(Circulation. 1996;93:1043-1065.)
© 1996 American Heart Association, Inc.
Articles |
Heart Rate Variability
Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation, and Clinical Use
Correspondence to Marek Malik, PhD, MD, Chairman, Writing Committee of the Task Force, Department of Cardiological Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK.
Key Words: heart rate • electrocardiography • computers • nervous system, autonomic • risk factors
 |
Introduction |
|---|
The last two decades have witnessed the recognition of a significant relationship between the autonomic nervous system and cardiovascular mortality, including sudden cardiac death.1 2 3 4 Experimental evidence for an association between propensity for lethal arrhythmias and signs of either increased sympathetic or reduced vagal activity has spurred efforts for the development of quantitative markers of autonomic activity.
HRV represents one of the most promising such markers. The apparently easy derivation of this measure has popularized its use. As many commercial devices now provide an automated measurement of HRV, the cardiologist has been provided with a seemingly simple tool for both research and clinical studies.5 However, the significance and meaning of the many different measures of HRV are more complex than generally appreciated, and there is a potential for incorrect conclusions and for excessive or unfounded extrapolations.
Recognition of these problems led the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology to constitute a Task Force charged with the responsibility of developing appropriate standards. The specific goals of this Task Force were to (1) standardize nomenclature and develop definitions of terms, (2) specify standard methods of measurement, (3) define physiological and pathophysiological correlates, (4) describe currently appropriate clinical applications, and (5) identify areas for future research.
To achieve these goals, the members of the Task Force were drawn from
the fields of mathematics, engineering, physiology, and clinical
medicine. The standards and proposals offered in this text should not
limit further development but should allow appropriate comparisons,
promote
This article has been cited by other articles:
 |
|
 |
|
  S. Galluzzi, F. Nicosia, C. Geroldi, A. Alicandri, M. Bonetti, G. Romanelli, R. Zulli, and G. B. Frisoni Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction Is Associated With White Matter Lesions in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, December 1, 2009; 64A(12): 1312 - 1315. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Yamada, N. Yoshida, Y. Murakami, T. Okada, Y. Yoshida, M. Muto, Y. Inden, and T. Murohara The difference in autonomic denervation and its effect on atrial fibrillation recurrence between the standard segmental and circumferential pulmonary vein isolation techniques Europace, December 1, 2009; 11(12): 1612 - 1619. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Tan, J. L. Newton, T. J. Chadwick, J. C. Gray, S. Nath, and S. W. Parry Home orthostatic training in vasovagal syncope modifies autonomic tone: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study Europace, November 17, 2009; (2009) eup368v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. P. Fisher, A. Kim, C. N. Young, S. Ogoh, P. B. Raven, N. H. Secher, and P. J. Fadel Influence of ageing on carotid baroreflex peak response latency in humans J. Physiol., November 15, 2009; 587(22): 5427 - 5439. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. Z. Soliman, M. A. Elsalam, and Y. Li The relationship between high resting heart rate and ventricular arrhythmogenesis in patients referred to ambulatory 24 h electrocardiographic recording Europace, November 3, 2009; (2009) eup344v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. Mermigkis, D. Mermigkis, G. Varouchakis, S. Schiza, and P. Panagou Poincare plot in obstructive sleep apnoea patients before and after CPAP treatment Eur. Respir. J., November 1, 2009; 34(5): 1197 - 1198. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. R. Duncan, M. Garland, M. M. Myers, W. P. Fifer, M. Yang, H. C. Kinney, and R. I. Stark Prenatal nicotine-exposure alters fetal autonomic activity and medullary neurotransmitter receptors: implications for sudden infant death syndrome J Appl Physiol, November 1, 2009; 107(5): 1579 - 1590. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 Y. Zhang, Z. B. Popovic, S. Bibevski, I. Fakhry, D. A. Sica, D. R. Van Wagoner, and T. N. Mazgalev Chronic Vagus Nerve Stimulation Improves Autonomic Control and Attenuates Systemic Inflammation and Heart Failure Progression in a Canine High-Rate Pacing Model Circ Heart Fail, November 1, 2009; 2(6): 692 - 699. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. W. Parry, M. Norton, J. Pairman, M. Baptist, K. Wilton, P. Reeve, K. Sutcliffe, and J. L. Newton Impedance cardiography: a role in vasovagal syncope diagnosis? Age Ageing, November 1, 2009; 38(6): 718 - 723. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Weissman, M. Aranovitch, S. Blazer, and E. Z. Zimmer Heel-Lancing in Newborns: Behavioral and Spectral Analysis Assessment of Pain Control Methods Pediatrics, November 1, 2009; 124(5): e921 - e926. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 L.-W. Chien, M.-H. Lin, H.-Y. Chung, and C.-F. Liu Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation of Acupoints Changes Body Composition and Heart Rate Variability in Postmenopausal Women with Obesity Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., October 21, 2009; (2009) nep145v2. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
W. H. Cooke, C. A. Rickards, K. L. Ryan, T. A. Kuusela, and V. A. Convertino Muscle sympathetic nerve activity during intense lower body negative pressure to presyncope in humans J. Physiol., October 15, 2009; 587(20): 4987 - 4999. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Wensel, C. Jilek, M. Dorr, D. P. Francis, H. Stadler, T. Lange, F. Blumberg, C. Opitz, M. Pfeifer, and R. Ewert Impaired cardiac autonomic control relates to disease severity in pulmonary hypertension Eur. Respir. J., October 1, 2009; 34(4): 895 - 901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. P. Nolan, S. M. Barry-Bianchi, A. E. Mechetiuc, and M. H. Chen Sex-based differences in the association between duration of type 2 diabetes and heart rate variability Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, October 1, 2009; 6(4): 276 - 282. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. L. Francis, A. A. Weinstein, D. S. Krantz, M. C. Haigney, P. K. Stein, P. H. Stone, J. S. Gottdiener, and W. J. Kop Association Between Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety With Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators Psychosom Med, October 1, 2009; 71(8): 821 - 827. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Ng, S. Sundaram, A. H. Kadish, and J. J. Goldberger Autonomic effects on the spectral analysis of heart rate variability after exercise Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2009; 297(4): H1421 - H1428. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. E. Billman Cardiac autonomic neural remodeling and susceptibility to sudden cardiac death: effect of endurance exercise training Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, October 1, 2009; 297(4): H1171 - H1193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H.-J. Lee, Y. Chae, H.-J. Park, D.-H. Hahm, K. An, and H. Lee Turo (Qi Dance) Training Attenuates Psychological Symptoms and Sympathetic Activation Induced by Mental Stress in Healthy Women Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med., September 1, 2009; 6(3): 399 - 405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Adams, P. Julian, M. Hubbard, J. Hartman, S. Baugh, W. Segrest, J. Russell, J. McDonnell, and K. Wheelan A randomized controlled trial of a controlled breathing protocol on heart rate variability following myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass graft surgery Clinical Rehabilitation, September 1, 2009; 23(9): 782 - 789. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. Munjal, T. Koval, R. Muhammad, Y. Jin, V. Demmel, H. J. Roethig, P. Mendes, and M. Unverdorben Heart Rate Variability Increases With Reductions in Cigarette Smoke Exposure After 3 Days Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, September 1, 2009; 14(3): 192 - 198. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. J.B.H. Beijers, I. Ferreira, B. Bravenboer, J. M. Dekker, G. Nijpels, R. J. Heine, and C. D.A. Stehouwer Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Autonomic Dysfunction Are Independently Associated With Cardiovascular Mortality: Evidence for Distinct Pathways: The Hoorn Study Diabetes Care, September 1, 2009; 32(9): 1698 - 1703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. Kinoshita, K. Kuwahara, M. Takano, Y. Arai, Y. Kuwabara, S. Yasuno, Y. Nakagawa, M. Nakanishi, M. Harada, M. Fujiwara, et al. T-Type Ca2+ Channel Blockade Prevents Sudden Death in Mice With Heart Failure Circulation, September 1, 2009; 120(9): 743 - 752. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 G. Piccirillo, D. Magri, M. Ogawa, J. Song, V. J. Chong, S. Han, B. Joung, E.-K. Choi, S. Hwang, L. S. Chen, et al. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Measured Directly and QT Interval Variability in Normal and Pacing-Induced Tachycardia Heart Failure Dogs. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., August 25, 2009; 54(9): 840 - 850. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 P. Van Leeuwen, D. Geue, M. Thiel, D. Cysarz, S. Lange, M. C. Romano, N. Wessel, J. Kurths, and D. H. Gronemeyer From the Cover: Influence of paced maternal breathing on fetal-maternal heart rate coordination PNAS, August 18, 2009; 106(33): 13661 - 13666. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. Richardson, J. Baker, P.W. Thomas, C. Meckes, A. Rozkovec, and D. Kerr Randomized control trial investigating the influence of coffee on heart rate variability in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction QJM, August 1, 2009; 102(8): 555 - 561. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
X. Bai, J. Li, L. Zhou, and X. Li Influence of the menstrual cycle on nonlinear properties of heart rate variability in young women Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, August 1, 2009; 297(2): H765 - H774. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. F. Folino, M. L. Scapellato, C. Canova, P. Maestrelli, G. Bertorelli, L. Simonato, S. Iliceto, and M. Lotti Individual exposure to particulate matter and the short-term arrhythmic and autonomic profiles in patients with myocardial infarction Eur. Heart J., July 1, 2009; 30(13): 1614 - 1620. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
H. Suzuki, S. Watanabe, T. Hamaguchi, H. Mine, T. Terui, M. Kanazawa, N. Oohisa, M. Maruyama, T. Yambe, M. Itoh, et al. Brain Activation Associated With Changes in Heart Rate, Heart Rate Variability, and Plasma Catecholamines During Rectal Distention Psychosom Med, July 1, 2009; 71(6): 619 - 626. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. Buchheit, H. Al Haddad, P. B. Laursen, and S. Ahmaidi Effect of body posture on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation in men Exp Physiol, July 1, 2009; 94(7): 795 - 804. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Legramante, F. Valentini, A. Magrini, G. Palleschi, S. Sacco, I. Iavicoli, M. Pallante, D. Moscone, A. Galante, E. Bergamaschi, et al. Cardiac autonomic regulation after lung exposure to carbon nanotubes Human and Experimental Toxicology, June 1, 2009; 28(6-7): 369 - 375. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M.-H. Song, Y. Tokuda, T. Nakayama, M. Sato, and K. Hattori Intraoperative heart rate variability of a cardiac surgeon himself in coronary artery bypass grafting surgery Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, June 1, 2009; 8(6): 639 - 641. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Deschamps and A. Denault Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiovascular Disease Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, June 1, 2009; 13(2): 99 - 105. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
R. Varadhan, P. H. M. Chaves, L. A. Lipsitz, P. K. Stein, J. Tian, B. G. Windham, R. D. Berger, and L. P. Fried Frailty and Impaired Cardiac Autonomic Control: New Insights From Principal Components Aggregation of Traditional Heart Rate Variability Indices J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, June 1, 2009; 64A(6): 682 - 687. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
C. M. M. Licht, E. J. C. de Geus, R. van Dyck, and B. W. J. H. Penninx Association between Anxiety Disorders and Heart Rate Variability in The Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) Psychosom Med, June 1, 2009; 71(5): 508 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Samet, A. Rappold, D. Graff, W. E. Cascio, J. H. Berntsen, Y.-C. T. Huang, M. Herbst, M. Bassett, T. Montilla, M. J. Hazucha, et al. Concentrated Ambient Ultrafine Particle Exposure Induces Cardiac Changes in Young Healthy Volunteers Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., June 1, 2009; 179(11): 1034 - 1042. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. S. Leicht, W. H. Sinclair, M. J. Patterson, S. Rudzki, M. P. Tulppo, A. L. Fogarty, and S. Winter Influence of postexercise cooling techniques on heart rate variability in men Exp Physiol, June 1, 2009; 94(6): 695 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
V. Manzi, C. Castagna, E. Padua, M. Lombardo, S. D'Ottavio, M. Massaro, M. Volterrani, and F. Iellamo Dose-response relationship of autonomic nervous system responses to individualized training impulse in marathon runners Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, June 1, 2009; 296(6): H1733 - H1740. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 D. Kimhy, P. Delespaul, H. Ahn, S. Cai, M. Shikhman, J. A. Lieberman, D. Malaspina, and R. P. Sloan Concurrent Measurement of "Real-World" Stress and Arousal in Individuals With Psychosis: Assessing the Feasibility and Validity of a Novel Methodology Schizophr Bull, May 8, 2009; (2009) sbp028v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J L Barclay, B G Miller, S Dick, M Dennekamp, I Ford, G S Hillis, J G Ayres, and A Seaton A panel study of air pollution in subjects with heart failure: negative results in treated patients Occup. Environ. Med., May 1, 2009; 66(5): 325 - 334. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. G. Frasch, T. Muller, C. Weiss, K. Schwab, H. Schubert, and M. Schwab Heart Rate Variability Analysis Allows Early Asphyxia Detection in Ovine Fetus Reproductive Sciences, May 1, 2009; 16(5): 509 - 517. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Louis and N. M. Punjabi Effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on glucose metabolism in awake healthy volunteers J Appl Physiol, May 1, 2009; 106(5): 1538 - 1544. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C L McGowan, J S Swiston, C F Notarius, S Mak, B L Morris, P E Picton, J T Granton, and J S Floras Discordance between microneurographic and heart-rate spectral indices of sympathetic activity in pulmonary arterial hypertension Heart, May 1, 2009; 95(9): 754 - 758. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
G. Blain, O. Meste, A. Blain, and S. Bermon Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability reveals cardiolocomotor coupling during dynamic cycling exercise in humans Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1651 - H1659. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
T. Kawada, M. Mizuno, S. Shimizu, K. Uemura, A. Kamiya, and M. Sugimachi Angiotensin II disproportionally attenuates dynamic vagal and sympathetic heart rate controls Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, May 1, 2009; 296(5): H1666 - H1674. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K.-J. Bar, S. Berger, M. Metzner, M. K. Boettger, S. Schulz, C. T. Ramachandraiah, J. Terhaar, A. Voss, V. K. Yeragani, and H. Sauer Autonomic Dysfunction in Unaffected First-Degree Relatives of Patients Suffering From Schizophrenia Schizophr Bull, April 14, 2009; (2009) sbp024v1. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 H. V Huikuri, J. S Perkiomaki, R. Maestri, and G. D. Pinna Clinical impact of evaluation of cardiovascular control by novel methods of heart rate dynamics Phil Trans R Soc A, April 13, 2009; 367(1892): 1223 - 1238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
B. Retzlaff, R. Bauernschmitt, H. Malberg, G. Brockmann, C. Uhl, R. Lange, J. Kurths, G. Bretthauer, and N. Wessel Depression of cardiovascular autonomic function is more pronounced after mitral valve surgery: evidence for direct trauma Phil Trans R Soc A, April 13, 2009; 367(1892): 1251 - 1263. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M Di Rienzo, G Parati, A Radaelli, and P Castiglioni Baroreflex contribution to blood pressure and heart rate oscillations: time scales, time-variant characteristics and nonlinearities Phil Trans R Soc A, April 13, 2009; 367(1892): 1301 - 1318. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Cerutti, D. Hoyer, and A. Voss Multiscale, multiorgan and multivariate complexity analyses of cardiovascular regulation Phil Trans R Soc A, April 13, 2009; 367(1892): 1337 - 1358. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Keissar, L. R Davrath, and S. Akselrod Coherence analysis between respiration and heart rate variability using continuous wavelet transform Phil Trans R Soc A, April 13, 2009; 367(1892): 1393 - 1406. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Bauer, J. Mehilli, P. Barthel, A. Muller, A. Kastrati, K. Ulm, A. Schomig, M. Malik, and G. Schmidt Impact of Myocardial Salvage Assessed by 99mTc-Sestamibi Scintigraphy on Cardiac Autonomic Function in Patients Undergoing Mechanical Reperfusion Therapy for Acute Myocardial Infarction J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Img., April 1, 2009; 2(4): 449 - 457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. D. Flouris and S. S. Cheung Influence of thermal balance on cold-induced vasodilation J Appl Physiol, April 1, 2009; 106(4): 1264 - 1271. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 R. M. CARNEY and K. E. FREEDLAND Depression and heart rate variability in patients with coronary heart disease Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, April 1, 2009; 76(Suppl_2): S13 - S17. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. C. Fang, J. M. Cavallari, E. A. Eisen, J.-C. Chen, M. A. Mittleman, and D. C. Christiani Vascular Function, Inflammation, and Variations in Cardiac Autonomic Responses to Particulate Matter Among Welders Am. J. Epidemiol., April 1, 2009; 169(7): 848 - 856. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. P. Fisher, S. Ogoh, C. Junor, A. Khaja, M. Northrup, and P. J. Fadel Spontaneous baroreflex measures are unable to detect age-related impairments in cardiac baroreflex function during dynamic exercise in humans Exp Physiol, April 1, 2009; 94(4): 447 - 458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
F. A. J. L. Scheer, M. F. Hilton, C. S. Mantzoros, and S. A. Shea From the Cover: Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment PNAS, March 17, 2009; 106(11): 4453 - 4458. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. A. Whitsel, P. M. Quibrera, S. L. Christ, D. Liao, R. J. Prineas, G. L. Anderson, and G. Heiss Heart Rate Variability, Ambient Particulate Matter Air Pollution, and Glucose Homeostasis: The Environmental Epidemiology of Arrhythmogenesis in the Women's Health Initiative Am. J. Epidemiol., March 15, 2009; 169(6): 693 - 703. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. Cruz, J. Sousa, A. G. Oliveira, and L. Silva-Carvalho Effects of endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy for primary hyperhidrosis on cardiac autonomic nervous activity. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., March 1, 2009; 137(3): 664 - 669. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S. K. Park, K. L Tucker, M. S O'Neill, D. Sparrow, P. S Vokonas, H. Hu, and J. Schwartz Fruit, vegetable, and fish consumption and heart rate variability: the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2009; 89(3): 778 - 786. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Y. Bai, R. T. Mahon, J. C. White, P. R. Brink, and K. H. Chon Impairment of the autonomic nervous function during decompression sickness in swine J Appl Physiol, March 1, 2009; 106(3): 1004 - 1009. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
E. J. Rashba, G. A. Lamas, J.-P. Couderc, S. M. Hollist, V. Dzavik, W. Ruzyllo, V. Fridrich, C. E. Buller, S. A. Forman, J. A. Kufera, et al. Electrophysiological Effects of Late Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Infarct-Related Coronary Artery Occlusion: The Occluded Artery Trial-Electrophysiological Mechanisms (OAT-EP) Circulation, February 17, 2009; 119(6): 779 - 787. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 M. A. Gray, K. Rylander, N. A. Harrison, B. G. Wallin, and H. D. Critchley Following One's Heart: Cardiac Rhythms Gate Central Initiation of Sympathetic Reflexes J. Neurosci., February 11, 2009; 29(6): 1817 - 1825. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Tamaki, T. Yamada, Y. Okuyama, T. Morita, S. Sanada, Y. Tsukamoto, M. Masuda, K. Okuda, Y. Iwasaki, T. Yasui, et al. Cardiac Iodine-123 Metaiodobenzylguanidine Imaging Predicts Sudden Cardiac Death Independently of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction Results From a Comparative Study With Signal-Averaged Electrocardiogram, Heart Rate Variability, and QT Dispersion. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., February 3, 2009; 53(5): 426 - 435. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. Milliez, S. Messaoudi, J. Nehme, C. Rodriguez, J.-L. Samuel, and C. Delcayre Beneficial effects of delayed ivabradine treatment on cardiac anatomical and electrical remodeling in rat severe chronic heart failure Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2009; 296(2): H435 - H441. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Buchheit, J. J. Peiffer, C. R. Abbiss, and P. B. Laursen Effect of cold water immersion on postexercise parasympathetic reactivation Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, February 1, 2009; 296(2): H421 - H427. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L. T Mainardi On the quantification of heart rate variability spectral parameters using time-frequency and time-varying methods Phil Trans R Soc A, January 28, 2009; 367(1887): 255 - 275. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. Voss, S. Schulz, R. Schroeder, M. Baumert, and P. Caminal Methods derived from nonlinear dynamics for analysing heart rate variability Phil Trans R Soc A, January 28, 2009; 367(1887): 277 - 296. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
D. Le Gallais Comment on Point:Counterpoint: Sickle cell trait should/should not be considered asymptomatic and as a benign condition during physical activity J Appl Physiol, January 1, 2009; 106(1): 349 - 349. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J.-P. Couderc, S. Kaab, M. Hinterseer, S. McNitt, X. Xia, A. Fossa, B. M. Beckmann, S. Polonsky, and W. Zareba Baseline Values and Sotalol-Induced Changes of Ventricular Repolarization Duration, Heterogeneity, and Instability in Patients With a History of Drug-Induced Torsades de Pointes J. Clin. Pharmacol., January 1, 2009; 49(1): 6 - 16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Grant and P. Rainville Pain Sensitivity and Analgesic Effects of Mindful States in Zen Meditators: A Cross-Sectional Study Psychosom Med, January 1, 2009; 71(1): 106 - 114. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. R. Burton, I. Birznieks, P. S. Bolton, L. A. Henderson, and V. G. Macefield Effects of deep and superficial experimentally induced acute pain on muscle sympathetic nerve activity in human subjects J. Physiol., January 1, 2009; 587(1): 183 - 193. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 F. G. Cosío, J.#x. Palacios, A.#x.;n Pastor, and A. Núñez CHAPTER 2 The Electrocardiogram ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, January 1, 2009; 2(1): med-9780199566990-chapter - med-9780199566990-chapter. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
P. L.S. Ljungman, N. Berglind, C. Holmgren, F. Gadler, N. Edvardsson, G. Pershagen, M. Rosenqvist, B. Sjogren, and T. Bellander Rapid effects of air pollution on ventricular arrhythmias Eur. Heart J., December 1, 2008; 29(23): 2894 - 2901. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. M. M. Licht, E. J. C. de Geus, F. G. Zitman, W. J. G. Hoogendijk, R. van Dyck, and B. W. J. H. Penninx Association Between Major Depressive Disorder and Heart Rate Variability in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) Arch Gen Psychiatry, December 1, 2008; 65(12): 1358 - 1367. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 A. Van de Louw, C. Medigue, Y. Papelier, and F. Cottin Breathing cardiovascular variability and baroreflex in mechanically ventilated patients Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, December 1, 2008; 295(6): R1934 - R1940. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
S. Ketels, R. Houben, K. Van Beeumen, R. Tavernier, and M. Duytschaever Incidence, timing, and characteristics of acute changes in heart rate during ongoing circumferential pulmonary vein isolation Europace, December 1, 2008; 10(12): 1406 - 1414. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. P. Tan, J. L. Newton, T. J. Chadwick, and S. W. Parry The relationship between carotid sinus hypersensitivity, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal syncope: a case-control study Europace, December 1, 2008; 10(12): 1400 - 1405. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Schonauer, A. Thomas, S. Morbach, J. Niebauer, U. Schonauer, and H. Thiele Cardiac autonomic diabetic neuropathy Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research, November 1, 2008; 5(4): 336 - 344. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S-S. Chiou and C-D. Kuo Effect of chewing a single betel-quid on autonomic nervous modulation in healthy young adults J Psychopharmacol, November 1, 2008; 22(8): 910 - 917. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. R. Bhattacharyya, D. L. Whitehead, R. Rakhit, and A. Steptoe Depressed Mood, Positive Affect, and Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Suspected Coronary Artery Disease Psychosom Med, November 1, 2008; 70(9): 1020 - 1027. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
A. U. Viola, L. M. James, S. N. Archer, and D.-J. Dijk PER3 polymorphism and cardiac autonomic control: effects of sleep debt and circadian phase Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, November 1, 2008; 295(5): H2156 - H2163. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 C. A. Brown, C. T. Lee, S. M. J. Hains, and B. S. Kisilevsky Maternal Heart Rate Variability and Fetal Behavior in Hypertensive and Normotensive Pregnancies Biol Res Nurs, October 1, 2008; 10(2): 134 - 144. [Abstract] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Moffitt, A. J. Grippo, T. G. Beltz, and A. K. Johnson Hindlimb unloading elicits anhedonia and sympathovagal imbalance J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2008; 105(4): 1049 - 1059. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
L.-F. Zhang, J.-H. Cheng, X. Liu, S. Wang, Y. Liu, H.-B. Lu, and J. Ma Cardiovascular changes of conscious rats after simulated microgravity with and without daily -Gx gravitation J Appl Physiol, October 1, 2008; 105(4): 1134 - 1145. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. Malik, K. Hnatkova, J. Ford, and D. Madge Near-Thorough QT Study as Part of a First-In-Man Study J. Clin. Pharmacol., October 1, 2008; 48(10): 1146 - 1157. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goldberger, M. E. Cain, S. H. Hohnloser, A. H. Kadish, B. P. Knight, M. S. Lauer, B. J. Maron, R. L. Page, R. S. Passman, D. Siscovick, et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Statement on Noninvasive Risk Stratification Techniques for Identifying Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 30, 2008; 52(14): 1179 - 1199. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. J. Goldberger, M. E. Cain, S. H. Hohnloser, A. H. Kadish, B. P. Knight, M. S. Lauer, B. J. Maron, R. L. Page, R. S. Passman, D. Siscovick, et al. American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation/Heart Rhythm Society Scientific Statement on Noninvasive Risk Stratification Techniques for Identifying Patients at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Death: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Committee on Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention Circulation, September 30, 2008; 118(14): 1497 - 1518. [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|