(Circulation. 1999;100:475-482.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Clinical Investigation and Reports |
Elevated Serum Triglyceride Levels and Long-Term Mortality in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease
The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Registry
From the Department of Internal Medicine "B", Meir General Hospital, Kfar-Saba, Israel (M.H.); Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (M.H., M.B., S.B., H.R.-R., U.G.); Institute for Physiological Hygiene, Wolfson Medical Center, Holen, Israel (D.B., E.G.); and Division of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel (U.G.).
Correspondence to Uri Goldbourt, PhD, BIP Coordinating Center, Neufeld Cardiac Research Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer 52621, Israel.
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Abstract |
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Background—The association between elevated blood triglyceride levels and subsequent mortality risk in patients with established coronary heart disease (CHD) has been investigated rarely. The aim of the present study was to investigate this association.
Methods and Results—We evaluated mortality over a mean follow-up time of 5.1 years among 9033 male and 2499 female CHD patients who were screened for participation in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study. A stepwise increase in mortality with increasing serum triglyceride levels was observed in patients with desirable or elevated serum total cholesterol levels and in patients with either desirable or abnormally low HDL cholesterol levels. Multivariate adjustment for factors other than HDL cholesterol yielded a slightly increased adjusted mortality risk with a 1-natural-log-unit elevation of triglyceride levels in men (hazard ratio [HR] 1.14, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.30) and women (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.88). Excess covariate-adjusted risk was noted among patients with elevated total and LDL cholesterol and in women with HDL cholesterol levels >45 mg/dL. After additional adjustment for HDL cholesterol, the risk of mortality with a 1-natural-log-unit elevation of triglycerides declined in men (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.26) and in women (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.50). A trend for increased mortality risk remained in patients with elevated total and LDL cholesterol and in women with HDL cholesterol >45 mg/dL.
Conclusions—Elevated triglyceride levels were associated with a small, independent increased mortality risk in CHD patients. This risk may be increased among subgroups of patients with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels.
Key Words: coronary disease • lipoproteins • mortality
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Introduction |
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The consequences of elevated blood triglyceride levels are controversial,1 and the benefit of reducing these levels has not been established clearly. Several studies2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 conducted in healthy persons, mostly men, showed that elevated triglyceride levels were associated with increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). In most of these studies,2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the positive relation between triglyceride levels and CHD risk persisted after adjustment for possible confounders but disappeared after HDL cholesterol was introduced into the multivariate model. Several investigators reasoned that the introduction of both HDL cholesterol and triglycerides as independent covariates was inappropriate owing to multicollinearity and an intimate link between these variables in lipid metabolism.1 5 11 12 In a few studies,2 3 9 10 triglyceride levels did remain predictive of subsequent development of CHD after adjustment for HDL cholesterol, which suggests a possible role for triglycerides in the development of CHD.
The association between elevated triglyceride levels and subsequent mortality risk in patients with established CHD has been investigated rarely. Therefore, we undertook the present study to evaluate the association between elevated triglyceride levels and subsequent mortality in a large cohort of male and female patients (n=11 575) with proven CHD.
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Methods |
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Study Sample
A total of 15 524 patients considered eligible for participation in the Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention (BIP) Study were examined between February 1990 and October 1992. The design and rationale of BIP have been published previously.13 14 The screened population included patients aged 40 to 74 years with a diagnosis of CHD based on one of the following: (1) documented myocardial infarction (MI) in the previous 5 years; (2) symptomatic stable angina pectoris and either a positive exercise test, positive myocardial ischemia by radionuclear scintigraphy, or
60% stenosis of 1 of the major
coronary arteries demonstrated by coronary angiography;
or (3) documented PTCA or CABG operation in the preceding 6 months. Patients enrolled to participate in the BIP study (n=3122) were excluded from the present analysis to avoid the possible modification of bezafibrate treatment on the association between triglyceride levels and subsequent mortality. Among the remaining patients, information on date, site, and underlying cause of death according to the ninth version of the International Classification of Disease (ICD-9) codes was available for 11 575 patients, who constitute the study sample. The present analysis provides mortality data after a mean follow-up of 5.1 years (range 2 days to 6.8 years). The underlying cause of death was classified as coronary if coded 410 to 414 of the ICD-9 code.
Data Acquisition
During the first visit, records were obtained concerning
previous and current illnesses and medications used by the patient, and
a complete physical examination was performed. The patients were
assigned a functional class according to the New York Heart Association
(NYHA) classification,15 and severity of angina was scored
by the Canadian Cardiovascular Society
classification.16
Laboratory Examination
Laboratory measurements were performed in a central laboratory
(Physiological and Hygiene Laboratory at the
Wolfson Medical Center, Holen, Israel). All analyses
were performed with a Boehringer-Hitachi 704 random-access
analyzer with Boehringer diagnostic kits.
Accuracy and precision were under periodic surveillance by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention service in Atlanta, Ga. For 6772
patients whose total cholesterol, HDL
cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were
within specified limits, a second blood sample was drawn 2.5 months
after the first sample. Blood samples were taken after 12 hours of
fast. Between February 1990 and January 1994, we determined
triglyceride levels by subtracting the free glycerol level
(determined by using a separate enzymatic kit [Sigma Chemical]) from
the total triglyceride value. Since January 1994, we
calculated triglyceride levels by subtracting 4.5 mg/dL
(mean value of free glycerol level).
Laboratory results were monitored throughout the study period. A drift in triglyceride levels was identified during the study period that lowered the triglyceride levels by an average of 11.25% for specimens drawn between October 16, 1990, and February 8, 1991, due to differences between different batches of analytical kits supplied by Boehringer-Mannheim. To ensure comparability of measurements throughout the study period, adjustment was made by reanalysis of frozen sera collected during the period the drift was detected with kits used routinely at the time of reanalysis and by application of linear regression analysis to obtain an estimation of the old values on the new scale. All triglyceride levels for the above period (from October 16, 1990, to February 8, 1991) were converted by multiplying them by 1.1125. HDL cholesterol was determined by precipitation of LDL cholesterol and VLDL with phosphotungstate.
Statistical Analysis
Data were analyzed with SAS software.17
Age-adjusted mortality rates per 1000 person-years were computed with
an SAS macro. Multivariate analysis of
mortality was performed with the Cox proportional hazards model (PHREG
procedure) to account for differing lengths of follow-up and to adjust
for covariates predictive of mortality. The covariates were age, HDL
cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, glucose, diabetes
mellitus, hypertension, NYHA class, chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, peripheral vascular disease,
stroke, angina pectoris, current smoking, and past smoking. Because the
distribution of triglyceride was skewed, a natural log of
triglyceride was introduced into the model. The
significance levels for entering and removing an explanatory
variable were set at 0.15 and 0.10, respectively.
A single measurement of triglycerides is subject to random fluctuation due to laboratory measurement and biological fluctuations. Because 6772 patients attended the second screening visit, at which another triglyceride measurement was performed, we estimated the reliability of serum triglyceride measurements using the values of the first and second visits. We recomputed the hazard ratios by multiplying the Cox regression coefficients by a regression dilution factor. The regression factor was calculated as follows: we divided the difference in mean triglyceride level between the lowest and highest quartiles, computed from the first measurement, by the difference in mean triglyceride level at the second measurement in similarly defined lowest and highest quartiles.18 The effect of incorporating the regression dilution bias is to provide an estimate of mortality risk associated with triglyceride increment, correcting for regression to the mean.
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Results |
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Among 11 575 patients included in the present study, triglyceride levels were available for only 11 546 patients. In addition, medical history data were incomplete for 14 patients who were excluded from the present analysis.
Baseline Characteristics
The study sample comprised 9033 men and 2499 women (Table 1
). The women in this sample were
older, had a higher frequency of coronary risk factors at
baseline, and their symptoms were usually more severe, as reflected by
their NYHA and angina class, compared with men (Table 1).
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Triglyceride Levels and Other Comorbid
Conditions
In both men and women, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were
associated with elevated triglyceride levels (Table 2). Total cholesterol, LDL
cholesterol, and plasma fibrinogen levels tended to be
elevated in patients with elevated triglyceride levels.
Serum HDL cholesterol was inversely related to
triglycerides. The correlation coefficients were -0.43 and
-0.48 for men and women, respectively.
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Five-Year Mortality in Relation to Triglyceride Level
Age-adjusted all-cause mortality rates per 1000 person-years
increased in a stepwise fashion with increasing
triglyceride quintile values in both men (from 21.2 to
33.5) and women (from 17 to 37.6) (Figures 1 and 2,
respectively). Age-adjusted CHD mortality rates showed a similar trend
in men (from 9.2 to 16.9) and women (from 8.4 to 18.7). Among men, the
age-adjusted all-cause and CHD mortality hazard ratios in the fifth
quintile (versus the first quintile) were 1.54 (95% CI 1.29 to 1.84)
and 1.77 (95% CI 1.36 to 2.30), respectively. Among women, the
corresponding values were 2.19 (95% CI 1.52 to 3.16) for all-cause
mortality and 2.09 (95% CI 1.25 to 3.50) for CHD mortality.
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Among men and women, mortality increased with increasing
triglyceride levels in patients with or without angina
pectoris, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension and in patients with low,
intermediate, and elevated body mass index (Figure 3). Mortality was elevated in male and
female patients with increased triglyceride levels who also
had desirable or elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels
and in patients of either sex with desirable or abnormally low HDL
cholesterol levels (Figure 4).
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Multivariate Analysis
Table 3 provides the adjusted
mortality hazard ratios associated with an elevation of 1 natural log
unit of triglyceride levels. Adjustment was made for
confounders known to be associated with elevated mortality in CHD
patients (see Methods). Triglyceride levels were predictive
of mortality in both men and women, but after HDL
cholesterol was added to the model, the relative risk was
of borderline significance only, with a 95% CI that crossed unity
(Table 3).
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Elevated triglyceride levels appeared to be associated with increased mortality in female and male patients with elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels but not in their counterparts with total and LDL cholesterol values within the desirable range. The results are also consistent with a predictive role for triglycerides in men and women without previous MI. When HDL cholesterol was added to the model, a trend remained for increased subsequent mortality in male and female patients with elevated total or LDL cholesterol, in males without previous MI, and in females with HDL cholesterol levels >45 mg/dL. No synergism of low HDL cholesterol and elevated triglycerides in affecting mortality was apparent in this study.
Regression Dilution Correction
The computed regression dilution factor was 1.26 in men and 1.28
in women. Correction for this factor (see Methods) did not modify the
adjusted hazard ratio substantially. For example, the adjusted hazard
ratios for mortality with each elevation of 1 natural log unit of
triglyceride levels were increased from 1.09 to 1.11 in men
and from 1.10 to 1.12 in women. Application of similar corrections in
the other tested subgroups did not change the hazard ratios
appreciably.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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Most previous studies have evaluated the relationship between elevated triglyceride levels and subsequent risk in subjects free of CHD.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In the present study, we describe the association between elevated triglyceride levels and mortality in patients with established CHD.
The main findings of the present study were as follows: (1) elevated triglyceride levels were associated with increased prevalence of other coronary risk factors, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and elevated total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and serum fibrinogen levels, and with subnormal levels of HDL cholesterol; (2) there was a strong stepwise increase in age-adjusted mortality with increasing triglyceride levels in both men and women and in several clinical subsets of patients; (3) on adjustment by age and other covariates, elevated triglyceride levels were associated with increased mortality primarily in women, in male and female patients with elevated total and LDL cholesterol, and in patients with angina but without previous MI; (4) adjustment for HDL cholesterol levels reduced the above associations, but elevated triglyceride levels remained predictive for mortality in CHD patients with elevated LDL and total cholesterol levels; and (5) elevated triglyceride levels were associated with increased mortality risk in the subgroup of patients with elevated HDL cholesterol but not in patients with decreased HDL cholesterol levels.
Concurrent elevated triglyceride levels, hypertension,
diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other dyslipidemias are
consistent with previously published studies in healthy
subjects.2 3 6 9 19 20 21 This aggregate of
metabolic and clinical abnormalities was named "syndrome
X," and it was suggested that a single abnormality (insulin
resistance and hyperinsulinemia) is the underlying
cause of this cluster.22 These associations, in particular
the inverse association with HDL cholesterol, complicate
analyses designed to evaluate the independent contribution of
elevated triglyceride levels to subsequent morbidity and
mortality in these subjects. Most studies of subjects without
clinically evident CHD have demonstrated a univariate
relation between elevated triglyceride levels and
subsequent CHD.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10 However, adjustment for other
coronary risk factors, and in particular HDL
cholesterol, usually reduced or eliminated the independent
association between triglycerides and CHD
risk.4 5 6 7 8 Several authors11 19 23 have
questioned whether it is judicious to adjust for HDL
cholesterol levels when the relation between
triglyceride levels and CHD morbidity and mortality is
being assessed. Triglyceride and HDL
cholesterol levels are usually inversely related (including
in the present study), with a correlation coefficient of 
-0.4
to -0.6, implying multicolinearity. Therefore, it is possible that by
adjusting for HDL cholesterol, we are overadjusting and
therefore underestimating the true risk inherent to elevated levels of
triglycerides in coronary patients. However, we did
not observe any increase in the risk of mortality associated with
triglycerides in the subgroups of men and women with low
serum HDL cholesterol.
In the present analysis, elevated triglyceride levels were predictive of subsequent mortality in male and female patients with elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels. These observations are derived from post hoc analysis and require confirmation by additional studies designed to examine this issue. However, they may have important practical application, because CHD patients with elevated total and LDL cholesterol are recognized candidates for cholesterol-lowering therapy with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. A substantial proportion of these patients have elevated triglyceride levels. For example, in the LIPID (Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease) study,24 25% of the patients had baseline serum triglyceride levels >193 mg/dL, and in the CARE (Cholesterol And Recurrent Events) study, 50% of the patients had triglyceride levels >144 mg/dL.25 These triglyceride levels are similar to those of the present study population.
Results of Observational Studies
Criqui et al4 demonstrated that elevated
triglyceride levels were predictive of subsequent
occurrence of CHD and all-cause mortality in healthy men and women, but
adjustment for HDL cholesterol and fasting serum glucose
eliminated the independent relation between triglyceride
levels and CHD mortality. In contrast with our results in CHD patients,
triglycerides remained predictive for mortality in the
subgroups of subjects free of CHD with low LDL cholesterol
levels but not in subjects with high LDL cholesterol
levels.4 In the PROspective CArdiovascular Munster
(PROCAM) study, conducted among healthy men, elevated
triglyceride levels were independently associated with
subsequent development of CHD even after adjustment for HDL
cholesterol.26 27 In the PROCAM study and
other studies, elevated triglyceride levels were most
predictive for subsequent CHD when accompanied by elevated total and
LDL cholesterol.2 21 In the placebo group of
the Helsinki Heart Study, an elevated triglyceride level
was predictive of future CHD events, but this excess risk was halved
after adjustment for HDL cholesterol.5 The
results were consistent with the increased risk associated with
elevated triglyceride levels in the subgroups of men with
high total and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as in men
with HDL cholesterol <35 mg/dL.5
In the studies of Jeppesen et al3 and Ganziano et
al,9 a high triglyceride/HDL
cholesterol ratio was a powerful predictor of morbidity and
mortality. Likewise, in the Honolulu Heart Program and in the Helsinki
Heart Study, triglycerides were associated with elevated
morbidity in conjunction with decreased HDL cholesterol
levels.5 6 19 These studies involved follow-up of CHD-free
individuals. In the present study, conducted among CHD patients,
the results are consistent with an absence of low HDL
cholesterol/high triglyceride synergism. In
fact, among female patients with serum HDL cholesterol 45
mg/dL, the mortality hazard was increased 1.5-fold. This discrepancy
could be explained by different study samples (healthy subjects versus
CHD patients), different lipid profiles, different outcome measures,
and chance, reflecting a post hoc finding. No clear-cut explanation is
readily available, and confirmation in an independent investigation is
required before this surprising observation can be understood. However,
similar to our results, Jeppesen et al,10 in an 8-year
follow-up study of healthy men, observed the highest relative risk
associated with elevated triglycerides in the subgroup of
persons in the highest tertile of HDL cholesterol.
Previous studies have not examined the possible bias created by use of a single measurement of serum triglyceride levels, which are subject to considerable intraindividual and interindividual variability. Therefore, repeated measurements provide a more accurate estimate of the "true" level of triglycerides in each study subject. Criqui et al4 used the average of 2 measurements as the estimate for triglyceride levels in their subjects. We have adjusted for the possible regression dilution bias caused by repeated measurements of triglyceride levels with a previously reported method.18 This correction did not alter the results.
Data From Intervention Studies
The efficacy of reducing blood levels of triglycerides
in reducing the incidence of coronary events or mortality has
not been substantiated. In the Helsinki Heart Study, conducted among
asymptomatic healthy men, gemfibrozil reduced
triglyceride levels by 35% and produced a 34% reduction
in the incidence of CHD,28 mainly among obese patients
with elevated triglyceride levels and reduced HDL
cholesterol levels.29 This was statistically
ascribed primarily to elevation of HDL
cholesterol.5
In the BECAIT study (Bezafibrate Coronary Atherosclerosis Intervention Trial), conducted among young post-MI male patients, bezafibrate (200 mg TID) reduced serum triglyceride levels by 31% and plasma fibrinogen by 12% and increased serum HDL cholesterol levels by 9%. This was accompanied by a reduction in the luminal diameter of coronary arteries and by a concomitant lower coronary event rate in the bezafibrate group.30 31
In the Stockholm secondary prevention study,32 survivors of MI were assigned to either a combination of clofibrate and nicotinic acid or to placebo. CHD mortality was significantly lower in the treatment group, mainly in the subgroup of patients with elevated triglycerides and among patients showing the greatest triglyceride reduction by the study medication.32
Study Limitations
Our study is limited by its post hoc observational design. Thus
far, the evidence regarding the role of triglycerides in
CHD patients has been scant. Our observation sheds some light on this
role and suggests synergism with elevated total and LDL
cholesterol levels; however, this needs to be verified
through clinical trials. Another limitation, common to many
observational studies, is the absence of information concerning
potential spontaneous or therapy-induced changes in
triglycerides and other parameters of blood
chemistry during the follow-up period.
In conclusion, elevated triglyceride levels are associated with the risk of mortality in CHD patients, possibly more so in women than in men. It is unclear how much of this risk is due to low serum HDL cholesterol levels. Post hoc analysis raises the possibility that the association in men is restricted to patients with angina but not with previous MI. More research is required to address this speculation. Post hoc analysis is also consistent with an association between triglycerides and mortality in patients with increased LDL cholesterol, who are established candidates for LDL cholesterol–lowering treatment.33 The results of clinical trials that specifically evaluate the efficacy of the triglyceride-lowering and HDL cholesterol–raising medications bezafibrate and gemfibrozil in CHD patients14 34 should help clarify the role of elevated triglyceride levels and triglyceride-reduction therapy on the incidence of coronary events and mortality in patients with CHD.
Received December 9, 1998; revision received May 10, 1999; accepted May 13, 1999.
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 W.-J. Zhang, K. E. Bird, T. S. McMillen, R. C. LeBoeuf, T. M. Hagen, and B. Frei Dietary {alpha}-Lipoic Acid Supplementation Inhibits Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Apolipoprotein E Deficient and Apolipoprotein E/Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Deficient Mice Circulation, January 22, 2008; 117(3): 421 - 428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. A. Hegele and R. L. Pollex Apolipoprotein A-V Genetic Variation and Plasma Lipoprotein Response to Fibrates Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2007; 27(6): 1224 - 1227. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. N. Pejic and D. T. Lee Hypertriglyceridemia. J Am Board Fam Med, May 1, 2006; 19(3): 310 - 316. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Genoux, H. Dehondt, A. Helleboid-Chapman, C. Duhem, D. W. Hum, G. Martin, L. A. Pennacchio, B. Staels, J. Fruchart-Najib, and J.-C. Fruchart Transcriptional Regulation of Apolipoprotein A5 Gene Expression by the Nuclear Receptor ROR{alpha} Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, June 1, 2005; 25(6): 1186 - 1192. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Nowak, A. Helleboid-Chapman, H. Jakel, G. Martin, D. Duran-Sandoval, B. Staels, E. M. Rubin, L. A. Pennacchio, M.-R. Taskinen, J. Fruchart-Najib, et al. Insulin-Mediated Down-Regulation of Apolipoprotein A5 Gene Expression through the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway: Role of Upstream Stimulatory Factor Mol. Cell. Biol., February 15, 2005; 25(4): 1537 - 1548. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. S Wierzbicki The role of dyslipidaemia in coronary heart disease The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, January 1, 2005; 5(1_suppl): S2 - S6. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 H. Jakel, M. Nowak, E. Moitrot, H. Dehondt, D. W. Hum, L. A. Pennacchio, J. Fruchart-Najib, and J.-C. Fruchart The Liver X Receptor Ligand T0901317 Down-regulates APOA5 Gene Expression through Activation of SREBP-1c J. Biol. Chem., October 29, 2004; 279(44): 45462 - 45469. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration Serum Triglycerides as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Diseases in the Asia-Pacific Region Circulation, October 26, 2004; 110(17): 2678 - 2686. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 W T. Cade, L. Peralta, and R. E Keyser Aerobic Exercise Dysfunction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Potential Link to Physical Disability Physical Therapy, July 1, 2004; 84(7): 655 - 664. [Full Text] [PDF]
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T.B. Twickler, G.M. Dallinga-Thie, J.S. Cohn, and M.J. Chapman Elevated Remnant-Like Particle Cholesterol Concentration: A Characteristic Feature of the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype Circulation, April 27, 2004; 109(16): 1918 - 1925. [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Haim, V. Boyko, U. Goldbourt, A. Battler, and S. Behar Predictive Value of Elevated White Blood Cell Count in Patients With Preexisting Coronary Heart Disease: The Bezafibrate Infarction Prevention Study Arch Intern Med, February 23, 2004; 164(4): 433 - 439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. A. Austin, K. L. Edwards, S. A. Monks, K. M. Koprowicz, J. D. Brunzell, A. G. Motulsky, M. C. Mahaney, and J. E. Hixson Genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci influencing LDL size and plasma triglyceride in familial hypertriglyceridemia J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2003; 44(11): 2161 - 2168. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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N. Vu-Dac, P. Gervois, H. Jakel, M. Nowak, E. Bauge, H. Dehondt, B. Staels, L. A. Pennacchio, E. M. Rubin, J. Fruchart-Najib, et al. Apolipoprotein A5, a Crucial Determinant of Plasma Triglyceride Levels, Is Highly Responsive to Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Activators J. Biol. Chem., May 9, 2003; 278(20): 17982 - 17985. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Delgado-Rodriguez, M. Medina-Cuadros, A. Gomez-Ortega, G. Martinez-Gallego, M. Mariscal-Ortiz, M. A. Martinez-Gonzalez, and M. Sillero-Arenas Cholesterol and Serum Albumin Levels as Predictors of Cross Infection, Death, and Length of Hospital Stay Arch Surg, July 1, 2002; 137(7): 805 - 812. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 The Diabetes Atorvastatin Lipid Intervention DALI The Effect of Aggressive Versus Standard Lipid Lowering by Atorvastatin on Diabetic Dyslipidemia: The DALI Study: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic dyslipidemia Diabetes Care, August 1, 2001; 24(8): 1335 - 1341. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. Minnich, N. Tian, L. Byan, and G. Bilder A potent PPAR{alpha} agonist stimulates mitochondrial fatty acid {beta}-oxidation in liver and skeletal muscle Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, February 1, 2001; 280(2): E270 - E279. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Miida, K. Sakai, K. Ozaki, Y. Nakamura, T. Yamaguchi, T. Tsuda, T. Kashiwa, T. Murakami, K. Inano, and M. Okada Bezafibrate Increases Pre{beta}1-HDL at the Expense of HDL2b in Hypertriglyceridemia Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, November 1, 2000; 20(11): 2428 - 2433. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. A. Austin, B. McKnight, K. L. Edwards, C. M. Bradley, M. J. McNeely, B. M. Psaty, J. D. Brunzell, and A. G. Motulsky Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Familial Forms of Hypertriglyceridemia: A 20-Year Prospective Study Circulation, June 20, 2000; 101(24): 2777 - 2782. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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