Published Online
on August 3, 2009

A more recent version of this article appeared on August 18, 2009

This Article Full Text (PDF) Data Supplement All Versions of this Article: 120/7/553    most recent CIRCULATIONAHA.108.821082v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Request Permissions Google Scholar Articles by Milan, D. J. Articles by MacRae, C. A. PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Milan, D. J. Articles by MacRae, C. A. Pubmed/NCBI databases Gene GEO Profiles HomoloGene Protein UniGene Related Collections Arrythmias-basic studies Functional genomics Genomics Ion channels/membrane transport Arrhythmias, clinical electrophysiology, drugs Genetics of cardiovascular disease Related Article

Submitted on September 11, 2008
Accepted on May 15, 2009

Drug-Sensitized Zebrafish Screen Identifies Multiple Genes, Including GINS3, as Regulators of Myocardial Repolarization

David J. Milan MD^*, Albert M. Kim MD, PhD, Jeffrey R. Winterfield MD, Ian L. Jones MS, Arne Pfeufer MD, Serena Sanna PhD, Dan E. Arking PhD, Adam H. Amsterdam PhD, Khaled M. Sabeh MD, John D. Mably PhD, David S. Rosenbaum MD, Randall T. Peterson PhD, Aravinda Chakravarti PhD, Stefan Kääb MD, PhD, Dan M. Roden MD, and Calum A. MacRae MD, PhD^*

From the Cardiovascular Research Center, and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (D.J.M., A.M.K., J.R.W., I.L.J., K.M.S., R.T.P., C.A.M.); Department of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Germany National Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, and Department of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany (A.P.); QTSCD Consortium (A.P., S.S., D.E.A., A.C., S.K.); Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, CNR, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy (S.S.); McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md (D.E.A., A.C.); David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (A.H.A.); Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass (J.D.M.); MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (D.S.R.); Department of Medicine I, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Klinikum Großhadern, Munich, Germany (S.K.); and Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn (D.M.R.).

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: dmilan{at}partners.org or cmacrae{at}partners.org.

Background—Cardiac repolarization, the process by which cardiomyocytes return to their resting potential after each beat, is a highly regulated process that is critical for heart rhythm stability. Perturbations of cardiac repolarization increase the risk for life-threatening arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Although genetic studies of familial long-QT syndromes have uncovered several key genes in cardiac repolarization, the major heritable contribution to this trait remains unexplained. Identification of additional genes may lead to a better understanding of the underlying biology, aid in identification of patients at risk for sudden death, and potentially enable new treatments for susceptible individuals.

Methods and Results—We extended and refined a zebrafish model of cardiac repolarization by using fluorescent reporters of transmembrane potential. We then conducted a drug-sensitized genetic screen in zebrafish, identifying 15 genes, including GINS3, that affect cardiac repolarization. Testing these genes for human relevance in 2 concurrently completed genome-wide association studies revealed that the human GINS3 ortholog is located in the 16q21 locus, which is strongly associated with QT interval.

Conclusions—This sensitized zebrafish screen identified 15 novel myocardial repolarization genes. Among these genes is GINS3, the human ortholog of which is a major locus in 2 concurrent human genome-wide association studies of QT interval. These results reveal a novel network of genes that regulate cardiac repolarization.

Key words: electrophysiology • genes • ion channels • myocardial repolarization

Related Article:

Clinical Summaries
Circulation 2009 120: 543-545. [Extract] [Full Text]