(Circulation. 1999;100:1423-1431.)
© 1999 American Heart Association, Inc.
Basic Science Reports |
Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Thrombospondin-1 Is Mediated by 2 Independent Regions Within the Type 1 Repeats
From the Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology and the Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (M.L.I.-A., M.L.); the Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass (J.L.); and the Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Md (H.C.K., D.D.R.).
Correspondence to Dr Luisa Iruela-Arispe, Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles Young Dr E, Los Angeles, CA 90095. E-mail arispe{at}mbi.ucla.edu
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Abstract |
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Background—Suppression of tumor growth by thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) has been associated with its ability to inhibit neovascularization. The antiangiogenic activity of TSP-1, as defined by cornea pocket assays, was previously mapped to the amino-terminal portion of the protein within the procollagen region and the type 1 repeats.
Methods and Results—We evaluated the specificity and efficacy of different regions of TSP-1 using recombinant fragments of the protein on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation assays. In both assays, fragments containing the second and third type 1 repeats but not the procollagen region inhibited angiogenesis and endothelial cell proliferation. To further define the sequences responsible for the angiostatic effect of TSP-1, we used synthetic peptides. The CAM assay defined 2 sequences that independently suppressed angiogenesis. The amino-terminal end of the type 1 repeats showed higher potency for inhibiting angiogenesis driven by basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), whereas the second region equally blocked angiogenesis driven by either FGF-2 or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Modifications of the active peptides revealed the specific amino acids required for the inhibitory response. One sequence included the conserved tryptophan residues in the amino-terminal end of the second and third type 1 repeats, and the other involved the amino acids that follow the CSVTCG sequence in the carboxy-terminus of these repeats. Both inhibition in the CAM assay and inhibition of breast tumor xenograft growth in nude mice were independent of the TGF-ß–activating sequence located in the second type 1 repeat.
Conclusions—These results indicate that the type 1 repeats of TSP-1 contain 2 subdomains that may independently inhibit neovascularization. They also identify 2 independent pathways by which TSP-1 can block FGF-2 and VEGF angiogenic signals on endothelial cells.
Key Words: angiogenesis • endothelium • vessels
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Introduction |
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Thrombospondin (TSP-1) is a matricellular protein with recognized ability to inhibit endothelial cell proliferation and to suppress angiogenesis.1 2 The region responsible for inhibition of angiogenesis has been mapped to the procollagen domain and to the type 1 repeats.3 The molecular mechanisms for this inhibition are not entirely understood. It is likely that the inhibition of capillary growth by TSP-1 might be multifactorial and involve competition for basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) binding to the endothelial cell surface,4 5 binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans,4 activation of latent transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß1,6 and/or binding to CD36, a receptor for TSP-1.7 More importantly, the ability of TSP-1 to suppress neovascularization has been associated with inhibition of tumor growth.8 9 10 We have previously demonstrated in xenograft assays that stable synthetic peptide analogues of the TSP-1 type 1 repeats suppressed breast carcinoma growth in a dose-dependent manner.10 The peptides used in these assays included a tryptophan-rich motif within the type 1 repeats that binds to heparin.10 11 However, these peptides did not include the sequence that binds to CD36 and elicited an antiangiogenic effect in the cornea.3 Additional studies have indicated that these tryptophan-rich peptides suppressed endothelial cell proliferation, inhibited chemotaxis to FGF-2,4 and induced apoptosis of endothelial cells.11 Although no direct analyses were performed to elucidate their role in angiogenesis, their suppression of FGF-2–stimulated endothelial proliferation and chemotaxis were indicative of an effect on tumor vascularization.4 It is not clear how potent these peptides are in relation to other recognized vascular inhibitory regions of TSP-17 or whether they might demonstrate variability in efficacy depending on the angiogenic stimulus (ie, FGF-2 versus vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]). The present study was therefore undertaken to (1) evaluate the efficacy of peptides from several regions of the type 1 repeats to inhibit angiogenesis, (2) determine the effect of these peptides on FGF-2– versus VEGF-driven angiogenesis, and (3) elucidate the residues that provide a minimal functional core sequence in TSP-1.
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Methods |
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Protein, Recombinant Fusion Protein, and Peptides
Thrombospondin was purified from human platelets.12 Recombinant fusion proteins of TSP-1 were prepared by use of the pGEX vectors.12 Vascular permeability factor (VPF)/VEGF was obtained from Peprotech; FGF-2 was a generous gift from Dr Gera Neufeld (Technion University, Israel).
The peptides used in this study were synthesized on a Biosearch model 9600 peptide synthesizer using standard Merrifield solid-phase synthesis protocols and t-butoxycarbonyl chemistry.10 Peptides were analyzed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and further purified by dialysis with Spectrapor 500 MWCO tubing, gel permeation chromatography, or reverse-phase purification with C18 Sep-pak cartridges. The identities of peptides were verified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Polysucrose conjugates of some peptides were prepared as previously described.10 Before use on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays, peptides were also filtered on Centricon P100 to eliminate traces of endotoxin.
Endothelial Cells and Proliferation Assays
Chicken endothelial cells (CECs) were isolated
from the brain of day 7 chicken embryos. Endothelial
cells were purified and characterized by standard techniques, as
described.13
For proliferation assays, quiescent endothelial cells were seeded in 24-well plates in EBM medium supplemented with 0.1% FCS and 50 ng/mL of VEGF (PeproTech Inc) and/or 2 ng/mL of FGF-2 in the presence of TSP-1, fusion proteins, peptides, or vehicle control. During the last 8 hours of the treatment, cells were pulsed with 1 µCi/well of [3H]thymidine (DuPont-NEN). Trichloroacetic acid–precipitable counts of [3H]thymidine were measured as previously described.14 The significance of inhibition was assessed by a 2-tailed t test.
CAM Assays
The effect of TSP-1, fusion proteins, and peptides on
angiogenesis was evaluated with a modified CAM assay.14
The method is based on the vertical growth of new capillary vessels
into a collagen gel pellet placed on the CAM. The collagen gel was
supplemented with an angiogenic factor such as FGF-2 (50 ng/gel) or
VEGF (250 ng/gel) in the presence or absence of test proteins/peptides.
The extent of the angiogenic response was measured by use of
FITC-dextran (50 µg/mL) (Sigma) injected into the circulation of the
CAM. The degree of fluorescence intensity parallels variations
in capillary density; the linearity of this correlation can be observed
with a range of capillaries between 5 and 540. Morphometric
analyses were done by acquisition of images with a Sony,
single-chip CCD camera. Images were imported into NHImage 1.59, and
measurements of fluorescence intensity were obtained as
positive pixels. Each data point was compared with its own positive and
negative controls present in the same CAM and interpreted as
percentage of inhibition, considering the positive control to be 100%
(VEGF or FGF-2 alone) and the negative control (vehicle alone) 0%.
Statistical evaluation of the data was performed to check whether
groups differ significantly from random by analysis of
contingency with Yates' correction.
Tumorigenesis Assay in Nude Mice
NIH nu/nu mice 
8 weeks old were injected with 105 MDA-MB-435
cells by the mammary fat pad route as previously
described.10 Eight animals were injected for each
condition. Beginning at day 25 and continuing every day until day 40,
the animals were injected intravenously (tail vein) with
100 µL of the free peptide (6 mg/kg) in HBSS or with HBSS alone. The
animals were euthanized at day 60. The primary tumors were removed,
stripped free of other tissues, weighed, and fixed in formaldehyde.
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Results |
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To validate the use of the chicken CAM for assessing angiogenic responses to human TSP-1, we first determined whether human TSP-1 inhibited the proliferation of CECs. Figure 1
shows that human TSP-1 inhibited the
proliferation of CECs to a degree similar to that of human dermal
microvascular endothelial cells.
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5 µg/mL were statistically different from control in both cell
types.
The possible contamination of platelet TSP-1 preparations with
TGF-ß1 raises concerns about the contribution
of TGF-ß to the antiproliferative activities of platelet
TSP-1.6 TGF-ß has been shown to bind and to copurify
with TSP-1.6 Furthermore, TGF-ß is a potent
inhibitor of endothelial cell
proliferation.15 The specificity of TSP-1–mediated
suppression of endothelial cell proliferation was
validated with anti–TSP-1 blocking antibodies (Figure 1
). A
polyclonal TSP-1 antibody raised in guinea pig neutralized the
TSP-1–mediated inhibitory effect, whereas antibodies alone
had a mild but statistically insignificant effect on proliferation
(data not shown). Preimmune guinea pig IgG in the presence of TSP-1 did
not ameliorate endothelial growth inhibition. We also
examined the levels of TGF-ß1 present in
the TSP-1 preparations. In general, TGF-ß ranged between 5 and 90
pg/mL in our preparations of TSP-1 from platelets. Further dilution
in tissue culture media reduced this value 100- to 500-fold in the
proliferation assays. Addition of purified TGF-ß to the CECs
suppressed proliferation only at 5 ng/mL (data not shown). Taken
together, the neutralization of the antiproliferative effect mediated
by anti–TSP-1 antibodies and the limited levels of TGF-ß
contamination confirm that the suppressive effects on
endothelial proliferation were mediated by TSP-1.
The specificity of TSP-1 to inhibit CEC proliferation was also
determined by use of glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion
proteins expressing the procollagen, type 1, type 2, type 3, and
C-terminal domains of TSP (Figure 2).
These bacterially expressed proteins lack any TGF-ß contamination and
can be used to define the functional domain(s) within TSP-1 responsible
for the inhibitory effect. Interestingly, only the type 1
repeat recombinant fragment inhibited endothelial cell
proliferation. TSP-1 10 µmol/L inhibited proliferation by 35%
on CECs (P=0.009). At the same molar concentration, the
recombinant GST type 1 domain inhibited CEC proliferation by 48%
(P=0.0009). The GST control alone had no effect. Other
recombinant fragments tested in this assay did not show inhibition of
either bovine aortic endothelial cell (data not shown)
or CEC proliferation, and the partial inhibition by the
carboxy-terminal fusion protein (83% of control) was not statistically
significant (P=0.21). It was interesting that the entire
TSP-1 molecule had a more moderate effect on proliferation than that of
the GST fusion protein containing the type 1 repeats.
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The effects of intact TSP-1 and GST fusion proteins on angiogenesis
were evaluated on a mesh CAM assay. Growth of capillaries in this assay
is stimulated vertically, against gravity, by VEGF or FGF-2 cast into a
polymerized collagen gel. Figure 3A shows
the effect of TSP-1 and fusion proteins on neovascularization of the
acellular collagen matrix. The presence of angiogenic growth factors
induces the growth of a thin vasculature in the acellular gel as early
as 24 hours (Figure 3A, arrows) from the thicker vessels located
under the nylon mesh (larger vessels out of focus). In the absence of
angiogenic growth factors, no network was observed (Figure 3B).
The ability of inhibitors to suppress the stimulatory
signal of growth factors was then evaluated by inclusion of these
proteins in the polymerized vitrogen gel. Both TSP-1 and the GST type 1
repeat fusion protein were effective at suppressing the angiogenic
response mediated by growth factors. TSP-1 was able to block
VEGF-mediated angiogenesis by 35%, whereas the GST type 1 repeat
fusion protein was more effective at the same molar ratio (57%)
(Figure 3B). No significant effects were detected with any of
the proteins alone, ie, in the absence of VEGF, or with proteins other
than the type 1 repeats in the presence of VEGF or FGF-2. The effect
was reproducible with several preparations of TSP-1 and of recombinant
protein and was performed at least 4 separate times with each treatment
in triplicate (total of 12 assays). These results are
consistent with data obtained from the proliferation
experiments and again indicate that at an equivalent molar ratio, the
type 1 repeats of TSP-1 appear to be more effective than the intact
protein. To this end, it has recently been postulated that the
carboxy-terminal end of TSP-1 might exert a positive effect on
angiogenesis by its ability to interact with integrin-associated
protein.16 Interestingly, we observed a slight but
reproducible increase in angiogenic rate with the carboxy-terminal end
(Figure 3B). The entire TSP-1 protein might therefore contain
regions that elicit both positive and negative signals on
endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis, thus
providing amelioration to the suppressive growth signals. A careful
dissection of these areas is required to clearly elucidate the
potential function of each domain.
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We also found that the first repeat of the type 1 domain had no effect
on suppressing angiogenesis in the CAM assay (Figure 3B). The
ability of TSP-1 to inhibit vascular growth therefore appears to be
located within the last 2 type 1 repeats.
We next examined the activities of synthetic peptides derived from the
procollagen and second and third type 1 repeats of TSP-1, as well as
the carboxy-terminal end of TSP-1 (Figure 4 and
Table). The procollagen region and
the last 2 type 1 repeats have previously been shown to have
antiangiogenic activity in the cornea pocket assay.3
Evaluation of the procollagen region in the CAM assay, however, did not
result in angiogenic suppression, in contrast to peptides from the
second (508) and third (616) type 1 repeats, which were antiangiogenic.
Interestingly, a peptide from the carboxy-terminal domain (458) showed
a slight but reproducible proangiogenic effect. The region has been
shown to interact with integrin-associated protein and enhance
attachment and migration.16 The specificity of this
positive response was supported by concurrent experiments performed
with 2 mutated versions (604 and 605) of the carboxy-terminal peptide.
Substitution of the 2 Val residues was sufficient to suppress the
proangiogenic effect (Figure 4).
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On the basis of these studies, it appears that in the CAM assay, only peptides derived from the second and third type 1 repeats are angioinhibitory. We therefore focused subsequent studies on these domains.
Figure 5 shows the sequence of the last 2
TSP-1 type 1 repeats and correlates previously identified functions to
specific sequences within these domains. A region of interest, because
of its demonstrated ability to suppress tumor growth, is located at the
amino-terminal end of these repeats.10 The direct effect
of this region on angiogenesis has not yet been tested. Our results
indicated that peptides from this region at 1 µmol/L suppress
vascular growth induced by a mixture of FGF-2 and VEGF (Figure 6A). The effect was dose-dependent, and
retro-inverso analogues or polysucrose conjugates of the peptides were
more potent than the native TSP-1 peptide. These modifications are
known to increase the half-life of polypeptides by reducing degradation
in vivo.17
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Assays were also performed using mutated versions of the peptides as
well as deletion mutants. Mutation of the 3 tryptophan residues to
alanines (peptides 597 and 598) completely abolished
inhibitory activity, indicating that these residues are
critical to the antiangiogenic response (Figure 6B). A peptide
with 2 instead of 3 tryptophan residues was partially effective
(peptides 493 and 530) (Figure 6B). The latent
TGF-ß–activating sequence (RFK) was not required for the suppressive
effect on neovascularization, because mutation of the essential
phenylalanine residue to alanine (compare peptides 545 and 596) did not
have any deleterious effect on the activity of the peptide. This
mutation abrogates the ability of this peptide to activate
latent TGF-ß1.6
We next examined the effects of the second half of the type 1 repeats,
a region previously concluded to be responsible for the antiangiogenic
effects promoted by TSP-1 in cornea pocket assays.3 Our
results support those observations and demonstrate activity of the same
peptides in the CAM assay (Figure 7A). In
agreement with recent reports,7 the active region appears
to be carboxy-terminal to the CSVTCG region, because this sequence
alone was inactive, and deletion of the first 2 residues of this motif
did not affect the antiangiogenic activity of peptide 205 (VTCGDGVITR)
from the second type 1 repeat or peptide 245 (VTCGGGVQKRSRL) from
the third type 1 repeat (Figure 7A). However, the VTCG sequence
without these flanking sequences completely lacked antiangiogenic
activity. This flanking sequence has been shown to act through CD36, a
receptor for TSP-1.7 We have verified that CECs and
vessels in the CAM do express this receptor by Northern blot
analysis (data not shown). Therefore, it is likely that the
mechanism of action is similar.
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To further elucidate the mechanism of action of these 2 subregions, CAM
experiments were performed with either VEGF or FGF-2 as stimulator of
the angiogenic response (Figure 8).
Interestingly, we observed a clear distinction between the tryptophan
repeat peptides and the CD36-binding domain peptides. Peptides 508 and
599, which have the tryptophan motif, suppressed the angiogenic
response only to FGF-2–mediated angiogenesis but had no effect on
VEGF-driven vascular growth. In contrast, the CD36-binding sequences
blocked both VEGF- and FGF-2–induced angiogenesis. Interestingly, the
tryptophan domain has previously been shown to prevent FGF-2 binding to
endothelial cells.4 5 Therefore,
inhibition of binding or further sequestration of FGF-2 is the most
likely mechanism of action of this amino-terminal portion of the type 1
repeats.
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A surprising result was the lack of antiangiogenic activity of the
TGF-ß activating sequence. To determine whether the CAM assay has
predictive value for inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, we assessed the
role of the TGF-ß1–activating sequence in
inhibition of breast carcinoma tumor growth in vivo using orthotopic
xenografts of MDA435 breast carcinoma cells in athymic mice (Figure 9). D-Reverse analogues of
the native TSP-1 sequence (peptide 599) and a modified sequence lacking
TGF-ß–activating activity (peptide 596)10 both strongly
suppressed tumor growth when administered intravenously to
the mice beginning 25 days after implantation of the tumor cells in the
mammary fat pad. The data are in agreement with our findings in the CAM
assay and provide further support that the suppression of tumor growth
results from the ability of TSP-1 to suppress angiogenesis
independently of latent TGF-ß activation.
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Discussion |
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TopAbstractIntroductionMethodsResultsDiscussionReferences |
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In this study, we evaluated both TSP-1 fusion proteins and synthetic peptides to provide a comparative assessment of the antiangiogenic activity displayed by the different domains of TSP-1. We combined these data with analysis of deletion and point mutants to identify the minimal sequences with vasculoinhibitory properties. One result of these structure/function analyses demonstrated that the ability of TSP-1 to suppress angiogenesis resides solely in the second and third type 1 repeats. The data are in agreement with previous findings by Tolsma and coworkers.3 In addition, these studies revealed 2 subdomains in the type 1 repeats that act independently to suppress angiogenesis and identified essential residues responsible for these effects: the tryptophan-rich WSXW motifs and the CD36-binding region. These 2 sequences also display growth factor selectivity in that the tryptophan-rich domain preferentially suppresses FGF-2 angiogenic signals, whereas the CD36-binding region inhibits capillary formation driven by either FGF-2 or VEGF. These findings contribute to understanding the antitumor activity of some TSP-1 peptides and suggest that these peptides might act, at least in part, by suppressing tumor-mediated angiogenesis.
The neovascular suppression displayed by TSP-1 has previously been attributed to the second (amino acid [aa] 424 to 442) and third (aa 481 to 246) type 1 repeats of TSP-1.3 The type 1 domain of TSP-1 consists of 3 polypeptide repeats that have complete conservation of the cysteine and tryptophan residues and that have been identified in a variety of other proteins, including properdin, F-spondin, BAI, and metallospondins.18 19 20 21 Nevertheless, the antiangiogenic potential of the type 1 repeats is not shared by all these proteins, indicating that context-specific primary sequences and/or secondary structure influence the function of the type 1 repeats.
Previous publications have indicated that the first type 1 repeat of TSP-1 has no antiangiogenic activity.3 We confirmed these results in the CAM angiogenic assay. Recent studies have further mapped a subregion within the second and third type 1 repeats including and carboxy-terminal to the CSVTG sequence with angioinhibitory effects.7 The relevant region has been found to bind to CD36 and to be responsible for the intracellular events related to the suppression of several mitogenic signals on endothelial cells.7 Our data are consistent with the observations of Dawson et al7 but do not correlate with evidence that the CSVTCG sequence alone, responsible for binding of TSP-1 to CD36, has an effect.22 Further structure-function and mutagenesis analysis will be required to resolve these discrepancies.
Although activity of the CD36-binding peptides from the carboxyl end of the second and third type 1 repeats provides an explanation for some of the activity of the type 1 repeats, other regions within the type 1 repeats have also been shown to reduce tumor growth and display potential angiostatic or antiangiogenic activities.10 11 Because these small fragments of the protein were tested in different laboratories and angiogenesis assays, we felt that it was necessary to analyze TSP-1 fragments and peptides side by side and in a single in vivo assay. Our observations demonstrate that the tryptophan-rich motif contains a second angioinhibitory region with activity similar to that of the CD36-binding sequence. We would predict that the potential of this region to inhibit FGF-2–mediated angiogenesis relates to its ability to bind to heparan sulfate and thereby block FGF-2 receptor signaling.5 The minimum sequence necessary for heparin-binding activity is the pentapeptide WSPWS, although if the preceding positively charged residues are added to the SHWSPWSS sequence, the heparin-binding activity of the peptide can be enhanced up to 10-fold.10 Our results indicate that the GGWSHWSPWSS worked better for inhibiting angiogenesis than the SHWSPW sequence alone.
The interaction of the type 1 repeats with heparin in the tryptophan-rich region lacks stereospecificity, because forward and inverse peptide analogues (L-forward, L-reverse, and D-reverse) displayed equivalent ability to interact with heparin, and in the CAM angiogenesis assay, the retro-inverso analogue was better in blocking angiogenesis. Thus, the polypeptide backbone is not involved in this response. Conjugation of the type 1 repeat peptides to polysucrose did not significantly affect their antiangiogenic function, although conjugation increased their potency in vitro for inhibiting proliferation of endothelial and breast carcinoma cells stimulated by FGF-2.11 The D-reverse analogues are resistant to proteases, and we have shown in xenograft assays that retro-inverso analogues are effective when administered intravenously in mice.10 The enhanced activity of the D-reverse peptides in the CAM assay may therefore result from an enhanced half-life in the gel or chick embryo circulation.
Studies by Tolsma and coworkers3 have demonstrated that in addition to the type 1 repeats, a region in the procollagen domain (aa 294 to 317) inhibits angiogenesis in the cornea pocket assay. Our results, however, did not support these findings by use of either the fusion protein or the synthetic peptide. It is possible that unlike with the type 1 repeats, the procollagen region is not effective across species; in fact, the amino-terminal end of TSP-1 differs more significantly than the carboxy-terminal end.2 Nevertheless, we also were not able to see any effect on proliferation or migration using the procollagen region fusion protein on human dermal microvascular endothelial cells.
TSP-1 has been shown to bind and activate latent TGF-ß1.6 Because TGF-ß modulates endothelial cell function,15 23 24 some involvement of the latent TGF-ß–activating sequence was expected in the activity of TSP-1. Although TGF-ß inhibits endothelial cell proliferation,15 angiogenesis assays in vitro23 as well as injection of TGF-ß in vivo have demonstrated proangiogenic activity.24 Peptides with KRFK sequences might therefore be predicted to induce angiogenesis by activating endogenous latent TGF-ß. Perhaps this is why some of the KRFK peptides without the tryptophans seem to stimulate angiogenesis (eg, 597). In any case, our studies demonstrate that at least the antiangiogenic activity of type 1 repeats was independent of latent TGF-ß1 activation, because substitution of an Ala residue for the essential Phe residue did not affect the antiangiogenic potential of the peptide.
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Acknowledgments |
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This work was supported by NIH grant CA-63356-01 and American Heart Association Grant-in-Aid 96-1218 (to Dr Iruela-Arispe), NHLBI grant HL-28749 (to Dr Lawler), and Department of the Army grant DAMD17-94-J-4246 (to Dr Roberts). The authors wish to thank Mark Duquette and Peon-Eang for technical assistance and Dr Gera Neufeld for the generous gift of FGF-2.
Received November 23, 1998; revision received May 19, 1999; accepted May 26, 1999.
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 Z. Li, M. A. Nardi, Y.-S. Li, W. Zhang, R. Pan, S. Dang, H. Yee, D. Quartermain, S. Jonas, and S. Karpatkin C-terminal ADAMTS-18 fragment induces oxidative platelet fragmentation, dissolves platelet aggregates, and protects against carotid artery occlusion and cerebral stroke Blood, June 11, 2009; 113(24): 6051 - 6060. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. H. Malek and I. M. Olfert Global deletion of thrombospondin-1 increases cardiac and skeletal muscle capillarity and exercise capacity in mice Exp Physiol, June 1, 2009; 94(6): 749 - 760. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 C. R. Anderson, N. E. Hastings, B. R. Blackman, and R. J. Price Capillary Sprout Endothelial Cells Exhibit a CD36low Phenotype: Regulation by Shear Stress and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Induced Mechanism for Attenuating Anti-Proliferative Thrombospondin-1 Signaling Am. J. Pathol., October 1, 2008; 173(4): 1220 - 1228. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. G. Sreekumar, J. Zhou, J. Sohn, C. Spee, S. J. Ryan, B. J. Maurer, R. Kannan, and D. R. Hinton N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide Augments Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization in Mice Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., March 1, 2008; 49(3): 1210 - 1220. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. Levchenko, N. Veitonmaki, A. Lundkvist, H. Gerhardt, Y. Ming, K. Berggren, A. Kvanta, R. Carlsson, and L. Holmgren Therapeutic antibodies targeting angiomotin inhibit angiogenesis in vivo FASEB J, March 1, 2008; 22(3): 880 - 889. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. A. Behera, L. Feng, B. Yonish, W. Catherino, S.-H. Jung, and P. C. Leppert Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 mRNA and TSP-1 and TSP-2 Protein Expression in Uterine Fibroids and Correlation to the Genes COL1A1 and COL3A1 and to the Collagen Cross-link Hydroxyproline Reproductive Sciences, December 1, 2007; 14(8_suppl): 63 - 76. [Abstract] [PDF]
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T. A.H. Jarvinen and E. Ruoslahti Molecular Changes in the Vasculature of Injured Tissues Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2007; 171(2): 702 - 711. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. S. Isenberg, Y. Jia, J. Fukuyama, C. H. Switzer, D. A. Wink, and D. D. Roberts Thrombospondin-1 Inhibits Nitric Oxide Signaling via CD36 by Inhibiting Myristic Acid Uptake J. Biol. Chem., May 25, 2007; 282(21): 15404 - 15415. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. S. Isenberg, L. A. Ridnour, J. Dimitry, W. A. Frazier, D. A. Wink, and D. D. Roberts CD47 Is Necessary for Inhibition of Nitric Oxide-stimulated Vascular Cell Responses by Thrombospondin-1 J. Biol. Chem., September 8, 2006; 281(36): 26069 - 26080. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 J. A. Gietema, R. Hoekstra, F. Y. F. L. de Vos, D. R. A. Uges, A. van der Gaast, H. J. M. Groen, W. J. Loos, R. A. Knight, R. A. Carr, R. A. Humerickhouse, et al. A phase I study assessing the safety and pharmacokinetics of the thrombospondin-1-mimetic angiogenesis inhibitor ABT-510 with gemcitabine and cisplatin in patients with solid tumors Ann. Onc., August 1, 2006; 17(8): 1320 - 1327. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Masli, B. Turpie, and J W. Streilein Thrombospondin orchestrates the tolerance-promoting properties of TGF{beta}-treated antigen-presenting cells Int. Immunol., May 1, 2006; 18(5): 689 - 699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 A. M. Jubb, H. I. Hurwitz, W. Bai, E. B. Holmgren, P. Tobin, A. S. Guerrero, F. Kabbinavar, S. N. Holden, W. F. Novotny, G. D. Frantz, et al. Impact of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A Expression, Thrombospondin-2 Expression, and Microvessel Density on the Treatment Effect of Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer J. Clin. Oncol., January 10, 2006; 24(2): 217 - 227. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K Uno, I A Bhutto, D S McLeod, C Merges, and G A Lutty Impaired expression of thrombospondin-1 in eyes with age related macular degeneration Br J Ophthalmol, January 1, 2006; 90(1): 48 - 54. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. Sezaki, S. Hirohata, A. Iwabu, K. Nakamura, K. Toeda, T. Miyoshi, H. Yamawaki, K. Demircan, S. Kusachi, Y. Shiratori, et al. Thrombospondin-1 Is Induced in Rat Myocardial Infarction and Its Induction Is Accelerated by Ischemia/Reperfusion Exp Biol Med, October 1, 2005; 230(9): 621 - 630. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. N. Sulochana, H. Fan, S. Jois, V. Subramanian, F. Sun, R. M. Kini, and R. Ge Peptides Derived from Human Decorin Leucine-rich Repeat 5 Inhibit Angiogenesis J. Biol. Chem., July 29, 2005; 280(30): 27935 - 27948. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 H.-M. Cho, J. D. Rosenblatt, Y.-S. Kang, M. L. Iruela-Arispe, S. L. Morrison, M. L. Penichet, Y.-G. Kwon, T.-W. Kim, K. A. Webster, H. Nechustan, et al. Enhanced inhibition of murine tumor and human breast tumor xenografts using targeted delivery of an antibody-endostatin fusion protein Mol. Cancer Ther., June 1, 2005; 4(6): 956 - 967. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 P. Nyberg, L. Xie, and R. Kalluri Endogenous Inhibitors of Angiogenesis Cancer Res., May 15, 2005; 65(10): 3967 - 3979. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T. A. Rege, C. Y. Fears, and C. L. Gladson Endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis in malignant gliomas: Nature'santiangiogenic therapy Neuro Oncology, April 1, 2005; 7(2): 106 - 121. [Abstract] [PDF]
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 X. Zhang, E. Galardi, M. Duquette, M. Delic, J. Lawler, and S. Parangi Antiangiogenic Treatment with the Three Thrombospondin-1 Type 1 Repeats Recombinant Protein in an Orthotopic Human Pancreatic Cancer Model Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2005; 11(6): 2337 - 2344. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. Sund, Y. Hamano, H. Sugimoto, A. Sudhakar, M. Soubasakos, U. Yerramalla, L. E. Benjamin, J. Lawler, M. Kieran, A. Shah, et al. Function of endogenous inhibitors of angiogenesis as endothelium-specific tumor suppressors PNAS, February 22, 2005; 102(8): 2934 - 2939. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 S. M. Short, A. Derrien, R. P. Narsimhan, J. Lawler, D. E. Ingber, and B. R. Zetter Inhibition of endothelial cell migration by thrombospondin-1 type-1 repeats is mediated by {beta}1 integrins J. Cell Biol., February 14, 2005; 168(4): 643 - 653. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M.A. GRANT and R. KALLUR Structural Basis for the Functions of Endogenous Angiogenesis Inhibitors Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol, January 1, 2005; 70(0): 399 - 417. [Abstract] [PDF]
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M. J. Calzada, D. S. Annis, B. Zeng, C. Marcinkiewicz, B. Banas, J. Lawler, D. F. Mosher, and D. D. Roberts Identification of Novel {beta}1 Integrin Binding Sites in the Type 1 and Type 2 Repeats of Thrombospondin-1 J. Biol. Chem., October 1, 2004; 279(40): 41734 - 41743. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. W.M. Schellings, Y. M. Pinto, and S. Heymans Matricellular proteins in the heart: possible role during stress and remodeling Cardiovasc Res, October 1, 2004; 64(1): 24 - 31. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. O. Yee, M. Streit, T. Hawighorst, M. Detmar, and J. Lawler Expression of the Type-1 Repeats of Thrombospondin-1 Inhibits Tumor Growth Through Activation of Transforming Growth Factor-{beta} Am. J. Pathol., August 1, 2004; 165(2): 541 - 552. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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A. Thomas-Tikhonenko, I. Viard-Leveugle, M. Dews, P. Wehrli, C. Sevignani, D. Yu, S. Ricci, W. el-Deiry, B. Aronow, G. Kaya, et al. Myc-Transformed Epithelial Cells Down-Regulate Clusterin, Which Inhibits Their Growth in Vitro and Carcinogenesis in Vivo Cancer Res., May 1, 2004; 64(9): 3126 - 3136. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. J. Calzada, L. Zhou, J. M. Sipes, J. Zhang, H. C. Krutzsch, M. L. Iruela-Arispe, D. S. Annis, D. F. Mosher, and D. D. Roberts {alpha}4{beta}1 Integrin Mediates Selective Endothelial Cell Responses to Thrombospondins 1 and 2 In Vitro and Modulates Angiogenesis In Vivo Circ. Res., March 5, 2004; 94(4): 462 - 470. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 M. E. Daly, A. Makris, M. Reed, and C. E. Lewis Hemostatic Regulators of Tumor Angiogenesis: A Source of Antiangiogenic Agents for Cancer Treatment? J Natl Cancer Inst, November 19, 2003; 95(22): 1660 - 1673. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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M. J. Calzada, J. M. Sipes, H. C. Krutzsch, P. D. Yurchenco, D. S. Annis, D. F. Mosher, and D. D. Roberts Recognition of the N-terminal Modules of Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 by {alpha}6{beta}1 Integrin J. Biol. Chem., October 17, 2003; 278(42): 40679 - 40687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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S. M. Keezer, S. E. Ivie, H. C. Krutzsch, A. Tandle, S. K. Libutti, and D. D. Roberts Angiogenesis Inhibitors Target the Endothelial Cell Cytoskeleton through Altered Regulation of Heat Shock Protein 27 and Cofilin Cancer Res., October 1, 2003; 63(19): 6405 - 6412. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 R. Dardik, A. Solomon, J. Loscalzo, R. Eskaraev, A. Bialik, I. Goldberg, G. Schiby, and A. Inbal Novel Proangiogenic Effect of Factor XIII Associated With Suppression of Thrombospondin 1 Expression Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, August 1, 2003; 23(8): 1472 - 1477. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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L. Guedez, A. M. Rivera, R. Salloum, M. L. Miller, J. J. Diegmueller, P. M. Bungay, and W. G. Stetler-Stevenson Quantitative Assessment of Angiogenic Responses by the Directed in Vivo Angiogenesis Assay Am. J. Pathol., May 1, 2003; 162(5): 1431 - 1439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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Y. Moodley, P. Rigby, C. Bundell, S. Bunt, H. Hayashi, N. Misso, R. McAnulty, G. Laurent, A. Scaffidi, P. Thompson, et al. Macrophage Recognition and Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Fibroblasts Is Critically Dependent on Fibroblast-Derived Thrombospondin 1 and CD36 Am. J. Pathol., March 1, 2003; 162(3): 771 - 779. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 T.-n. Lin, G.-M. Kim, J.-J. Chen, W.-M. Cheung, Y. Y. He, and C. Y. Hsu Differential Regulation of Thrombospondin-1 and Thrombospondin-2 After Focal Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Stroke, January 1, 2003; 34(1): 177 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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K. Tan, M. Duquette, J.-h. Liu, Y. Dong, R. Zhang, A. Joachimiak, J. Lawler, and J.-h. Wang Crystal structure of the TSP-1 type 1 repeats: a novel layered fold and its biological implication J. Cell Biol., October 28, 2002; 159(2): 373 - 382. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 L. C. Armstrong, B. Bjorkblom, K. D. Hankenson, A. W. Siadak, C. E. Stiles, and P. Bornstein Thrombospondin 2 Inhibits Microvascular Endothelial Cell Proliferation by a Caspase-independent Mechanism Mol. Biol. Cell, June 1, 2002; 13(6): 1893 - 1905. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 N. Anilkumar, D. S. Annis, D. F. Mosher, and J. C. Adams Trimeric assembly of the C-terminal region of Thrombospondin-1 or Thrombospondin-2 is necessary for cell spreading and fascin spike organisation J. Cell Sci., January 6, 2002; 115(11): 2357 - 2366. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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W.-M. Miao, W. Lin Seng, M. Duquette, P. Lawler, C. Laus, and J. Lawler Thrombospondin-1 Type 1 Repeat Recombinant Proteins Inhibit Tumor Growth through Transforming Growth Factor-{beta}-dependent and -independent Mechanisms Cancer Res., November 1, 2001; 61(21): 7830 - 7839. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. Rodriguez-Manzaneque, T. F. Lane, M. A. Ortega, R. O. Hynes, J. Lawler, and M. L. Iruela-Arispe Thrombospondin-1 suppresses spontaneous tumor growth and inhibits activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor PNAS, October 12, 2001; (2001) 171460498. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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P. A. Rupp and C. D. Little Integrins in Vascular Development Circ. Res., September 28, 2001; 89(7): 566 - 572. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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I. Sargiannidou, J. Zhou, and G. P. Tuszynski The Role of Thrombospondin-1 in Tumor Progression Exp Biol Med, September 1, 2001; 226(8): 726 - 733. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. W Fischer, M. Stoll, A. W.A Hahn, and T. Unger Differential regulation of thrombospondin-1 and fibronectin by angiotensin II receptor subtypes in cultured endothelial cells Cardiovasc Res, September 1, 2001; 51(4): 784 - 791. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 Z. Li, L. He, K. E. Wilson, and D. D. Roberts Thrombospondin-1 Inhibits TCR-Mediated T Lymphocyte Early Activation J. Immunol., February 15, 2001; 166(4): 2427 - 2436. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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 K. Hida, J. Wada, H. Zhang, K. Hiragushi, Y. Tsuchiyama, K. Shikata, and H. Makino Identification of genes specifically expressed in the accumulated visceral adipose tissue of OLETF rats J. Lipid Res., October 1, 2000; 41(10): 1615 - 1622. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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L. Chandrasekaran, C.-Z. He, H. Al-Barazi, H. C. Krutzsch, M. L. Iruela-Arispe, and D. D. Roberts Cell Contact-dependent Activation of alpha 3beta 1 Integrin Modulates Endothelial Cell Responses to Thrombospondin-1 Mol. Biol. Cell, September 1, 2000; 11(9): 2885 - 2900. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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N.-h. Guo, N. S. Templeton, H. Al-Barazi, J. Cashel, J. M. Sipes, H. C. Krutzsch, and D. D. Roberts Thrombospondin-1 Promotes {{alpha}}3{beta}1 Integrin-mediated Adhesion and Neurite-like Outgrowth and Inhibits Proliferation of Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Cells Cancer Res., January 1, 2000; 60(2): 457 - 466. [Abstract] [Full Text]
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K. Bein and M. Simons Thrombospondin Type 1 Repeats Interact with Matrix Metalloproteinase 2. REGULATION OF METALLOPROTEINASE ACTIVITY J. Biol. Chem., October 6, 2000; 275(41): 32167 - 32173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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T. M. Misenheimer, K. G. Huwiler, D. S. Annis, and D. F. Mosher Physical Characterization of the Procollagen Module of Human Thrombospondin 1 Expressed in Insect Cells J. Biol. Chem., December 22, 2000; 275(52): 40938 - 40945. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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R. G. Rodrigues, N.-h. Guo, L. Zhou, J. M. Sipes, S. B. Williams, N. S. Templeton, H. R. Gralnick, and D. D. Roberts Conformational Regulation of the Fibronectin Binding and alpha 3beta 1 Integrin-mediated Adhesive Activities of Thrombospondin-1 J. Biol. Chem., July 20, 2001; 276(30): 27913 - 27922. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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J. C. Rodriguez-Manzaneque, T. F. Lane, M. A. Ortega, R. O. Hynes, J. Lawler, and M. L. Iruela-Arispe Thrombospondin-1 suppresses spontaneous tumor growth and inhibits activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and mobilization of vascular endothelial growth factor PNAS, October 23, 2001; 98(22): 12485 - 12490. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
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