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(Circulation. 2000;101:1115.)
© 2000 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
New Body Surface Isopotential Map Evaluation Method to Detect Minor Potential Losses in Non–Q-Wave Myocardial Infarction
Presented in part at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association, New Orleans, La, November 10–13, 1996, and published in abstract form (Circulation. 1996;94[suppl I]:I-731).
From the Research Centre (M.M., P.S., G.T., J.B.N., D.P., R.A.N.), Hopital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada; and Haynal Imre University (I.P., A.P.), Cardiovascular Center, Budapest, Hungary.
Correspondence to Dr Mihály Medvegy, Haynal Imre University, Szabolcs 35, Budapest, Hungary 1135.
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Abstract |
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Background—Potential losses caused by stable non–Q-wave myocardial infarction (MI) are too small to diagnose with the use of standard ECG. The aim of the present study was to obtain accurate diagnostic criteria for this prognostically important disease with the help of body surface mapping.
Methods and Results—Body surface potentials were recorded with the use of 63 unipolar leads in 45 patients with a non–Q-wave MI (41 to 75 years old); 24 healthy adults, 42 patients with unstable angina, and 70 patients with Q-wave MI served as reference groups. Qualitative pathological features of the isopotential maps, such as onset time and site and magnitude of the first right-anterior/anterior minimum, as well as pathological negativities at that time, were defined in non–Q-wave MI cases. These features, which account for the activation sequence and the body surface projections of specific cardiac regions (Selvester classification), showed a 91% sensitivity and an 88% specificity for the detection of non–Q-wave MI. In comparison, the different departure maps (first third QRS, QRS, and QRST isoarea) resulted in less favorable specificities (50% to 58%). Concordance between the isopotential maps and the acute-phase ECG (90%), hypokinesis (64%), fixed perfusion defects (59%), and significant stenosis of the infarct-related coronary artery (87%) supported the concept that these isopotential map changes correspond to the supposed sites of MI. There were pathological features in 69% of patients with unstable angina, with similar concordances as in non–Q-wave MI.
Conclusions—Isopotential maps revealed characteristic features that were suitable for the detection and localization of non–Q-wave MI in the clinical setting of unstable coronary artery disease.
Key Words: angina • mapping • myocardial infarction • potentials
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Introduction |
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Montague et al1 suggested that non–Q-wave myocardial infarction (NQMI) is a distinct, heterogeneous pathophysiological entity, whereas others2 consider NQMI to be smaller in measure than Q-wave myocardial infarction (QMI). Because of their common features, NQMI and unstable angina (UA) are grouped under the term "unstable coronary artery disease" (UCAD).3 The identification of NQMI is of paramount clinical importance, because it is more frequently associated with future UA, malignant arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death than is QMI.4 The diagnosis of acute NQMI is generally based on clinical observations, laboratory test results, and acute ST-T changes on the ECG.5 However, ECG changes are missing when chronic NQMI is being considered. Therefore, attempts have been made to diagnose chronic NQMI through other noninvasive methods, such as echocardiography,6 thallium scintigraphy,7 radionuclide ventriculography,1 7 and body surface potential mapping (BSPM).2 8 9 10 11 12
The use of BSPM may detect electrical abnormalities such as the loss of
electrical potential or altered activation sequence during
depolarization. "Potential loss" is the reduction in the electrical
activity of the heart due to a functional or structural lesion that can
arise from limited necrosis or ischemia. These electrical
abnormalities involving 
1 cardiac region correspond to myocardial
damage insufficient to cause a Q wave on the standard 12-lead ECG.
However, BSPM can be suitable to detect these abnormalities because of
its higher spatial resolution. The position of the initial potential
minimum, as suggested by Osugi et al8 and Hirai et
al,9 or differences in isoarea maps, as suggested by De
Ambroggi et al,10 11 were helpful in the diagnosis of old
anterior and inferior NQMIs (without more accurate
localization), but sensitivity was low.
The aim of the present retrospective study was to analyze body surface isopotential maps in clinically proved NQMI during the chronic phase and to identify characteristic features specific to each cardiac region. The localization was supported by concordances with different invasive and noninvasive methods. Our hypothesis was that a series of isopotential maps should yield more information than the isoarea departure maps. Thus, we also evaluated different departure maps and compared the sensitivities and specificities for the diagnosis of NQMI. The isopotential map features that were found to be characteristic of potential loss in NQMI were also investigated in the normal control group and in 2 reference groups of patients with ischemic heart disease (UA and QMI).
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Methods |
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Patient Selection
All of the patients were hospitalized and were from the Hopital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal. The NQMI group consisted of 45 patients (32 men and 13 women, age range 41 to 75 years, mean age 61 years), all of whom had enzymatically proved NQMI. One of the reference groups, the UA group, consisted of 42 patients (24 men and 18 women, age range 41 to 74 years, mean age 58 years) who had clinical signs of the UA but no proved myocardial enzyme elevation. In these 2 groups of patients with UCAD, there were no pathological Q waves, all patients underwent coronary angiography and ventriculography, and 79 patients underwent exercise 201Tl scintigraphy. The other reference group, the QMI group, consisted of 70 patients with remote QMI (32 anterior: 28 men and 4 women, age range 33 to 76 years, mean age 55 years; 38 inferoposterior localization: 33 men and 5 women, age range 48 to 69 years, mean age 60 years).
The BSPM and the other clinical examinations were performed with the patient in a clinically stable state, without acute ST-T changes. No patient had a cardiac disorder other than ischemic heart disease. Exclusion criteria were atrial fibrillation, intraventricular conduction disturbances, and signs of ventricular hypertrophy/strain on the ECG.
The normal control group consisted of 24 healthy adults with a normal ECG (16 men and 8 women, age range 17 to 38 years, mean age 31 years).
Body Surface Potential Mapping
Recording and signal processing of the body surface
potentials were performed according to the Montreal system (63 unipolar
leads, amplifier 0.05 to 200 Hz, signal averaging 52
seconds).13 Different types of body surface maps
(isopotential, isoarea, and departure) were generated. On these maps,
the torso surface is represented by a rolled-out cylinder
cut along the right midaxillary line: the left side of the map
corresponds to the anterior torso. The zero level is identified with a
heavier line, and contour lines are drawn at regular intervals. Plus
and minus signs indicate the locations of the maximum and minimum,
respectively. Isopotential maps were evaluated every 2 ms. In addition,
3 isoarea maps were constructed: these maps represent the body
surface distribution of the time integral of the potential during the
first third of the QRS complex, the entire QRS, and the combination of
the QRS complex and T wave. Finally, departure maps were generated with
the use of mean±2 SD values; the averages of the maps of 24 normal
subjects at each lead were used.
Evaluation of the Isopotential Maps
The first point of interest was the appearance time (initial,
early, normal, or late) of the first right-anterior/anterior minimum.
Secondary discriminative signs were the site and amplitude of this
minimum, as well as minor negativities and positivities at abnormal
sites at that time. Together, these signs could refer to the site of
the potential loss, as explained in Results and in Figure 1
. The criteria established by
previous investigators to describe normal14 and
QMI15 participants, the cardiac activation sequence in
normal16 17 and QMI18 participants, and the
body surface representation of the heart regions19
were taken into account. The sites of potential loss were grouped
according to the scheme of Selvester et al,20 which is
based on combinations of 4 longitudinal segments (anteroseptal,
anterosuperior, posterolateral, and inferior) and 3
transversal segments (basal, middle, and apical). The beginning of the
depolarization was defined as the map recorded 6 ms before the
first 0.1-mV positivity.
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For numerical evaluation of the features, the averaged potential value
for each pathological region and the zi
score for each individual NQMI patient were computed
[zi=(individual potential value-normal
average potential value at the same site and time)/SD of this normal
average]. The specified electrode site and normalized time point of
the characteristic features are given in Table 1. Individual timing was normalized
[time in the individual casexaverage normal QRS
duration/individual QRS duration]. The average QRS duration in
our normal control group was 83±18 ms.
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The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the characteristic isopotential map features were evaluated and compared with different types of departure maps. Concordances were evaluated between the localized sites of potential losses through the use of isopotential maps and noninvasive or invasive cardiac methods such as acute-phase ECG (ST elevation in 14, ST depression in 10, and deep negative T waves in 21 participants), hypokinesis (it was evaluated with the use of left ventriculography; midseptal and posterolateral middle/basal locations were not evaluated), fixed perfusion defect (it was evaluated with the use of exercise thallium test scintigraphy7 ), and significant stenoses of >80% (they were evaluated with the use of coronary arteriography).21
Statistical analyses were performed with use of the
z score, Student’s t test of the mean, unequal
variance, and the 
2 test.
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Results |
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Characteristic isopotential map features were found in 40 of 44 NQMIs. (In 1 patient, the low potentials resulted in an atypical change.) The typical abnormalities that suggest a loss of electrical potential in different regions are displayed in Figure 1
schematically and in Figure 2 with
individual maps from patients with NQMI. Computed isopotential maps of
the averaged potential values of our normal control group are displayed
in Figure 3 at the
diagnostically important time points.
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Description of Isopotential Map Features
Initial Anterior Minimum (0 to 16 ms After QRS Onset, With a
Midpresence Time Point of 8 ms)
An initial anterosuperior minimum slightly to the right of the
midfrontal area indicates a potential loss for the midseptal area (5
cases; Figures 1a and 2a). An initial anterosuperior and
left-sided minimum indicates an anterior paraseptal potential loss (8
cases; Figures 1b and 2b). For normal cases at this time point,
the minimum is on the back (Figure 3A).
Early, Slight Right Anterior Minimum (10 to 22 ms After QRS
Onset)
This minimum (its absolute value is <0.22 mV) and an
inferior right anterior and inferior
midposterior negativity at this time indicate a potential loss in the
anteroseptal/inferior midregion (the most frequent
location: 22 cases; Figures 1c and 2c). For normal cases, the
first right anterior minimum has a more negative value and comes later;
there is only positivity on the inferior torso (Figures 3B and 3C).
Normal (Time and Measure) Right Anterior Minimum (20 to 24 ms After
QRS Onset)
At this time, a right-sided inferior negativity with
midposterior elevated positivity indicates a potential loss in the
anteroseptal-apical region (9 cases, Figures 1d and 2d). At this
time, a contiguous negativity on the inferior torso
suggests that the right ventricular breakthrough comes from
below, indicating an inferoapical potential loss (4 cases, Figures 1e and 2e). For normal cases at this time, only positivity can
be seen on the entire inferior torso (Figure 3C).
Right Anterior/Anterior Minimum Appears Late
A minimum from above is often inserted between 2 neighboring
positivities at 24 to 42 ms after QRS onset. At this time, there is a
contiguous negativity on the total superior torso that corresponds to
an anterosuperior-middle/basal localization (4 cases, Figures 1f and 2f). A late (34 to 40 ms after QRS onset) and considerably negative
(<-0.6 mV) minimum that persists on the superior right anterior torso
and is followed by a short incisura (smaller minimum) on the minimum
time curve (when the minimum moves to the midanterior part) indicates
an inferobasal localization (3 cases, Figures 1g and 2g). The
minimum that persists on the back later (until 
40 ms) after the
onset time of the highest maximum indicates a posterolateral
middle/basal potential loss (5 cases, Figures 1h and 2h). For
normal cases, the minimum appears on the right anterior side in normal
time (at 20 to 24 ms but no later than the time of maximum positivity);
it moves to the middle part of the anterior chest, and its negativity
increases continuously (Figures 3C to 3F).
The combination of some of these features suggests multiple potential
losses: midseptal plus anteroseptal/inferior middle (4
cases), midseptal plus anteroseptal/inferior middle plus
anteroseptal-apical (1 case), anterior paraseptal plus
anteroseptal/inferior middle (1 case), anterior paraseptal
plus anteroseptal/inferior middle plus anteroseptal apical
(3 cases), anterior paraseptal plus anterosuperior middle/basal (2
cases), anteroseptal/inferior middle plus anteroseptal
apical (2 cases; Figure 4a),
anteroseptal/inferior middle plus inferior
apical (2 cases; Figure 4b), and anterosuperior middle/basal
plus posterolateral middle/basal (1 case). In total, 60 regions with
potential losses were observed in 44 patients with NQMI.
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The numerical values of the pathological features with the
corresponding average normal values, the significance level of the
differences, and the sensitivity of the significant (>>1.96)
zi scores are displayed for each region in
Table 1. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative
predictive values of the characteristic BSPM changes in the NQMI group
were 91%, 88%, 93%, and 84%, respectively (Table 2). The pathological changes (>±2 SD)
of the first third QRS and QRST isoarea departure maps resulted in
lower specificity (50% to 54%, P<0.05; Table 2).
Concordances between isopotential maps and other noninvasive or
invasive methods are given in Table 3.
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What Does the Standard 12-Lead ECG Reveal in NQMI?
According to BSPM features, the potential losses of different
regions resulted in minor changes at different times during the QRS
interval. The initial depolarization was involved only in cases of
midseptal and anterior paraseptal potential losses: a slight
r-wave reduction was revealed in leads V1
and V2. However, true pathological Q waves
were seen in the leads situated above them (according to the leads
V1' and
V2'). Consequently, these
cases correspond to Kornreich’s "missed" QMIs, in contrast with
the other cases in which the initial period was intact and pathological
Q waves were nowhere to be seen (ie, true NQMI).5 For
anteroseptal/inferior middle and anteroseptal apical
potential losses, the r wave in leads V1 to
V3 was narrower, similar to the right-sided
leads. For inferoapical and inferobasal sites, a notch could appear in
the inferior ECG leads. For the anterosuperior middle/basal
sites, an r-wave reduction of varying degrees could be seen in leads
V2 to V4. For
posterolateral middle/basal sites, the r wave in leads
V1 and V2 was wider and a
little taller, and the real posterior leads had a wider Q wave because
of the persistence of the back-sided minimum.
How Did the Signs of Potential Losses Appear in UA
Patients?
Twenty-nine UA patients (69%) showed similar pathological
features in the isopotential maps. Five of them showed multiple
changes, but the ratio of multiple changes was significantly lower than
that in NQMI (P<0.05). Together, the potential losses
involved 34 regions (midseptal 1, anterior paraseptal 3,
anteroseptal/inferior middle 8, anteroseptal apical 6,
anterosuperior middle/basal 3, posterolateral middle/basal 7, and
inferobasal 6). Atypical changes (low potentials) were detected in 1
patient. The proportion of the zi score
significance was 2:3 in anterior paraseptal, and there was no
significant zi score in the other regions.
Potential loss abnormalities were detected in 62% with the first third
QRS departure map, in 74% with the entire QRS departure map, and in
79% with QRST departure maps. The concordances of localization by
isopotential maps and other methods were similar to those in
NQMI: 83% for the acute-phase ECG, 58% for the hypokinesis, 62% for
the perfusion defect, and 85% for the detection of a significant
lesion of the infarct-related coronary artery.
How Were the NQMI Features Revealed in QMI?
The initial superior minimum of the midseptal and anterior
paraseptal potential loss appeared in anterior QMI where the septum was
involved according to the ECG (QS in leads V1 and
V2, 21 of 32 cases). In extensive anterior QMI,
the isopotential maps showed an extended right anterior negativity that
did not allow us to discriminate among
anteroseptal/inferior middle, anteroseptal apical, and
anterosuperior middle/basal lesions (12 of 32 cases). The breakthrough
arrived from above in 6 anterior QMI cases as in the anterosuperior
middle/basal NQMI lesion. The clearly inferior QMI (22 of
38) cases showed similar inferior negativity as was seen in
inferoapical NQMI. The characteristic right upper late negativity of
the inferior basal NQMI location was not revealed in QMI
cases. The characteristic late, back-sided minimum of posterolateral
basal NQMI was even later in 10 cases with a tall R wave in lead
V2. In summary, some of the pathological NQMI
changes appeared in QMI, but in general, the larger extent of the
necrosis masked the subtle pathological signs of the smaller
regions.
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Discussion |
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The main abnormality revealed by isopotential maps in NQMI was the loss of electrical potential, but different features were characteristic for each region of the heart. Therefore, distinctive features are described as both diagnostic and localization criteria for NQMI.
The initial minimum refers directly to the cardiac site of the potential loss, because these regions (midseptal and anterior paraseptal) are the earliest activating part of the heart.16
The early right-sided, slight potential minimum that we associated with
an anteroseptal/inferior middle cardiac potential loss was
mentioned by Hirai et al9 and De Ambroggi et
al11 as a sign of anteroseptal necrosis but by Osugi et
al8 as an inferior necrosis sign. Normal
isopotential maps did not show this early right-sided
minimum.14 How can 2 different types of necrosis result in
similar negativities? In fact, these necrosis sites are close to each
other. In both, the early resultant vector is directed toward the apex
because of the right-sided anteroseptal or inferoseptal potential loss.
However, the resultant vector directs a bit more downward in
anteroseptal middle necrosis. Their discrimination is more probable in
cases in combination with anteroseptal apical or inferoapical potential
losses (Figure 4).
More considerable differences in the vector direction determine the distinctive BSPM features between potential losses of anteroseptal apical and inferoapical regions.
The appearance time of the anterosuperior middle/basal potential loss is variable (24 to 42 ms after the QRS onset) depending on the region involved. For instance, with more lateral or basal potential losses, the minimum appears later.
In the quantitative evaluation of minor potential losses, except for 3 regions (midseptal, anterior paraseptal, and anteroseptal apical), the sensitivity of the zi score was very low, probably because of the high SD of the normal values, changes in neighboring leads, or both. The differences in the average values between the normal and pathological groups resulted in better discrimination. How can such minor changes in the isopotential maps indicate potential losses with good sensitivity and specificity? The reason is their very well defined time point, which makes these features discriminative. For example, the minimum value did not differ significantly between posterolateral NQMI and the normal group, but the late timing in the NQMI cases makes this feature a good marker.
Why do isoarea departure maps have worse specificity than the isopotential maps? The isoarea departure maps represent binary decision-making and exclude borderline cases from the subsequent analysis. The period of the entire QRS isoarea map is long, and a minor change lasting only 10 to 20 ms is probably lost within this period. The QRST isoarea maps are overwhelmed by the S wave. In cases of combined potential losses, the different changes can mask or neutralize each other on the isoarea maps.
Confirmation of the diagnosis of old NQMI is problematical. Good concordance with invasive and noninvasive investigations only increases the probability of old NQMI. Coronary occlusion does not cause an infarction in all cases, whereas hypokinesis can also be seen in myocardial hibernation. Moreover, the negativity of these tests does not exclude the existence of NQMI, because spontaneous or pharmacological thrombolysis can open coronary arteries, and hypokinesis or fixed perfusion defect does not necessarily develop.
The total concordance of the hypokinesis (64%) increases when only the middle regions are considered. This means that the potential losses are reflected more readily in hypokinesis for the middle regions. The concordances of the hypokinesis and the fixed perfusion defect were worst for the apical regions (46% and 45%, respectively) because of the proximity of perfusion territories in the apical regions. Collateral and independent coronary arteries together with the infarct-related coronary artery were involved in 67% of cases, which suggests that minor potential losses can appear frequently in multiple vessel disease.
Potential losses of certain specific neighboring regions can manifest themselves in the same acute-phase ECG or coronary state; therefore, the good concordance of BSPMs with acute-phase ECG (90%) and coronary angiography (87%) does not really help much in identification of the actual anatomic regions.
The considerable proportion of isopotential map changes (69%) in patients with UA and their concordances with the other invasive and noninvasive methods that result in similar values as those in NQMI support the suspicion that some patients with UA might have had an undiagnosed NQMI. The other possible reason for the common features is that potential loss may result from severe ischemia without necrosis.
These results may suggest that NQMI is not a distinct pathophysiological entity. There may be potential losses with different extensions in the subendocardial region. The potential losses might also have transmural extensions without pathological Q waves if the regions do not involve the first activating parts of the heart. The common features with UA justify the use of the term "UCAD" for NQMI and UA.
Study Limitations
Because of the detailed localization, the number of cases for some
locations is small. We have no autopsy or histological
data. The members of the control group were younger and high standard
deviations of the averaged values.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by grants from the Foundation for Hungarian Higher Education and Research and the Medical Research Council of Canada. We would like to thank Martine Germain for her technical assistance, Diane L. Abastado for her secretarial assistance, and Dr András Paksy for his statistical advice.
Received July 9, 1999; revision received September 23, 1999; accepted October 7, 1999.
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