(Circulation. 1999;100:1646-1652.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Angiotensin II Stimulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Expression by Human Vascular Endothelial Cells and Increases Soluble ICAM-1 Release In Vivo
From the University of L'Aquila, Departments of Experimental (L.P., A.T., S.M., E.T., E.A.) and Internal Medicine (M.C.B., G.D., A.S.), and the University La Sapienza, I Clinica Medica–Andrea Cesalpino Foundation (C.F.) and Department of Experimental Medicine (A.G.), Rome; and the Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli (A.G.), Italy.
Correspondence to Claudio Ferri, MD, Università La Sapienza, I Clinica Medica, 00161 Roma, Italy. E-mail clferri{at}axrma.uniroma1.it
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Abstract |
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Background—We evaluated whether angiotensin II (Ang II) influenced intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression by human vascular endothelial cells derived from umbilical cord veins (HUVECs) and plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels in vivo.
Methods and Results—Cultured HUVECs were incubated with Ang II (from 10-9 to 10-6 mol/L) with or without candesartan and PD12319 (inhibitors of Ang II AT1 and AT2 receptors, respectively) for various times up to 4 hours. Total RNA was then extracted from HUVECs, and Northern blots were probed with a 1.9-kb ICAM-1 cDNA fragment. HUVEC supernatants were used to assess soluble ICAM-1 release by ELISA. Northern blot analysis detected a strong increase of ICAM-1 mRNA after 2-hour incubation with Ang II. The response was inhibited by candesartan. Soluble ICAM-1 release by HUVECs also increased (P<0.002) after 2-hour Ang II stimulation. In vivo, Ang II (at an initial rate of 1.0 ng · kg-1 · min-1, to be increased each 30 minutes by 2.0 ng · kg-1 · min-1 to the final rate of 7.0 ng · kg-1 · min-1) was infused in 8 normotensive and 12 essential hypertensive individuals. In the latter, Ang II was reinfused after 4 weeks on either placebo (n=3), losartan (50 mg UID, n=5), or atenolol (50 mg UID, n=4) treatment. Plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels increased after Ang II infusion in hypertensives and normotensives (P<0.0001 after 90 minutes). Losartan reduced baseline soluble ICAM-1 levels (P<0.05) and Ang II–related ICAM-1 increments.
Conclusions—Ang II upregulates ICAM-1 expression by HUVECs and stimulates in vitro and in vivo soluble ICAM-1 release. AT1 receptor blockade inhibits such endothelial effects of Ang II.
Key Words: cell adhesion molecules • endothelium • cells • angiotensin
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Introduction |
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The endothelial adhesin intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) modulates leukocyte adhesion to the vascular endothelium, and its upregulation is suggested to play a critical role in atherogenesis.1 Accordingly, ICAM-1 upregulation was demonstrated in endothelial cells covering human atheromas1 3 and correlated with plaque intimal T-lymphocyte density.4
Several data suggest a linkage between renin system overactivity and human atherosclerosis.5 Such linkage seems to be secondary to the vascular effects of angiotensin II (Ang II), ie, stimulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1,6 endothelin-1,7 and free radical production,8 as well as endothelial9 and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation.10 In addition, Ang II augmented the expression of the endothelial adhesin E-selectin by human coronary endothelial cells and stimulated leukocyte adhesion to the same cells.11
In view of a possible relationship between the renin system and ICAM-1, we investigated the effects of Ang II on expression and regulation of ICAM-1 and soluble ICAM-1 secretion in human vascular endothelial cells derived from umbilical cord veins (HUVECs). We also assessed the effects of intravenous Ang II infusion on plasma soluble ICAM-1 concentrations in humans.
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Methods |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In Vitro Studies
HUVECs were obtained as previously described.12 Culture purity (>99%) was evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting after CD31 labeling. Confluent HUVECs were incubated alone or with Ang II 10-6, 10-8, and 10-9 mol/L (Sigma Chemical Co) in culture medium containing 20% FCS for various periods of time up to 24 hours. Because the time course of protein expression did not increase after 4 hours, in subsequent experiments HUVECs were incubated for various times up to 4 hours with either enalaprilat (Sigma) (10-6, 10-8, and 10-9 mol/L), the AT1 receptor inhibitor candesartan cilexetil (donated by Takeda SpA, Italy) (10-6, 10-8, and 10-9 mol/L), or the AT2 receptor inhibitor PD12319 (donated by Parke-Davis SpA, Italy) (10-6, 10-8, and 10-9 mol/L) added 30 minutes before Ang II. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
(1 000 U/mL)–stimulated HUVECs
served as positive and unstimulated HUVECs as negative controls. HUVECs
were also incubated with increasing concentrations of TNF- (from 0.1
to 1.000 U/mL).
RNA Isolation and Northern Analysis
Northern analysis was performed as previously
described.13 15 After extraction, 20 µg of total RNA
was fractionated in formaldehyde-denaturing agarose gel and transferred
to Hybond-N filters (Amersham Laboratories) by capillary blotting.
Hybridization was with 32P-labeled DNA probes in
50% formamide, 5xSSC (1xSSC=0.15 mol/L sodium chloride, 0.015 mol/L
sodium citrate), 0.02 mol/L sodium phosphate pH 7.2, 5xDenhardt's
solution, 0.2% sodium lauryl phosphate, 10% dextran sulfate, and 0.1
mg/mL denatured sheared salmon sperm DNA at 42°C for 18 hours.
Filters were washed in 2xSSC, 0.25% sodium lauryl sulfate for 30
minutes with 2 changes and then for 60 minutes in 0.2xSSC, 0.25%
sodium lauryl sulfate with 3 changes at 45°C.
Autoradiograms were developed after 2 days of exposure.
Hybridization to study ICAM-1 gene expression was performed with a
1.9-kb cDNA clone16 (donated by Dr Brian Seed, Department
of Molecular Biology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Mass).
Cell ELISA
HUVECs were washed twice in
Mg2+,Ca2+–free PBS. Cell
pellets were resuspended in 1 mL hypotonic extraction buffer (1.21 g/L
Tris-HCl, 0.029 g/L CaCl2, pH 7.2). Cell lysates
were then obtained by a freeze-thawing procedure, and nuclei were spun
out by centrifugation at 800g. Supernatants
were saved for ELISA, and protein content was measured by the Lowry
method.
For ELISA, several dilutions of supernatant were incubated overnight (37°C) in flat-bottomed 96-well plates. Dried supernatants were incubated with PBS/5% BSA (pH 7.2) at 37°C for 1 hour, then washed twice with PBS/1% BSA, and an excess amount of anti–ICAM-1 antibody (donated by Dr Allan McClelland, Molecular Therapeutics, Inc, Miles Research Center, West Haven, Conn) was added for 1 hour at 37°C, followed by additional washing. Horseradish peroxidase–conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Zymed Laboratories) was added for 1 hour at 37°C and then washed out. The substrate used for colorimetric assay was orthophenylenediamine in phosphate-citrate buffer, pH 5.0. Color development was stopped after 15 minutes of incubation by addition of 2 mol/L H2SO4. Absorbance at 492 nm was determined by EAR 400 ELISA reader (SLT-Laboratory Instruments). The data presented are means of triplicate determinations. Intra-assay variability was 5±1%, and interassay 4±2%.
Immunocytochemistry
Adherent HUVECs were immunostained as previously
described.17 Briefly, HUVECs were fixed for 5
minutes at room temperature in 1% paraformaldehyde,
rinsed in TBS (0.05 mol/L Tris buffer/NaCl, pH 7.6), treated with
0.01% Triton X-100 in TBS, and incubated for 30 minutes with
heat-inactivated normal human AB serum diluted 1:10 in TBS.
Cells were then incubated for 1 hour with anti–ICAM-1 monoclonal
antibody (Dako Glostrup), rabbit-to-mouse IgG1 (Dako), and APAAP
complex (Dako) in sequence. Naphthol AS-BI phosphate
(Sigma-Aldrich) was used as substrate, and New Fuxin (Merck) was
used to develop positivity. Cells treated with the second antibody and
the APAAP complex alone and sections treated with irrelevant
isotype-matched monoclonal antibodies served as controls.
Soluble ICAM-1 in HUVEC Supernatants
HUVEC supernatants (50 µL) were taken before and after each
experiment for soluble ICAM-1 determination by ELISA (R&D Systems). To
exclude influences of Ang II on ICAM-1 measurement, Ang II
(10-5, 10-6,
10-8, and 10-9 mol/L) was
added to supernatants from unstimulated HUVECs. Ang II did not
influence ICAM-1 measurements by ELISA (differences between added and
unadded supernatants were <4%).
In Vivo Studies
Informed consents were requested from healthy subjects (5 men
and 3 women) and 12 never-treated essential hypertensive outpatients (7
men and 5 women). Entry criteria for hypertensives were age 35 to 55
years, supine systolic/diastolic blood pressure
levels between 160/95 and 179/114 mm Hg, normal glucose and lipid
metabolisms, no atherosclerotic lesions in explorable
arteries, and absence of concomitant diseases, including allergic
diathesis.
Procedures
Patients and control subjects were given a diet containing
120 mmol sodium and 80 mmol potassium per day.
Adherence to the diet was checked by evaluation of 24-hour urinary
sodium and potassium excretion. After 1 week on the diet and an
overnight fast, at 8 AM, 2 intravenous lines
were inserted in forearm veins for withdrawal of blood and infusions,
respectively. After the subject had spent 1 hour in the supine
position, either Ang II (Clinalfa AG) dissolved in 50 mL isotonic
saline or placebo (50 mL isotonic saline) was infused by use of a
peristaltic pump (Abbot-Shaw Life Care Pump).
Ang II was infused at an initial rate of 1.0 ng · kg-1 · min-1 for 30 minutes, to be augmented by 2.0 ng · kg-1 · min-1 each 30 minutes until the final rate of 7.0 ng · kg-1 · min-1 was reached and infused for 30 minutes.
Blood samples for determination of circulating ICAM-1 levels and leukocyte counts were taken at baseline, each 30 minutes during the infusion, and after a 1-hour recovery period. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels were assessed at the same intervals. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded each 10 minutes.
After a further week on the above diet, subjects who received placebo were infused with Ang II and vice versa, according to a randomized, single-blind, crossover protocol. Then, hypertensives were randomized to receive either oral placebo (n=3), losartan (50 mg UID, n=5), or atenolol (50 mg UID, n=4) for 4 weeks, and Ang II infusions were repeated in all patients according to the above protocol.
Laboratory Measurements
Plasma soluble ICAM-1 concentrations were determined in
triplicate by ELISA (R&D Systems). Interassay and intra-assay
coefficients of variation were 5±2% and 3±2%, respectively. To
exclude influences of Ang II on the ICAM-1 assay, Ang II
(10-5, 10-6,
10-8, and 10-9 mol/L) was
added to randomly selected plasma samples from 5 hypertensives and 5
control subjects. Plasma soluble ICAM-1 ranged from 90 to 181 µg/L in
samples without Ang II and from 89 to 185 µg/L in samples with Ang
II. Cumulative differences between samples with and without Ang II were
<5%. Plasma renin activity and aldosterone levels were
assessed by radioimmunoassay (Sorin).
Statistical Analysis
Differences among groups were tested for significance by 1-way
ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's test and the Newman-Keuls test for
pairwise comparisons. Multiple comparisons were analyzed by
ANOVA followed by post hoc analysis to adjust the significance
level. Linear regression and correlation were used to evaluate
relationships between variables. Descriptive parameters
were tested for significance by the 
2 method.
Statistical significance was considered as a value of
P<0.05. Data are mean±SD.
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Results |
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In Vitro Data
Northern analysis detected a significant increment of ICAM-1 mRNA expression in HUVECs after 2 hours of incubation with Ang II (Figure 1A
). Similar findings were
observed for soluble ICAM-1 in HUVEC supernatants (Figure 1B).
Neither enalaprilat nor PD12319 influenced Ang II–induced ICAM-1 mRNA.
Candesartan cilexetil abolished the stimulatory action of
Ang II on ICAM-1 mRNA (Figure 1C) and soluble ICAM-1 secretion
(Figure 1D).
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) or with Ang II
10-9 mol/L (\\\), 10-8
mol/L (
), and 10-6 mol/L (
), as detected by ELISA
(data are mean±SD of 4 different experiments). TNF-
)
10-6 mol/L served as control. C, Complete blockade of
ICAM-1 expression by cultured HUVECs after coincubation with Ang II
10-6 mol/L and candesartan 10-6 mol/L. D,
Soluble ICAM-1 secretion by cultured HUVECs incubated alone (
0.05). Significance
in D: f, P<0.002 vs control.
Ang II–stimulated adherent cells displayed a higher level of
ICAM-1 protein expression than unstimulated control preparation (Figure 1E
and 1F, respectively). TNF-–stimulated cells showed the
strongest ICAM-1 expression (Figure 1G).
In Vivo Data
Plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels did not differ between hypertensives
and normotensives (Table 1). Ang II
infusion did not modify blood pressure levels in hypertensives or
normotensives but significantly reduced plasma renin activity
(hypertensives: from 0.86±0.08 to 0.39±0.05 ng ·
L-1 · s-1 after 60
minutes, P<0.0001; normotensives: from 0.51±0.03 to
0.25±0.01 ng · L-1 ·
s-1 after 60 minutes, P<0.0001) and increased
plasma aldosterone concentrations (hypertensives: from
356.5±62.87 to 772.64±98.12 pmol/L at 60 minutes, P=0.003;
normotensives: from 142.6±26.1 to 228.4±39.6 pmol/L after 60 minutes,
P<0.0001).
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Circulating ICAM-1 levels increased during Ang II infusion (Figure 2, top) and returned to baseline levels
after 1 hour of recovery in hypertensives and normotensives.
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Ang II infusion augmented blood leukocyte count (Figure 2, bottom). Increment of leukocytes appeared after 60 minutes, was still
evident after recovery, and consisted of simultaneous
changes in neutrophils and lymphocytes. Platelet and red cell
counts remained unchanged.
After the first Ang II infusion, hypertensives were randomly divided
into 3 groups (Table 2) and assigned to
receive either placebo (n=3), losartan (50 mg/d, n=5), or
atenolol (50 mg/d, n=4) treatments for 4 weeks. Then Ang II infusions
were repeated as above.
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Atenolol and losartan decreased blood pressure levels (Table 2). Neither placebo (Figure 3A)
nor atenolol (Figure 3B) modified plasma ICAM-1 levels.
Losartan significantly (P<0.05) reduced baseline
soluble ICAM-1 levels and blunted ICAM-1 response to Ang II (Figure 3C). After losartan, changes of leukocyte count during
Ang II infusion were not significant.
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Discussion |
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The present report shows that Ang II upregulates ICAM-1 gene expression and stimulates soluble ICAM-1 release by HUVECs. Modulation of ICAM-1 expression and secretion by Ang II was blocked by selective AT1 but not AT2 receptor antagonism. Ang II also increased plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels in healthy volunteers and essential hypertensives. Four-week treatment with losartan but not atenolol or placebo reduced baseline and Ang II–stimulated plasma ICAM-1 concentrations. Therefore, our data indicate that Ang II regulates ICAM-1 expression in the living endothelium.
In contrast to our data, a previous study11 failed to demonstrate significant Ang II–mediated increments of ICAM-1 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells derived from the coronary system.
Discrepancies between previous reports11 and our data are due to different cell models. Microvascular endothelial cells of the human coronary system are prone to selectively express adhesion molecules of the selectin family rather than the immunoglobulin superfamily.18 Accordingly, these cells express E-selectin after Ang II stimulation.11 In addition, they express L-selectin, an adhesion molecule that is not expressed by HUVECs and epicardial coronary endothelial cells.18 Moreover, membrane ICAM-1 expression increased 2-fold in cultured epicardial coronary endothelial cells after Ang II stimulation (10-8 mol/L).11 Thus, discrepancies between HUVEC and microvascular endothelial cell responses to Ang II simply reflect cell specificity. Concordantly, ICAM-1 mRNA levels increased 7.1-fold in rat tubular cells after 1-hour incubation with Ang II.19
The increment of soluble ICAM-1 release by HUVECs after Ang II stimulation also supports the contention that Ang II regulates ICAM-1 expression in vitro. Soluble ICAM-1 was released by cultured HUVECs,20 21 human melanoma cells,22 and keratinocytes23 after cytokine stimulation. Soluble ICAM-1 release by keratinocytes was associated with expression of membrane ICAM-1 and derived from proteolytic cleavage of the latter and not by alternatively spliced ICAM-1 mRNA (as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction).23 Furthermore, proteolytic inhibitors (iodoacetamide and E-64) blocked soluble ICAM-1 release but not membrane ICAM-1 expression by keratinocytes.23
Our in vivo findings demonstrated that plasma soluble ICAM-1 concentrations did not differ between hypertensives and normotensives and increased with Ang II infusion in both groups. In hypertensives, plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels changed after losartan but not placebo or atenolol treatments.
The normality of circulating ICAM-1 levels in hypertensives is in agreement with previous data.24 26 By contrast, a recent report described only slight increments (11%) of plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels in 8 young, healthy volunteers receiving graded Ang II infusions.27 The reasons for this discrepancy are unclear. Possible influences of atherosclerotic lesions,28 impaired glucose tolerance,25 allergies,29 and other conditions known to affect soluble ICAM-1 release in vivo21 30 were excluded in our study. Because shear-stress increments augment soluble ICAM-1 release in vitro,31 we used nonpressor32 Ang II doses. Because vascular responses to Ang II are affected by changes in sodium intake,32 this latter was maintained at a constant level in all subjects. Thus, the reported lack of soluble ICAM-1 response to Ang II infusion27 might reflect excess salt intake and the consequent downregulation of Ang II receptors.
Ang II–stimulated ICAM-1 changes in vivo were earlier than Ang II–induced ICAM-1 upregulation in vitro. However, in both human coronary endothelial11 and rat tubular cells,19 Ang II–stimulated ICAM-1 expression occurred within 1 hour of incubation. Furthermore, in vivo data clearly demonstrated that plasma ICAM-1 concentrations increase within 1 hour after exercise33 and oral glucose loading.34 Therefore, the time course of circulating soluble ICAM-1 responses to Ang II infusion indicates that in vitro data cannot simply be transposed to in vivo settings. With regard to the rapid return to baseline of plasma soluble ICAM-1 level after the end of Ang II infusion, excess soluble ICAM-1 is adsorbed by target cells in vivo21 30 and rapidly cleared from the circulation. Accordingly, a rapid return to baseline plasma soluble ICAM-1 levels has also been observed after glucose ingestion.34
Our study also confirms that Ang II increases leukocyte count.27 In this regard, Ang II induces the production of a leukocyte chemoattractant from bovine aortic and human endothelial cells.35 Furthermore, AT1 receptors are expressed on the leukocyte surface, where they might modulate proliferative and migratory responses to cytokines.36 Thus, either activation of an endothelium-derived chemoattractant or stimulation of an AT1 receptor–dependent pathway activating a proliferative response, or both, might be responsible for the increased leukocyte count due to Ang II. Concordantly, Ang II–related changes in leukocyte count were not significant after losartan. Although this hypothesis looks extremely intriguing, baseline leukocyte count was not affected by losartan, and AT1 receptor inhibitors are not known to induce significant changes in leukocyte count.37 Therefore, the pathogenesis of Ang II–related changes in leukocyte count remains elusive.
In conclusion, we showed that Ang II upregulated ICAM-1 expression and stimulated soluble ICAM-1 secretion by cultured HUVECs via AT1 receptors. Ang II also promoted soluble ICAM-1 release in vivo before but not after AT1 receptor blockade. The role of ICAM-1 in experimental atherosclerosis is well recognized.38 Growing evidence1 4 39 suggests that ICAM-1 upregulation is a fundamental step in human atherogenesis. Thus, our data establish a new link between Ang II and vascular damage in humans.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by AIRC and Biotechnology Project CNR.
Received January 27, 1999; revision received May 24, 1999; accepted June 2, 1999.
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