myocardial Blush and ST-Segment Elevation Recovery After Successful Primary Angioplasty: Real-Time Grading of Microvascular Reperfusion and Prediction of Early and Late Recovery of Left Ventricular Function Circulation, July 16, 2002; 106(3): 313 - 318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. C. Wong, D. A. Morrow, S. Murphy, N. Kraimer, R. Pai, D. James, D. H. Robertson, L. A. Demopoulos, P. DiBattiste, C. P. Cannon, et al. Elevations in Troponin T and I Are Associated With Abnormal Tissue Level Perfusion: A TACTICS-TIMI 18 Substudy Circulation, July 9, 2002; 106(2): 202 - 207. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J.P.S. Henriques, F. Zijlstra, J.P. Ottervanger, M.-J. de Boer, A.W.J. van 't Hof, J.C.A. Hoorntje, and H. Suryapranata Incidence and clinical significance of distal embolization during primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 2, 2002; 23(14): 1112 - 1117. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. Allaqaband and T. K. Bajwa "Time Is Muscle" Only in Experienced Hands and High-Volume Centers J Intensive Care Med, July 1, 2002; 17(4): 199 - 201. [PDF]
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M. Aschermann and P. Widimsky I have an acute myocardial infarction: open my coronary artery, stent it and keep full flow! Eur. Heart J., June 2, 2002; 23(12): 913 - 916. [Full Text] [PDF]
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P Andrassy, M Zielinska, R Busch, A Schomig, and C Firschke Myocardial blood volume and the amount of viable myocardium early after mechanical reperfusion of acute myocardial infarction: prospective study using venous contrast echocardiography Heart, April 1, 2002; 87(4): 350 - 355. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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G. W. Stone, M. A. Peterson, A. J. Lansky, G. Dangas, R. Mehran, and M. B. Leon Impact of normalized myocardial perfusion after successful angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 20, 2002; 39(4): 591 - 597. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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B. G. Angeja, M. Gunda, S. A. Murphy, B. E. Sobel, A. C. Rundle, M. Syed, A. Asfour, S. Borzak, S. G. Gourlay, H. V. Barron, et al. TIMI Myocardial Perfusion Grade and ST Segment Resolution: Association With Infarct Size as Assessed by Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Imaging Circulation, January 22, 2002; 105(3): 282 - 285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. W. Baran, M. Nguyen, G. R. McKendall, C. T. Lambrew, G. Dykstra, S. T. Palmeri, R. J. Gibbons, S. Borzak, B. E. Sobel, S. G. Gourlay, et al. Double-Blind, Randomized Trial of an Anti-CD18 Antibody in Conjunction With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator for Acute Myocardial Infarction: Limitation of Myocardial Infarction Following Thrombolysis in Acute Myocardial Infarction (LIMIT AMI) Study Circulation, December 4, 2001; 104(23): 2778 - 2783. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. A. de Lemos and E. Braunwald ST segment resolution as a tool for assessing the efficacy of reperfusion therapy J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., November 1, 2001; 38(5): 1283 - 1294. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. KAUL Coronary angiography cannot be used to assess myocardial perfusion in patients undergoing reperfusion for acute myocardial infarction Heart, November 1, 2001; 86(5): 483 - 484. [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A APPLEBY, B. G ANGEJA, K. DAUTERMAN, and C M. GIBSON Angiographic assessment of myocardial perfusion: TIMI myocardial perfusion (TMP) grading system Heart, November 1, 2001; 86(5): 485 - 486. [Full Text] [PDF]
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C. P. Cannon Importance of TIMI 3 Flow Circulation, August 7, 2001; 104(6): 624 - 626. [Full Text] [PDF]
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R.G. Wilcox ST-segment elevation resolution -- a surrogate for infarct vessel patency or myocardial perfusion, but a call for rescue? Eur. Heart J., May 1, 2001; 22(9): 722 - 724. [PDF]
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G. Destro, P. Marino, E. Barbieri, A. Zorzi, G. Brighetti, M. Maines, M. Carletti, and P. Zardini Postinfarctional remodeling: increased dye intensity in the myocardial risk area after angioplasty of infarct-related coronary artery is associated with reduction of ventricular volumes J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., April 1, 2001; 37(5): 1239 - 1245. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. T. Roe, E. M. Ohman, A. C. P. Maas, R. H. Christenson, K. W. Mahaffey, C. B. Granger, R. A. Harrington, R. M. Califf, and M. W. Krucoff Shifting the open-artery hypothesis downstream: the quest for optimal reperfusion J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2001; 37(1): 9 - 18. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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H. Masugata, B. Peters, S. Lafitte, G. M. Strachan, K. Ohmori, and A. N. DeMaria Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion during graded coronary stenosis by real-time myocardial contrast echo refilling curves J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., January 1, 2001; 37(1): 262 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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E.M Antman, C.M Gibson, J.A de Lemos, R.P Giugliano, C.H McCabe, P Coussement, I Menown, C.A Nienaber, T.C Rehders, M.J Frey, et al. Combination reperfusion therapy with abciximab and reduced dose reteplase: results from TIMI 14 Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2000; 21(23): 1944 - 1953. [Abstract] [PDF]
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H. V. Barron, C. P. Cannon, S. A. Murphy, E. Braunwald, and C. M. Gibson Association Between White Blood Cell Count, Epicardial Blood Flow, Myocardial Perfusion, and Clinical Outcomes in the Setting of Acute Myocardial Infarction : A Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 10 Substudy Circulation, November 7, 2000; 102(19): 2329 - 2334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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